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Guguwar ƙura

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Guguwar ƙura
meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na storm (en) Fassara da lithometeor (en) Fassara
Bayyanar iska game da guguwar yashi a kan hamadar NamibDajin Namib

guguwar ƙura, wanda kuma ake kira sandstorm, wani abu ne na yanayi wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna masu bushewa da semi-arid.[1] Hadari na ƙura yana tasowa lokacin da guguwa ta gaba ko wata iska mai ƙarfi ta hura yashi da datti daga busassun wuri. Ana jigilar barbashi masu kyau ta hanyar gishiri da dakatarwa, tsari wanda ke motsa ƙasa daga wuri ɗaya kuma ya ajiya shi a wani. Wadannan guguwa na iya rage ganuwa, rushe sufuri, da kuma haifar da haɗarin lafiya mai tsanani. A tsawon lokaci, guguwar ƙura mai maimaitawa na iya rage yawan aikin gona kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga hamada.

Yankunan busassun na Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Tsakiya da China sune manyan tushen turbaya ta iska. An yi iƙirarin cewa rashin kulawa da bushesshen duniya, kamar watsi da tsarin da ba a so, yana ƙara girma da yawan guguwar ƙura daga ɓangarorin hamada da canza yanayin gida da na duniya, gami da yin tasiri ga tattalin arzikin gida. .[2]

Ana amfani da kalmar sandstorm sau da yawa a cikin mahallin guguwar ƙura hamada, musamman a cikin hamadar Sahara, ko wuraren da yashi ya fi yawan ƙasa fiye da datti ko dutse, lokacin da, ban da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke rufe ganuwa, ana hura adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin yashi kusa da farfajiya. Ana iya amfani da kalmar guguwar ƙura lokacin da aka hura ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da suka fi dacewa nesa, musamman lokacin da guguwar turɓaya ta shafi birane.

Hoton da ke nuna motsi na ƙura a duniya daga guguwar ƙura ta Asiya.

Yayin da ƙarfin ƙura da ke wucewa a kan barbashi da aka riƙe ya ƙaru, barbashi na yashi ya fara girgiza, sannan ya motsa a fadin farfajiyar a cikin tsari da ake kira saltation. Yayin da suke bugawa ƙasa akai-akai, sai su saki kuma su karya ƙananan ƙura waɗanda suka fara tafiya a cikin dakatarwa. A saurin iska sama da abin da ke haifar da mafi ƙanƙanta don dakatar da shi, za a sami yawan ƙurar ƙura da ke motsawa ta hanyoyi da yawa: dakatarwa, gishiri da creep.[2]

Wani binciken daga shekara ta 2008 ya gano cewa gishiri na farko na ƙwayoyin yashi yana haifar da filin lantarki ta hanyar friction. Yankin gishiri yana samun caji mara kyau dangane da ƙasa wanda hakan ke sassauta ƙarin ƙwayoyin yashi wanda ke fara gishiri. An gano wannan tsari ya ninka yawan barbashi da ka'idodin da suka gabata suka annabta.[3]

Barbashi na zama sako-sako da riko musamman saboda tsawan lokaci fari ko yanayin bushewa, da tsananin iska. Ana iya samar da gaba ta gaba ta hanyar fitar da iska mai sanyi daga tsawa mai tsananin gaske. Ko kuma, ana iya haifar da iskar busasshiyar gaba mai sanyi: wato, gaban sanyi wanda ke motsawa cikin busasshiyar iska kuma ba ta haifar da hazo ba - nau'in guguwar ƙurar da ta zama ruwan dare a cikin shekarun Dust Bowl a Amurka Bayan wucewar bushewar sanyi gaba, rashin kwanciyar hankali da ke haifar da iska mai sanyaya hawa kan ƙasa mai zafi zai iya kula da ƙura a gaba.

A yankunan hamada, ƙura da guguwar yashi galibi ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar tsawa, ko kuma ta hanyar matsin lamba mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da karuwar saurin iska a kan yanki mai faɗi. Matsayin tsaye na ƙura ko yashi da aka ɗaga ya fi ƙayyadewa ta hanyar kwanciyar hankali na yanayi sama da ƙasa da kuma nauyin ƙwayoyin. A wasu lokuta, ƙura da yashi na iya kasancewa a cikin wani nau'i mai zurfi ta hanyar juyawa mai zurfi. A wasu lokuta, ƙura (amma ba yashi ba) za a iya ɗagawa har zuwa 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) m (20,000 . Guguwar ƙura babbar haɗari ce ga lafiyar jiki.

fari da iska suna taimakawa wajen fitowar guguwar ƙura, kamar yadda aikin noma da kiwo mara kyau ke yi ta hanyar fallasa ƙura da yashi ga iska. Wutar daji na iya haifar da guguwar ƙura.[4]

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan noma mara kyau wanda ke taimakawa ga guguwar ƙura shine Aikin noma na busasshiyar ƙasa. Musamman dabarun noma na busasshiyar ƙasa sune noma mai zurfi ko rashin amfanin gona ko rufe amfanin gona lokacin da guguwa ta kai hari a lokutan da suka fi rauni kafin sakewa.[5] A cikin yanayin tsaka-tsaki, waɗannan ayyukan suna ƙara saukin kamuwa da guguwar ƙura. Koyaya, ana iya aiwatar da ayyukan kiyaye ƙasa don sarrafa lalacewar iska.

Tasirin jiki da muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Guguwar ƙura a cikin Sahara, wanda George Francis Lyon ya zana

Guguwar yashi na iya jigilar da ɗaukar yashi mai yawa ba zato ba tsammani. Guguwar ƙura na iya ɗaukar ƙura mai yawa, tare da gefen gaba wanda ya ƙunshi bango mai kauri mai kauri har zuwa 1.6 kilometres (5,200 ft) km (5,200 tsawo. Dust da yashi hadari da ke fitowa daga hamadar Sahara an san su da suna simoom ko simoon. Habuob guguwa ce mai yashi a yankin Sudan da ke kusa da Khartoum, tare da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin rani.

Yankin Sahara shine babban tushen guguwar ƙura, musamman Bodélé Depression [6] da kuma yankin da ke rufe haɗuwar Mauritania, Mali, da Aljeriya. [7] Ana fitar da ƙurar Sahara akai-akai a cikin yanayin Bahar Rum kuma iska ce ke jigilar ta wani lokacin har zuwa arewacin tsakiyar Turai da Burtaniya.[8]

Hadari na ƙurar Sahara sun karu kusan sau 10 a cikin rabin karni tun daga shekarun 1950, wanda ya haifar da asarar ƙasa a Nijar, Chadi, arewacin Najeriya, da Burkina Faso.[9] A Mauritania akwai guguwa biyu kawai a shekara a farkon shekarun 1960; akwai kimanin 80 a shekara tun 2007, a cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na Ingila Andrew Goudie, farfesa a Jami'ar Oxford.[10] Matsayin ƙurar Sahara da ke fitowa daga gabar gabashin Afirka a watan Yunin 2007 sun kasance sau biyar waɗanda aka lura a watan Yulin 2006, kuma sun kasance mafi girma da aka lura tun aƙalla 1999, wanda zai iya sanyaya ruwan Atlantic ya isa ya rage aikin guguwa a ƙarshen 2007. [11]

Sydney ta cika da ƙura a lokacin Guguwar ƙura ta Australiya ta 2009.

An kuma nuna guguwar ƙura don kara yaduwar cututtuka a duk faɗin duniya.[12] Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa ana hura su cikin yanayi ta hanyar guguwa tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin kuma suna hulɗa tare da gurɓataccen iska na birane.[13]

Sakamakon gajeren lokaci na bayyanar ƙurar hamada sun haɗa da karuwar alamun bayyanar cututtukan da kuma kara aikin huhu a cikin mutane masu fama da asma, [14] [15] karuwar Mutuwa da cututtuka daga ƙurar da aka ɗauka daga Saharan [16] da ƙurar Ƙurar Asiya [17] suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙwayoyin ƙurar da ake ɗauka na dogon lokaci suna shafar tsarin zagayawa. Ciwon huhu na ƙura shine sakamakon yawan ƙura da ake sha.

Tsawaitawa da rashin kariya ga tsarin numfashi a cikin guguwar ƙura kuma yana iya haifar da silicosis, wanda idan ba a kula da shi ba, zai haifar da asphyxiation; silicosis wani yanayi ne wanda ba zai iya warkewa ba wanda kuma zai iya haifar da kansar huhu. Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin keratoconjunctivitis sicca ("idon bushe") wanda, a lokuta masu tsanani ba tare da gaggawar magani ba, zai iya haifar da makanta. .[18]

Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Guguwar ƙura tana haifar da asarar ƙasa daga wuraren da suka bushe, kuma mafi muni, sun fi son cire kwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin da suka fi wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki, don haka rage yawan aikin gona. Har ila yau, tasirin guguwar yana lalata ƙananan shuke-shuke. Guguwar ƙura kuma tana rage ganuwa, tana shafar jirgin sama da sufuri na hanya. [Wannan sakin layi yana buƙatar ambaton (s) ] [<span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span>]

Har ila yau, ƙura na iya samun sakamako mai fa'ida inda yake ajiya: dazuzzuka na tsakiya da na Kudancin Amurka suna samun adadi mai yawa na ma'adanai masu gina jiki daga Sahara; [19] yankunan teku marasa galihu suna samun ƙarfe; kuma ƙura a Hawaii tana ƙara ci gaban plantain.[20] A arewacin kasar Sin da kuma tsakiyar yammacin Amurka, tsoffin wuraren ajiyar guguwar ƙura da aka sani da loess ƙasa ce mai kyau sosai, amma kuma suna da mahimmancin tushen guguwar turɓaya ta zamani lokacin da aka dame tsire-tsire masu kiyaye ƙasa. [Wannan sakin layi yana buƙatar ambaton (s) ] [<span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span>]

A kan Maris

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayyanar sararin samaniya na guguwar ƙura ta Mars

Guguwar ƙura ba ta iyakance ga Duniya ba, kuma an santa da cewa tana tasowa a duniyar Mars.] Waɗannan guguwar ƙura suna iya mamaye wurare masu girma fiye da na duniya, wani lokaci suna kewaye duniyar, tare da saurin iska mai tsayin mil 60 a cikin awa ɗaya (27 m/s). Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin duniyar Mars (kusan 1% na duniya), ƙarfin guguwar Mars ba zai taɓa kaiwa ga iskar guguwa da aka fuskanta a duniya ba. Guguwar kura ta Martian tana tasowa ne lokacin da dumama hasken rana ke dumama yanayin Martian kuma ya sa iska ta motsa, tana ɗauke ƙura daga ƙasa. Ana samun damar yin guguwa yayin da akwai manyan bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi kamar waɗanda aka gani a ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a lokacin bazarar Martian. [21]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Coccidioidomycosis - Cutar ƙwayoyin cuta
  • Dry line - Yankin tsakanin iska mai laushi da busasshiyar iska
  • Dust storm warning - Gargaɗin yanayi a Amurka
  • Haboob - Irin guguwar ƙura mai tsanani
  • Iberulite
  • List of dust storms
  • Mineral dust - Dust da aka yi da ma'adanai na ƙasa
  • Saharan Air Layer - Hot, bushewa kuma wani lokacin ƙura mai cike da yanayiShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi
  • Shamal (wind) - Iska ta arewa maso yamma tana busawa a kan Iraki da kuma jihar Gulf ta Farisa
  • Sirocco - Iska ta Bahar Rum
  1. ↑ "Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society". WMO – Bulletin: Vol 64 (2) – 2015. 2022. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Squires, Victor R. "Physics, Mechanics and Processes of Dust and Sandstorms" (PDF). Adelaide University, Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
  3. ↑ "Electric Sand Findings, University of Michigan Jan. 6, 2008". Eurekalert.org. 2008-01-07. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  4. ↑ "Wildfires often lead to dust storms – and they're getting bigger". 18 November 2022.
  5. ↑ "Dust Storms Chapter" (PDF). Emergency Management Plan. State of Oregon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
  6. ↑ Koren, Ilan; Kaufman, Yoram J; Washington, Richard; Todd, Martin C; Rudich, Yinon; Martins, J Vanderlei; Rosenfeld, Daniel (2006). "The Bodélé depression: A single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest". Environmental Research Letters. 1 (1): 014005. Bibcode:2006ERL.....1a4005K. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005.
  7. ↑ Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (2): 165. Bibcode:2001TrIBG..26..165M. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00013. JSTOR 3650666.
  8. ↑ Pericleous, Koulis; et al. (2006). "Airborne Transport of Saharan Dust to the Mediterranean and to the Atlantic". Environmental Modelling and Simulation. EMS-2006: 54–59. ISBN 9780889866171.
  9. ↑ "Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms" (PDF). The United Nations Environment Programme. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-19. Retrieved 2025-08-10.
  10. ↑ Brown, Lester R. "Losing Soil". Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  11. ↑ "NASA: Saharan Dust Has Chilling Effect on North Atlantic". Nasa.gov. December 2007. Archived from the original on 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  12. ↑ Griffin, D. W. (2007). "Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20 (3): 459–77, table of contents. Bibcode:2007CMbRv..20..459G. doi:10.1128/CMR.00039-06. PMC 1932751. PMID 17630335.
  13. ↑ Sandstrom, T; Forsberg, B (2008). "Desert dust: An unrecognized source of dangerous air pollution?". Epidemiology. 19 (6): 808–809. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818809e0. PMID 18854705.
  14. ↑ Park, Jeong Woong; Lim, Young Hee; Kyung, Sun Young; An, Chang Hyeok; Lee, Sang Pyo; Jeong, Seong Hwan; Ju, Young-Su (2005). "Effects of ambient particulate matter on peak expiratory flow rates and respiratory symptoms of asthmatics during Asian dust periods in Korea". Respirology. 10 (4): 470–476. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00728.x. PMID 16135170. S2CID 39768807.
  15. ↑ "Dust Facts". Fast Facts for Kids. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2025-08-10.
  16. ↑ Perez, Laura; Tobias, Aurelio; Querol, Xavier; Künzli, Nino; Pey, Jorge; Alastuey, Andrés; Viana, Mar; Valero, Natalia; González-Cabré, Manuel; Sunyer, Jordi (2008). "Coarse Particles from Saharan Dust and Daily Mortality". Epidemiology. 19 (6): 800–807. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818131cf. PMID 18938653. S2CID 21092037.
  17. ↑ Lee, Hyewon; Kim, Ho; Honda, Yasushi; Lim, Youn-Hee; Yi, Seungmuk (2013). "Effect of Asian dust storms on daily mortality in seven metropolitan cities of Korea". Atmospheric Environment. 79: 510–517. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..79..510L. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.046.
  18. ↑ Tidke, Shivangi C; Tidake, Pravin (2022). "A Review of Corneal Blindness: Causes and Management". Cureus. 14 (10): e30097. doi:10.7759/cureus.30097. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 9643016 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36381769 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Garner, Rob (2015-02-24). "Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants". NASA. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  20. ↑ Yu, Hongbin; Chin, Mian; Yuan, Tianle; Bian, Huisheng; Remer, Lorraine A.; Prospero, Joseph M.; Omar, Ali; Winker, David; Yang, Yuekui; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Zhibo; Zhao, Chun (2015-03-28). "The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (6): 1984–1991. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y. doi:10.1002/2015GL063040. ISSN 0094-8276. OSTI 1225157. S2CID 131476017.
  21. ↑ "THEMIS keeps an eye on Mars for dust". THEMIS. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
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