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Gudanar da tsabtace haila

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Karatu a cikin littafin "Growth and change" game da haila da balaga (Tanzania)

Gudanar da tsabtace haila (MHM) ko Lafiyar haila da tsabta ma'auni (MHH) shine samun damar samar da kayayyakin tsabtace halayen haila don shan ko tattara kwararar jini yayin haila, sirri don canza kayan, da kuma samun damar wuraren da za a zubar da kayan sarrafa haila. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da "manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da haila da kiwon lafiya, jin daɗi, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, ilimi, daidaito, karfafawa, da haƙƙoƙi".[1] Gudanar da tsabtace haila na iya zama ƙalubale musamman ga 'yan mata da mata a Kasashe masu tasowa, inda ruwa mai tsabta da wuraren wanka galibi ba su isa ba. An yi watsi da sharar haila a makarantu a kasashe masu tasowa, duk da cewa babbar matsala ce. Haila na iya zama shingen ilimi ga 'yan mata da yawa, saboda rashin ingantattun kayayyakin tsabtace jiki yana ƙuntata sa hannun' yan mata a cikin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa.

Menstrual hygiene management’ is the way in which women and adolescent girls deal with their menstruation. (Good) MHM requires a minimum level of knowledge and awareness in women and adolescent girls to manage their menstruation effectively and hygienically by using a clean material to absorb or collect menstrual blood, by practicing good hygiene and personal care during their period, and by having access to facilities to wash or dispose of used menstrual management materials with dignity and in an environmentally responsible manner. MHM is not just about the management of the menstrual period but also the need to address societal beliefs and taboos surrounding the issue. Sufficient knowledge, guidance and support for girls and women in preparation for and during menstruation is also part of the definition.[2]

Kalmomin

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Ma'anar da aka yarda da ita game da kula da tsabtace haila (MHM) ita ce:

  • "Mata da 'yan mata matasa suna amfani da kayan aiki mai tsabta don shan ko tattara jinin haila, kuma ana iya canza wannan kayan a cikin sirri sau da yawa kamar yadda ya cancanta don lokacin haila.
  • MHM kuma ya haɗa da amfani da sabulu da ruwa don wanke jiki kamar yadda ake buƙata; da kuma samun damar yin amfani da kayan sarrafa haila da aka yi amfani da su. "

"Shirye-shiryen darajar" da ke da alaƙa da kula da tsabtace haila ya haɗa da fannoni huɗu: wayar da kan jama'a, samun dama, amfani da kuma kula da sharar gida.[3] Cibiyar Ilimi ta CLTS tana ba da ma'anar cewa tana da asusun waɗannan fannoni huɗu da kuma abubuwan zamantakewa da al'adu:   Kalmar nan "lafiya ta haila" ta fi tsaftacewar haila. Ya ƙunshi ayyukan kula da tsabtace haila da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin da ke danganta haila da kiwon lafiya, jin daɗi, jinsi, ilimi, daidaito, karfafawa, da haƙƙin ɗan adam (musamman Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta). [4] UNICEF yanzu (tun daga shekara ta 2019) tana amfani da kalmar MHH don "lafiya da tsabtace haila".

Wadannan dalilai na tsari sun hada da ilimi mai kyau da kuma lokacin da ya dace, wanda ke akwai, amintacce, da kayan da za'a iya amfani da su, masu ilimi da masu jin daɗi, turawa da samun damar zuwa ayyukan kiwon lafiya, tsaftacewa da wuraren wanki, ka'idojin zamantakewa masu kyau, amintaccen tsabta da tsabta, da kuma shawarwari da manufofi.

Tarihi

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Tsohon rubuce-rubucen da aka sani game da kayayyakin tsabtace haila sun kasance daga tsohuwar Misira, inda mutane suka yi amfani da papyrus mai laushi a matsayin hanyar shan jinin haila. A cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ke da ƙuntataccen albarkatu, ana iya amfani da kayan kwayoyin don wannan dalili. Akwai hasashe cewa Vikings sun yi amfani da bog moss.[5]

A ƙarshen karni na 19, wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa an ɗauki haila a matsayin nau'in rashin lafiya. Dokta Edward Clark [wanda?] ya yi imanin cewa halartar makaranta a lokacin haila na iya jinkirta ci gaban gabobin haihuwa.[6]

A shekara ta 1897, Johnson &amp; Johnson sun kara takalma masu tsabta a cikin jerin farashin ta biyo bayan shawarar daga Joseph Brown Cook. [<span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2023)">who?</span>] [7] Duk da iyakantaccen karɓar wannan samfurin, [8] shine samfurin kariya na farko da ke samuwa ga mata a Amurka. Wadannan takalma masu tsabta an tallata su a cikin ƙananan kuma a cikin ƙananan bugawa don kula da ma'anar 'tawali'u".[7] 

Sfag-Na-Kins, wanda kamfanin Sphagnum Moss Products Company ya kirkira, ya canza sphagnum moss zuwa takalma masu tsabta tare da ikon shawo kan nauyin su sama da sau 20 a cikin ruwa.[9] A cikin shekara ta 1920, Johnson & Johnson sun gabatar da sunan Nupak da aka tsara a hankali, yana bawa mata damar yin sayayya ba tare da saninsa ba.[7]

Nasarar napkins na Kotex a cikin shekara ta 1921 za a iya danganta shi da tallace-tallace mai yawa a cikin mujallu na mata da kuma amfani da cellucotton da aka rufe a cikin sheath.[9] A cikin shekarar 1928, Johnson & Johnson sun gabatar da takardun sayen shiru a cikin tallace-tallace na mujallu don takalma na tsabta na MODESS, suna ba mata hanyar samun kayayyaki ba tare da yin hulɗa da masu siyarwa ba.[7]

E.C. Haas ya gabatar da takardar shaidar a cikin shekara ta 1931 don tampons na Tampaz, wanda ke nuna mai neman takarda. Da farko an yi amfani da tampons a aikin likita don sarrafa zubar da jini a cikin raunuka masu zurfi.[9]

A shekara ta 1957, Mary Davidson Kenner ta gabatar da takardar shaidar don belin tsabta mai daidaitawa wanda aka tsara don tabbatar da pad, hana zubar da jini na haila, da kuma kauce wa tabo. Koyaya, Kenner, mace baƙar fata, ta fuskanci shingen tsarin.[8][10]

Shahararren takalma masu tsabtace jiki ya ragu a farkon shekarun 1980 tare da zuwan sutura masu mannewa da aka sanya a kasan takalma masu tsaftacewa, suna sauƙaƙa haɗewa ga kayan ado na ciki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, samfuran haila sun sami canje-canje masu yawa, suna canzawa don zama mafi ergonomic, mafi ƙanƙanta, da kuma haɗa kayan aiki daban-daban don haɓaka sha.[9]

Ƙalubalen

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Bikin Ranar Tsabtace Halitta a Amra Padatik, Indiya

Gudanar da tsabtace haila na iya zama ƙalubale musamman ga 'yan mata da mata a kasashe masu tasowa, inda ruwa mai tsabta da wuraren wanka galibi ba su isa ba. Bugu da ƙari, al'adun gargajiya suna da wuyar tattauna haila a bayyane. Wannan yana iyakance damar mata da 'yan mata masu tasowa ga bayanai masu dacewa da mahimmanci game da ayyukan al'ada na jikinsu. Wannan yana shafar lafiyarsu kai tsaye, ilimi, da mutunci. Ana iya ɗaukar damar samun bayanai a matsayin Hakkin ɗan adam.[11]

A halin yanzu, akwai kimanin mata biliyan 3.73 a duniya. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), 52%, ko biliyan 1.9, daga cikin wadannan mata suna da shekarun haihuwa, don haka suna haila (WHO, a shekarar 2018). Mata a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu za su wuce ta hanyar haihuwa kuma ta haka ne, za su fuskanci haila. An kiyasta cewa mata miliyan 300 na yau da kullun suna haila; a matsakaita mace za ta ciyar da kimanin kwanaki 3,500 yayin rayuwarta tana haila.

Yawancin 'yan mata matasa da mata masu tsufa suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mara kyau. Mutane miliyan 663 ba su da isasshen damar samun ruwa mai aminci, kuma mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da isa ga yanayin tsabta.[12] Ga mata da 'yan mata, rashin lafiya, ruwa mai sauƙi, tsaftacewa da tsabta (WASH) yana da damuwa musamman a lokacin haila da haihuwa. An kiyasta cewa rabin biliyan (ko 13%) na mata ba su da wurin yin fitsari, ba su da wani sirri don kula da tsabtace haila, kuma 3/4 na waɗanda ba su da damar samun sabulu da ruwa.

A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2014 a Indiya, masu binciken sun gano cewa kusan kashi 42% na mata da suka halarci binciken ba su san game da kayan tsabta ba ko kuma daga inda haila ta samo asali, kuma "yawancinsu sun firgita ko damuwa game da haila ta farko. " [13] Kwanan nan, binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 50% na mata a Indiya sun sami kamuwa da cututtukan fitsari (UTI) da ke da alaƙa da rashin iya sarrafa lokacin su lafiya. [14] Lokacin da aka bar ba tare da magani ba, UTIs na iya haifar da gazawar koda. A duk duniya, a cikin Shekara ta 2018, daya daga cikin mata uku ba su da damar yin amfani da bayan gida. Masu sana'a a bangaren WASH sun yi watsi da batutuwan kula da tsabtace jiki, da kuma bangarorin kiwon lafiya da ilimi.[15]

Gidan wanka na makaranta ga 'yan mata a Tanzania, idan sun wanzu, sau da yawa ba su da kayan aiki don zubar da pads.

Lafiya da al'amuran zamantakewa

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Rashin MHM na iya shafar hanyar haifuwa, amma takamaiman kamuwa da cuta, ƙarfin sakamako, da hanyar watsawa ba su da tabbas.[15] A Indiya, yawancin 'yan mata suna cikin haɗari don kamuwa da cututtukan haihuwa (RTI) saboda rashin MHM. RTI na iya haifar da nakasa daban-daban idan ba a kula da shi ba tun da wuri kuma suna haifar da 30-50% na kamuwa da cuta. [16][17] Saboda nuna bambanci da ke kewaye da batun, wasu mata a Indiya ba sa cin abinci ko ruwan sama yayin haila.

Halin kai na 'yan mata na iya samun mummunar tasiri ta hanyar mummunan hali game da haila.[18]

Gidajen tsabtace muhalli a makarantu

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  farawar haila yana da ƙalubale ga 'yan mata masu zuwa makaranta a cikin ƙananan saitunan samun kuɗi. Tasirin na iya haɗawa da rashin halarta makaranta, lokacin aji da aka rasa, rage shiga, ba'a, tsoro da kunya, da halayen daidaitawa masu haɗari.[19] Ƙarin ƙalubalen da 'yan mata masu zuwa makaranta ke fuskanta shine rashin ilimi, sadarwa, da jagora mai amfani kafin menarche da lokacin haila; rashin isasshen ruwa, tsabta, da tsabta (WASH); da kayan sarrafa haila marasa inganci ko marasa samuwa.[19]

A sassa da yawa na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, 'yan mata na iya rasa har zuwa kwanaki 5 na makaranta a wata ko barin gaba ɗaya saboda rashin isasshen damar samun ruwa, tsabtace muhalli da tsabtace jiki (WASH) da kayayyakin tsabtace haila. Inganta damar shiga wuraren WASH na iya kara yawan halartar 'yan mata a makaranta. Shirin tsabtace makaranta a Bangladesh ya kara yawan 'yan mata da suka shiga makaranta da kashi 11%.

An yi watsi da sharar haila a makarantu a kasashe masu tasowa, duk da cewa babbar matsala ce. Samun damar 'yan mata zuwa ruwa da tsabta a makaranta yana samuwa ne kawai a 47% da 46% na dukkan makarantu a duniya.[11] Sau da yawa, bayan gida na makaranta ga 'yan mata (idan ma sun wanzu) sun ɓace don tattara sharar gida tare da sakamakon cewa ana iya yada pads a duk faɗin makarantar. Wannan yana gurɓata mahalli kuma yana haifar da kunya ga 'yan mata na makaranta.

A Amurka, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe, 'yan mata da ba su iya biyan kayayyakin tsabtace mata na iya rasa makaranta don "guje wa kunya na shafa tufafinsu". Dangane da binciken da INTIMINA ta yi da dalibai a fadin Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Jami'ar Wisconsin a Madison, Jami'an Harvard, Jami'a ta New York, da Jami'ar Florida ta Tsakiya, kashi 19% na daliban kwalejin mata sun ce sun ji an tilasta su yanke shawarar ko sayen kayayyakin zamani ko wasu abubuwan da ake bukata kamar abinci.

Talauci na lokacin

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Mai rarraba kayan zamani a cikin gidan wanka a makarantar jama'a a Victoria

Talauci na lokacin kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana rashin samun isasshen kayan kula da tsabtace haila da ilimi, gami da kayayyakin tsabtace jiki (misali, tampons, pads, liners, kofuna na haila), wuraren wanka, da kuma kula da zubar da su.[20] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wasu ƙuntatawa kamar taboos da tatsuniyoyi, motsi da ƙuntatawa na abinci, kunya da kunya game da ƙazanta da datti wanda duk yana ba da gudummawa ga mai haila yana da gogewa wanda ba a girmama shi ba. Talauci na lokaci lamari ne na kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke shafar mutane da yawa da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici, tare da matasa da yawa suna amfani da kayan kamar laka, ganye, tsohuwar takarda, auduga, ko fatar dabba don sarrafa lokutan su.[21] Amfani da wasu kayayyaki, ko amfani da kayayyaki fiye da yadda aka nufa, na iya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kamuwa da cuta, da matsalolin kiwo na dogon lokaci.[22] "A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 wanda U ta Kotex ta ba da umarni, daya daga cikin mata huɗu da aka bincika sun yi ƙoƙari su sayi samfuran lokaci. A cikin wannan binciken, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar masu albashi sun ba da rahoton rasa aiki, makaranta ko makamancin abubuwan da suka faru saboda rashin samun damar samun kayan lokaci. Wadannan lokuta suna da alaƙa da rahoton jin kunya, takaici da baƙin ciki. " [23][24]

Duk da sanannun sakamakon kiwon lafiya, sau da yawa ana watsi da talauci na lokaci kuma ba a tattauna shi ba saboda lalacewar zamantakewa da al'adu da taboos.[21] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnatoci da yawa sun kara samun damar samun kayayyakin tsabtace jiki masu araha da canza ka'idojin zamantakewa zuwa haila. Scotland tana ba da samfuran lokaci kyauta ga mazaunanta yayin da Kenya da New Zealand ke ba da samfurin lokaci kyauta ga ɗalibai a makarantun jama'a. A Ostiraliya, jihar Victoria da Babban Birnin Australiya suna fitar da damar samun kayayyakin lokaci kyauta a wuraren jama'a, kuma kayayyakin zamani suna samuwa kyauta a makarantun gwamnatin Victoria tun daga shekarar 2020. [25][26] Kungiyoyi da yawa suna yada wayar da kan masu tsara manufofi game da matsalar 'yan mata da suka rasa makaranta saboda talauci na lokaci.[24]

Koyaya, talauci na lokaci ya kasance babban batu a Amurka. A Amurka, shirye-shiryen taimakon tarayya ciki har da hatimi na abinci, fa'idodin SNAP, da fa'idodin WIC ba su rufe sayen kayayyakin tsabtace mata ba.[20] Tare da rashin tallafin gwamnati da haraji mai yawa akan kayayyakin haila, mata da yawa sun zaɓi daina sayen kayayyakin tsabta don wasu buƙatu. Misali, kashi biyu bisa uku na mata masu karamin karfi miliyan 16.9 ba za su iya samun kayayyakin tsabta ba kuma dole ne su zabi tsakanin kayayyakin tsabta da abinci.[27] A halin yanzu, akwai jihohi 14 da ke tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai suna da damar samun kayan haila a cikin ɗakunan wanka na makaranta.[20] Amma rufe makarantu a farkon farkon barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 ta kalubalanci damar dalibai masu karamin karfi ga pads da tampons.[20]

Jama'ar da ba su da gidaje kuma suna da wahalar samun kayan haila.[22] A cikin wani bincike mai ban sha'awa da aka gudanar daga Mayu zuwa Agusta 2019 a Birnin New York tare da marasa gida, mahalarta da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da tabbas ga wurare masu aminci, masu tsabta, da masu zaman kansu don canza samfuran lokaci.[28] Mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa dakunan wanka a cikin mafakar marasa gida sun datti ko ambaliyar ruwa.[28] Sun kuma bayar da rahoton jin kunya da kunya a cikin jama'a tare da yiwuwar zubar da haila.[28] Duk da yake mafi yawan bincike kan talauci na zamani a Amurka ya fi mayar da hankali kan yawan mutanen da ba su da gida da ɗaliban makaranta masu karamin kuɗi, ɗaliban koleji suma suna ba da rahoton ƙimar kuɗi, suna shafar halartar makaranta da lafiyar hankali, bi da bi.[29][30] A cikin 2021, kusan kashi 14.2% na daliban koleji da ke fuskantar talauci na lokaci.[27]

Samun damar kayan aiki

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A cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, zaɓin 'yan mata na kayan tsabtace haila sau da yawa ana iyakance su ta hanyar farashi, wadata da ka'idojin zamantakewa.[31]

Abubuwan sha da matan da ba za su iya samar da kayan kasuwanci za su yi amfani da su ba sun haɗa da: yashi, toka, [1] ƙaramin rami a ƙasa, [2] zane, ganye gabaɗaya, fiber leaf (irin su hyacinth na ruwa, ayaba, papyrus, fiber na auduga), takarda (takardar bayan gida, jarida da aka sake amfani da ita, jakunkunan takarda mai launin ruwan kasa, busasshiyar takarda),[32] kifin dabbar fata mai ninki biyu, [3] kifin dabbar da aka yi da fata. siket, ko sari.[4][32]

Rashin samfuran tsabta mai araha yana nufin rashin isasshen, ana amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tsabta, wanda zai iya gabatar da haɗarin lafiya mai tsanani. Kofuna na al'ada suna ba da mafita ta dogon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da wasu samfuran tsabtace mata saboda ba sa buƙatar maye gurbin su kowane wata. Ingancin kayan kuma ya sa su zama abin dogaro da lafiya na tsabtace haila, muddin akwai damar samun ruwa mai tsabta don wanke su. Diski na al'ada shine samfurin silicone mai amfani da magani wanda aka tsara don tattara ruwan al'ada har zuwa awanni 12. Ba kamar pads na gargajiya da tampons ba, yana zaune a cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin tashar farji, yana ba da hankali, kwarewar lokaci mara kyau. Tsaro ga masu amfani da IUD, masu tsada, kuma masu ɗorewa sama da shekaru biyar, suna ba da mafita ta zamani, mai kula da muhalli don kulawa ta lokaci.[33]

'Yan mata da mata a wurin aiki galibi suna rasa aiki saboda ba su da damar yin amfani da kayan tsabta kuma wuraren aiki a wasu ƙasashe ba sa samar da albarkatu ga mata ko ma suna da "kayan wanka masu kyau". Mata a Bangladesh waɗanda ke aiki a masana'antu sun ba da rahoton cewa saboda farashin kayan tsabta don haila wanda ba za su iya biya ba, sun koma yin amfani da "fashin masana'antu a maimakon pads da tampons, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai haɗari da aikin da aka rasa. " Al'ummar kirista a Lahore waɗanda ke tsaftace hanyoyi ba su da damar zuwa ɗakunan wanka na jama'a saboda babu ko kaɗan da ke samuwa ga mata kuma saboda wannan dole ne su rasa aiki lokacin su.

Haila na iya zama shingen ilimi ga 'yan mata da yawa, saboda rashin ingantattun kayayyakin tsabtace jiki yana ƙuntata sa hannun' yan mata a cikin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa.[34] Sau da yawa ba sa zuwa makaranta saboda tsoron ɓarkewa, kunya ko kunya, ciwo na lokaci ko wuraren tsabtace muhalli waɗanda ba su ba su damar wankewa ko canzawa a cikin sirri. Wannan ya shafi 'yan mata masu makaranta daga iyalai masu karamin karfi, tunda kayayyakin tsabtace jiki da ake amfani da su suna da kudin kowane wata wanda mutane da yawa ba za su iya biya ba.[35]

Kyakkyawan wuraren tsabtace jiki da samun damar samun kayayyakin tsabtace haila wani bangare ne kawai na mafita ga tabo na haila wanda ke hana ci gaban mata a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa. Ilimi yana da mahimmanci ga 'yan mata su ji daɗi tare da haila da kuma samun kyakkyawar wayar da kan jama'a game da jikinsu.

Samun damar samun kayayyakin tsabtace haila na iya iyakancewa a cikin kurkuku da wuraren gyarawa inda aka tsara ayyukan a tarihi don yawan maza. A cikin shekara ta 2021 akwai kusan mata 740,000 a cikin kurkuku a duniya [36] Wata mace da aka tsare shekaru biyar a Pakistan ta yi magana game da yadda hukumomin kurkuku ba su samar da kayan haila ba ko maganin sauƙaƙe zafi ga mata masu haila.

Amurka da Burtaniya

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Yawancin 'yan mata da mata masu karamin karfi da / ko marasa gida a cikin biranen Amurka ba za su iya samun kayan tsabta ba. Bankunan abinci a New York sun ba da rahoton cewa kayayyakin tsabtace mata suna cikin babban buƙata.[37] Mata marasa gida a Amurka na iya fuskantar ƙalubalen rashin iya wanka ko amfani da bayan gida a cikin mafaka marasa gida sau da yawa kamar yadda suke buƙata a lokuta inda akwai ƙuntatawa akan amfani da bayan gidan.[38] A New York, shawarwari don taimakawa mata masu karamin karfi su sami damar samun kayan tsabtace haila sun haɗa da shawarwari don cire harajin tallace-tallace akan samfuran tsabtace mata da kuma "rarraba tampons kyauta a makarantun jama'a". [37] Ana karɓar harajin tallacen a kan kayan haila a jihohi 36. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2018, Cibiyar Bankin Diaper ta Kasa, wacce ke ba da miliyoyin diapers ga iyaye matalauta da marasa galihu da masu ba da shawara don canjin manufofi game da bukatun asali, ta ƙaddamar da Alliance for Period Supplies kuma ta fara rarraba samfuran lokaci kyauta ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin Amurka. Mata marasa gida a wasu ƙasashe masu masana'antu, Ƙasar Ingila, suna fuskantar matsalolin samar da tampons da takalma masu tsabta. Scotland ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta samar da damar samun dama ga samfuran lokaci kyauta a cikin 2020. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga masu riƙe da allotment waɗanda ke haila, rashin samun damar tsabta a cikin mãkircinsu na iya haifar da ƙalubale a cikin tsabta.[39]

Kudancin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata marasa gida a Pakistan suna amfani da busassun toka da aka lulluɓe da zane don taimaka musu a lokacin su. Ba su da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta, ɗakunan wanka na jama'a kaɗan ne kuma galibi ga maza, babu sirrin, babu wurin hutawa kuma mata suna fama da kamuwa da cuta da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Rashin kayan da aka yi amfani da su

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
akwatin kula da tsabta mai amfani a Montevideo

  Wani bita a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa sau da yawa ana watsi da zubar da sharar gida a cikin tsarin tsabta. Wannan yana haifar da zubar da kyau da kuma mummunar tasiri ga masu amfani, tsarin tsabtace muhalli da muhalli.[40]

Tsarin zubar da sharar gida a kasashe masu tasowa sau da yawa ba su da shi, wanda ke nufin mata ba su da wuri mai kyau don zubar da kayayyakin da aka yi amfani da su, kamar pads. Rashin amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su yana haifar da matsin lamba a kan tsarin tsabtace jiki kamar yadda samfuran tsabtace haila zasu iya haifar da toshewar bayan gida, bututu da magudanar ruwa.[41]

An kiyasta cewa tampons, pads, da applicators, suna samar da tan 200,000 na Sharar filastik a Burtaniya a kowace shekara.[42]

A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, mata suna fuskantar rashin samun damar samun kayayyakin tsabtace haila masu araha ban da rashin samun damar wasu ayyuka kamar tsabtace muhalli da tsarin zubar da sharar da ake buƙata don sarrafa sake zagayowar haila. Rashin samun damar zubar da sharar gida yana haifar da mata su jefa kayayyakin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin bayan gida, latrines, ko kuma an watsar da su a wuraren budewa kamar ruwa. Wadannan ayyukan suna haifar da haɗari ga ma'aikatan da ke kula da waɗannan sharar gida yayin da yake kara yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan jini a cikin samfuran haila da aka tsoma da kuma bayyanar sunadarai da aka samu a cikin samfurin tsabtace haila. Rashin amfani da shi yana haifar da matsin lamba a kan tsarin tsabta yayin da kayayyakin tsabtace haila ke haifar da toshewar datti.[41] Sakamakon waɗannan wuraren da ba su dace ba an nuna cewa suna da tasirin zamantakewa ga 'yan mata a kasashe masu tasowa wanda ke haifar da rashin halartar makaranta.[43]

Taboos

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  2. ↑ Roose, S.; Rankin, T. and Cavill, S. (2015) ‘Breaking the Next Taboo – Menstrual Hygiene within CLTS’, Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 6, Brighton: IDS.
  3. ↑ "Normalizing Menstruation: Pushing the Boundaries of the MHM dialogue in India" (PDF).
  4. ↑ Keith, B. (2016). Girls' and women's right to menstrual health: Evidence and opportunities - Outlook on reproductive health. PATH, Seattle, USA, ISSN 0737-3732
  5. ↑ "Egyptians used papyrus—and other ways of handling periods through the years". History (in Turanci). 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  6. ↑ "Egyptians used papyrus—and other ways of handling periods through the years". History (in Turanci). 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "The Product that Dared Not Speak Its Name". Kilmer House (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Tsjeng, Zing (2018-03-08). "The Forgotten Black Woman Inventor Who Revolutionized Menstrual Pads". Vice (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Institution, Smithsonian. "Feminine Hygiene Products". Smithsonian Institution (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  10. ↑ "Mary Kenner, African-American period pioneer". DAME. (in Turanci). 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sommer, Marni; Hirsch, Jennifer; Nathanson, Constance; Parker, Richard G. (July 2015). "Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (7): 1302–1311=. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302525. PMC 4463372. PMID 25973831.
  12. ↑ Wilbur, Jane; Torondel, Belen; Hameed, Shaffa; Mahon, Thérèse; Kuper, Hannah (2019). "Systematic review of menstrual hygiene management requirements, its barriers and strategies for disabled people". PLOS ONE. 14 (2): e0210974. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1410974W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210974. PMC 6365059. PMID 30726254.
  13. ↑ Arumugam, Balaji; Nagalingam, Saranya; Varman, Priyadharshini Mahendra; Ravi, Preethi; Ganesan, Roshni (2014). "Menstrual Hygiene Practices: Is it Practically Impractical?". International Journal of Medicine and Public Health. 4 (4): 472–476. doi:10.4103/2230-8598.144120.
  14. ↑ www.ETHealthworld.com. "High Time for India's Menstrual Health to make a green turn : Vikas Bagaria - ET HealthWorld". ETHealthworld.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sumpter, Colin; Torondel, Belen; RezaBaradaran, Hamid (26 April 2013). "A Systematic Review of the Health and Social Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e62004. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862004S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062004. PMC 3637379. PMID 23637945.
  16. ↑ Juyal, R.; Kandpal, S.D.; Semwal, J. (April 2014). "Menstrual Hygiene and Reproductive Morbidity in Adolescent Girls in Dehradun, India". Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 13 (2): 170–174. doi:10.3329/bjms.v13i2.14257.
  17. ↑ Garg, R.; Goyal, S.; Gupta, S. (2012). "India Moves Towards Menstrual Hygiene: Subsidized Sanitary Napkins for Rural Adolescent Girls—Issues and Challenges" (PDF). Maternal and Child Health Journal. 16 (4): 170–174. doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0798-5. PMID 21505773. S2CID 7324914. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  18. ↑ Gultie, Teklemariam; Hailu, Desta; Workineh, Yinager (30 September 2014). "Age of Menarche and Knowledge about Menstrual Hygiene Management among Adolescent School Girls in Amhara Province, Ethiopia: Implication to Health Care Workers & School Teachers". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e108644. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j8644G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108644. PMC 4182550. PMID 25268708.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Long, Jeanne; Caruso, Bethany; Freeman, Matthew; Mamani, Maribel; Camacho, Gladys; Vancraeynest, Koenraad (2015). Sahin, Murat (ed.). "Developing games as a qualitative method for researching menstrual hygiene management in rural Bolivia". Waterlines (in Turanci). 34 (1): 68–78. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.007. ISSN 0262-8104.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Lindsay.Capozzi (2021-04-05). "Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk About". policylab.chop.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Health, The Lancet Child & Adolescent (2018-06-01). "Normalising menstruation, empowering girls". The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (in English). 2 (6): 379. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30143-3. ISSN 2352-4642. PMID 30169273. S2CID 52140727.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Period poverty remains a critical, yet overlooked, health issue, advocates say". PhillyVoice (in english). 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2022-10-30.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ↑ "What is Period Poverty? | U by Kotex®". www.ubykotex.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Periods and girls' education | ActionAid UK". www.actionaid.org.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  25. ↑ "Free pads and tampons in public places". www.vic.gov.au (in Turanci). 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  26. ↑ "Free sanitary pads and tampons in all government schools". www.vic.gov.au (in Turanci). 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Michel, Janet; Mettler, Annette; Schönenberger, Silvia; Gunz, Daniela (2022-02-22). "Period poverty: why it should be everybody's business". Journal of Global Health Reports (in Turanci). 6: e2022009. doi:10.29392/001c.32436. S2CID 247076104 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Sommer, Marni; Gruer, Caitlin; Smith, Rachel Clark; Maroko, Andrew; Kim Hopper (2020-11-01). "Menstruation and homelessness: Challenges faced living in shelters and on the street in New York City". Health & Place (in Turanci). 66: 102431. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102431. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 32987242. S2CID 222146329.
  29. ↑ Sebert Kuhlmann, Anne; Key, Rhonda; Billingsley, Cryslynn; Shato, Thembekile; Scroggins, Stephen; Teni, Mintesnot T. (2020-09-01). "Students' Menstrual Hygiene Needs and School Attendance in an Urban St. Louis, Missouri, District". Journal of Adolescent Health (in Turanci). 67 (3): 444–446. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.040. ISSN 1054-139X. PMC 12117648 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32646832. S2CID 220466621.
  30. ↑ Cardoso, Lauren F.; Scolese, Anna M.; Hamidaddin, Alzahra; Gupta, Jhumka (2021-01-06). "Period poverty and mental health implications among college-aged women in the United States". BMC Women's Health. 21 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01149-5. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 7788986. PMID 33407330.
  31. ↑ Kaur, Rajanbir; Kaur, Kanwaljit; Kaur, Rajinder (2018). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries". Journal of Environmental and Public Health (in Turanci). 2018: 1730964. doi:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 5838436. PMID 29675047.
  32. ↑ Tamiru, Selamawit; Mamo, Kuribachew; Acidria, Pasquina; Mushi, Rozalia; Ali, Chemisto Satya; Ndebele, Lindiwe (2015). "Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: Cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe". Waterlines. 34: 92–102. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009.
  33. ↑ mimi, my. "what is a menstrual disc?". my mimi (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  34. ↑ Montgomery P, Ryus CR, Dolan CS, et al. (2012). "Sanitary pad interventions for girls' education Ghana: A pilot study". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e48274. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748274M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048274. PMC 3485220. PMID 23118968.
  35. ↑ House, S.; Mahon, T.; Cavill, S. (2012). "Menstrual hygiene matters. A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world". WaterAid.
  36. ↑ "Period poverty in prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic: Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on health". idpc.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :14
  38. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  39. ↑ Cox, Elizabeth (2023-12-12). "Leaks and pees: How women allotment gardeners manage bodily mess and the remains of early loss". The Sociological Review Magazine (in English). doi:10.51428/tsr.tour5403 Check |doi= value (help). S2CID 265560522 Check |s2cid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  40. ↑ Elledge, Myles; Muralidharan, Arundati; Parker, Alison; Ravndal, Kristin; Siddiqui, Mariam; Toolaram, Anju; Woodward, Katherine (2018-11-15). "Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low and Middle Income Countries—A Review of the Literature". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (in Turanci). 15 (11): 2562. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112562. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6266558. PMID 30445767.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Kaur, Rajanbir; Kaur, Kanwaljit; Kaur, Rajinder (2018). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2018: 1730964. doi:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 5838436. PMID 29675047.
  42. ↑ "A Guide to Environmentally Friendly Menstrual and Period Products". Vice.com (in Turanci). 3 July 2019. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  43. ↑ Kaur, Rajanbir; Kaur, Kanwaljit; Kaur, Rajinder (2018-02-20). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2018: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 5838436. PMID 29675047.

Duk da gaskiyar cewa haila tsari ne mai lafiya na halitta, ana kusantar da shi da jinkiri da rashin fahimta saboda al'adun al'adu masu zurfi da ke kewaye da haila.

  Imani na al’adu,[1] na addini da na gargajiya—musamman a kasashe masu tasowa — na iya haifar da hani da mata ko ‘yan mata ke fuskanta a lokacin al’adarsu. A wasu al'ummomi, mata ba sa wanke jikinsu, ba sa wanka, ko wanka a lokacin haila. Maiyuwa ba za a bar su su yi amfani da hanyoyin ruwa a lokacin haila ba. Ko da sun sami damar shiga bandaki, to ba za su yi amfani da su ba saboda tsoron tabo da kwanon bayan gida (a cikin busassun bandaki ko bandaki da ba su da ƙarfi)[2]. Wannan yana hana amfani da kofuna na haila idan aka kwatanta da pads kamar yadda aka saba zubar da kofuna a cikin bayan gida.

fadada tattaunawar don haɗawa da la'akari da kula da sharar gida wani ɓangare ne na ƙoƙarin "al'ada" tattaunawa game da haila.[1]

Hanyoyi don ingantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

MHM a makarantu bai kamata ya zama shirin kai tsaye ba amma ya kamata a haɗa shi da shirye-shiryen da ke akwai akan WASH a makarantu, shirye-shirye na kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, shirye-aikacen ilimin balaga, da gaggawa.[2]

A yankunan karkara na Bolivia an kirkiro wasan gudanar da tsabtace haila ga 'yan mata na makaranta wanda ya haifar da cikakkun martani, da kuma ayyukan shiga daban-daban a tattaunawar rukuni. Wasan allon ya taimaka wajen sauƙaƙa rashin jin daɗi na 'yan mata game da haila.[3]

A Indiya, an yi amfani da littattafan ban dariya Menstrupedia Comic don ilimantar da yara, wasan kwaikwayo na titi don ilimantarwa maza da mata, zane-zanen bango da murals don shiga cikin matasa na al'umma da bita da nune-nunen fasaha don karya kunya da kunya.

A Bhutan, 'yan majami'ar Buddha, ta hanyar Gidauniyar Nuns ta Bhutan sun sauya lafiyar

haila na' yan majami'a da ke zaune a cikin nunneries.

A Pakistan, sabbin farawa da yawa a wannan yanki sun ba da gudummawa ga inganta damar shiga da kuma sauƙaƙa batun magana game da shi. A Balochistan, wani yanki na kabilanci na Pakistan, taron farko na kiwon lafiya na haila da aka gudanar a 2021, ya yi amfani da shayari da fasaha don wayar da kan jama'a da canza tattaunawar game da batun kuma ya sa ya fi buɗewa.

Inganta MHM yana buƙatar canje-canje na halin al'umma. Haɗakar da maza a cikin MHM . mabuɗin ne don samun su don tallafa wa matansu mata da 'ya'yansu mata. Sauran kungiyoyi sun kuma yi aiki tare da wasanni da labaru don koyar da MHM, kawar da tatsuniyoyi na yau da kullun da fara tattaunawa. Wasanni suna taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau game da batun da ke da alaƙa da kunya da kunya.

Wani yanki da ba a bincika shi ne yadda mutanen da ke zaune tare da nakasa ke fuskantar ƙalubalen haila, da kuma yadda masu kula da su ke kula da tsabtace haila da lafiyarsu.

Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da taimako mai amfani ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin mafaka na wucin gadi saboda ƙaura, canjin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, girgizar ƙasa, rikice-rikicen jama'a ko wasu dalilai na ƙaura.

A cikin 2014, Wash United ta fara Ranar Tsabtace Yanayi a ranar 28 ga Mayu. Ranar Tsabtace Halitta ta haifar da wani lokaci don yada bayanai game da batutuwan kula da tsabtace haila a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin hanyar wayar da kan jama'a, yin bikin da daidaita haila da tsabtace lokacin haila. Ranar tana ba da damar yin kira ga haɗin kai na tsabtace haila a cikin manufofi da shirye-shiryen duniya, na ƙasa, da na gida.[4]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Gidan wanka na jama'a
  • Kayan ciki na zamani
  • Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6
  • Harajin Tampon
  • Lokaci. Ƙarshen Hukuncin.
  • Batutuwan ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Public health

Samfuri:Menstrual cycle

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :16
  2. ↑ Tamiru, Selamawit; Mamo, Kuribachew; Acidria, Pasquina; Mushi, Rozalia; Ali, Chemisto Satya; Ndebele, Lindiwe (2015). Sahin, Murat (ed.). "Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe". Waterlines (in Turanci). 34 (1): 92–102. doi:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009. ISSN 0262-8104.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  4. ↑ "About Menstrual Hygiene Day | MHDay" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudanar_da_tsabtace_haila&oldid=724226"