Gudanar da ja da baya
 Gudanar da ja da baya | |
|---|---|
| ƙunshiya | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | aiki |
Gudanar da ja da baya ya ƙunshi manufa, haɗin gwiwar motsi na mutane da gine-gine daga kasada. Wannan na iya haɗawa da motsin mutum, abubuwan more rayuwa (misali, gini ko hanya), ko al'umma. Yana iya faruwa a matsayin martani ga hatsarori iri-iri kamar ambaliya, wutar daji, ko fari. 'Yan siyasa, masu inshora, da mazauna suna ƙara mai da hankali ga ja da baya da aka gudanar daga ƙananan yankunan bakin teku saboda barazanar hawan teku saboda sauyin yanayi.[1] Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin sauyin yanayi sun yi hasashen cewa matakin teku yana ƙaruwa a duk duniya, yana haifar da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa ta hanyar zaizayar teku da jefa al'ummomi cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani.
Nau'in ja da baya da aka gudanar ya dogara da wuri da nau'in haɗari na halitta, da kuma kan manufofi da ayyuka na gida don gudanar da koma baya. A Burtaniya, gyare-gyaren da aka gudanar ta hanyar kawar da kariyar ambaliya sau da yawa martani ne ga hauhawar matakin teku da ke kara tsananta sakamakon tallafin gida. A cikin Amurka, ana gudanar da ja da baya sau da yawa ta hanyar saye da rugujewar ra'ayi ko kuma ƙaura daga wuraren da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar gwamnati. A Kudancin Duniya, ana iya yin ƙaura ta hanyar shirye-shiryen gwamnati. Wasu ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci, suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa saboda hawan teku, suna shirin yin ƙaura na al'ummarsu, kamar shirin Kiribati na "Hijira tare da Mutunci".[2]
Gudanar da daidaitawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin United Kingdom, babban dalilin da ake gudanar da daidaitawa shine don inganta kwanciyar hankali na bakin teku, da gaske maye gurbin 'masu wuya' na bakin teku na wucin gadi tare da yanayin 'laushi' na bakin teku. A cewar masu bincike na Jami'ar Southampton Matthew M. Linham da Robert J. Nicholls, "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da daidaitawa da aka gudanar shi ne cewa zaɓin yana buƙatar ƙasa da za a ba da shi ga teku."
An kuma yi amfani da daidaitawar da aka sarrafa don rage asarar mazaunin tsaka-tsakin. Ko da yake gyaran ƙasa ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na asarar gishiri a cikin Burtaniya a baya, yawancin asarar gishirin gishiri na yanzu a cikin Birtaniya an yi imani da shi saboda yashwa. Wannan zaizayar ƙasa na iya haɗawa da matsi na bakin teku, inda katangar teku masu tsaro ke hana ƙaura na gishirin gishiri a ƙasa don amsa hawan teku yayin da iskar ruwa ya iyakance. Gishiri mai gishiri ana kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin umarnin EU Habitats da kuma samar da wurin zama ga nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke kiyaye umarnin Tsuntsaye (duba Natura 2000). Bayan wannan jagorar, shirin aiwatar da ɗimbin halittu na Burtaniya yana da nufin hana asarar dukiyoyi ga yanki na gishirin gishiri da ke cikin 1992. Don haka, buƙatu ne na doka cewa duk asarar da ke cikin yankin marsh dole ne a biya su ta wurin maye gurbin mazaunin tare da daidaitattun halaye na halitta. Wannan ya yi daidai da buƙatar maido da kusan 1.4 km2 na mazaunin gishiri a kowace shekara a Burtaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da aka ambata na sannu a hankali na dawo da gishiri na yanzu a cikin Birtaniya shine rashin tabbas da ke da alaƙa da aikin (hankali).
Babu wasu ƙa'idodi da aka amince da su kan sa ido kan wuraren daidaitawa da ake gudanarwa kuma, saboda haka, kaɗan daga cikin rukunin yanar gizon ne ake sa ido akai-akai da inganci. Saboda ƙananan matakan sa ido, akwai ƙananan shaida da za a dogara da ayyukan daidaitawa na gaba. Wannan ya haifar da sakamakon tsare-tsaren gyaran gyare-gyaren da aka gudanar ya zama marasa tabbas.[3]
Shirye-shiryen ƙaura
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi amfani da ja da baya da aka gudanar ta hanyar ƙaura a cikin ƙasa da yankunan bakin teku don mayar da martani ga mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa. A Amurka, wannan yakan ɗauki nau'i na shirye-shiryen "sayi", wanda gwamnati ke saye da ƙaura ko rushe kadarori masu haɗari.[4] A wasu lokuta, ana siyan gidaje guda ɗaya bayan bala'i. A wasu lokuta, kamar Odanah da Sojoji Grove, Wisconsin, ko Valmeyer, Illinois, ko Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana dukan al'umma sun ƙaura.
Komawar da aka gudanar na iya haifar da cece-kuce. An ƙaddamar da wata ƙara a Del Mar California da mazauna suka kawo don dakatar da shirin ja da baya da aka gudanar bisa la'akari da cewa ƙimar gida, farashin inshora da ƙuntataccen haɓaka gida sun kasance tasirin manufofin. Wasu wuraren da aka haɗa a cikin ja da baya da aka gudanar sun fi matakin teku kuma ana ba da shawarar bisa ga kimanta farashin aikin injiniya da kuma binciken da Hukumar Kula da Tekun California ta ba da kuɗin kanta.[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Kool, Rick; Lawrence, Judy; Drews, Martin; Bell, Robert (2020-11-01). "Preparing for Sea-Level Rise through Adaptive Managed Retreat of a New Zealand Stormwater and Wastewater Network". Infrastructures. 5 (11): 92. doi:10.3390/infrastructures5110092. ISSN 2412-3811.
- ↑ McNamara, Karen E (May 2015). "Cross-border migration with dignity in Kiribati". Forced Migration Review. The 'migration with dignity' policy is part of Kiribati's long-term nation-wide relocation strategy.
- ↑ Morris, R. K. A.; Reach, I. S.; Duffy, M. J.; Collins, T. S.; Leafe, R. N. (2004). "On the Loss of Saltmarshes in South-East England and the Relationship with Nereis diversicolor". Journal of Applied Ecology. 41 (4): 787–791. Bibcode:2004JApEc..41..787M. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00932.x. JSTOR 3505709.
- ↑ Wolters, Mineke; Garbutt, Angus; Bakker, Jan P. (May 2005). "Salt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west Europe". Biological Conservation. 123 (2): 249–268. Bibcode:2005BCons.123..249W. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.11.013.
- ↑ ESA Cost Benefit Presentation "Cost Benefit Analysis Methodology Overview" slide 24". Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-29.