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Guguwar zafi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Guguwar zafi
type of meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na yanayi, meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara da matsanancin yanayi
Fuskar Canjin yanayi
Has cause (en) Fassara Canjin yanayi
Hannun riga da cold wave (en) Fassara
Nada jerin list of heat waves (en) Fassara
tsarin matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya na sama yana kama zafi kusa da ƙasa, yana samar da guguwar zafi (don Arewacin Amurka a cikin wannan misali)
Ciyawa mai ƙonewa a Greenwich Park, London, Ingila, a lokacin guguwar zafi a watan Agusta 2022.

Ruwa mai zafi ko zafi, wani lokacin ana bayyana shi azaman matsanancin zafi, lokaci ne na yanayi zafi [1]::2911 wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Ana yawan auna guguwar zafi dangane da yanayin da aka saba da shi a yankin da kuma yanayin zafi na yau da kullun don kakar.[2] Babban matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan ma'anar mai zurfi suna fitowa lokacin da mutum dole ne ya ƙayyade abin da yanayin zafin jiki na 'al'ada' yake, da kuma abin da girman sararin samaniya na taron zai iya ko dole ne ya kasance. Za'a iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi da mutane daga yanayin zafi suka yi la'akari da shi azaman raƙuman zafi a cikin yanki mai sanyi. Wannan zai zama lamarin idan yanayin zafi ya kasance a waje da yanayin yanayi na al'ada na wannan yanki. Ruwa na zafi ya zama mafi yawa, kuma ya fi karfi a kan ƙasa, a kusan kowane yanki a Duniya tun daga shekarun 1950, karuwar mitar da tsawon lokaci ana haifar da Canjin yanayi. :8–10

Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da wani yanki mai matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.[3] Wannan yana kama zafi kusa da farfajiyar duniya. Yawancin lokaci yana yiwuwa a hango hasashen raƙuman zafi, don haka yana ba da damar hukumomi su ba da gargadi a gaba.

Ruwa na zafi yana da tasiri ga tattalin arziki. Za su iya rage yawan ma'aikata, rushe hanyoyin noma da masana'antu da lalata ababen more rayuwa.[4][5] Ruwa mai tsanani ya haifar da mummunar gazawar amfanin gona da dubban mutuwar daga hyperthermia. Sun kara hadarin gobarar daji a yankunan da ke da fari. Suna iya haifar da raguwar wutar lantarki saboda ana amfani da ƙarin iska. Ruwa mai zafi ya ƙidaya a matsayin matsanancin yanayi. Yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, saboda zafi da hasken rana suna mamaye yanayin zafi a cikin mutane.

Ma'anar

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Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na raƙuman zafi:

  • IPCC ta bayyana zafi a matsayin "lokacin yanayi mai zafi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi tare da ambaton iyakar zafin jiki, wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki biyu zuwa watanni" [6]::2911[1]
  • Ma'anar da ta danganci Heat Wave Duration Index ita ce cewa guguwar zafi tana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na fiye da kwanaki biyar a jere ya wuce matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki da 5 °C (9 °F) ° C ° F), lokacin al'ada shine 1961-1990 .[7] Wannan ma'anar ta yi amfani da ita ta Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya.[8]
  • Ma'anar daga Glossary of Meteorology ita ce: "Lokaci ne na rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin daɗinsa kuma yawanci yanayin zafi".

Ma'anar ƙasa

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Denmark ta bayyana guguwar zafi ta kasa (hedeb Explorer) a matsayin lokacin akalla kwanaki 3 a jere inda matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a fadin fiye da rabin kasar ya wuce 28 °C (82.4 °F) ° C (82.4 ° F). Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Danish tana da ma'anar "warmth wave" (varmeb Explorer). Ya bayyana wannan ta amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya don zafin jiki na 25 °C (77.0 °F) ° C (77.0 ° F).[9] Sweden ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin akalla kwanaki biyar a jere tare da tsananin yau da kullun sama da 25 °C (77.0 °F) ° C (77.0 ° F). [10]

A Girka, Hellenic National Meteorological Service ya bayyana guguwar zafi kamar yadda ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki uku a jere tare da yanayin zafi ° C (102 ° F) ko mafi girma. A cikin wannan lokacin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine 26 °C (79 °F) ° C (79 ° F) ko fiye. A wannan lokacin, babu iskõki ko iska mai rauni kawai. Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa a cikin yanki mai faɗi.  

Netherlands ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin lokaci na akalla kwanaki biyar a jere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt ya wuce 25 °C (77 °F) ° C (77 ° F). A wannan lokacin matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt dole ne ya wuce 30 °C (86 °F) ° C (86 ° F) na akalla kwana uku. Belgium kuma tana amfani da wannan ma'anar guguwar zafi tare da Ukkel a matsayin ma'anar magana. Haka Luxembourg ke yi.

A cikin United Kingdom, Ofishin Met yana aiki da tsarin Kula da Lafiyar Zafin.  Wannan ya sanya kowane yanki na Karamar hukuma zuwa ɗaya daga cikin matakai huɗu.  Yanayin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin rana da mafi ƙarancin zafin dare ya tashi sama da maƙasudin wani yanki.  Tsawon lokacin da ke sama da ƙofar yana ƙayyade matakin.  Mataki na 1 yana wakiltar yanayin bazara na al'ada.  Mataki na 2 yana faruwa a lokacin da akwai 60% ko mafi girma haɗari cewa zafin jiki zai kasance sama da matakan ƙofa na kwana biyu da tsakar dare.  Mataki na 3 yana tasowa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasance sama da kofa don rana da dare da suka gabata, kuma akwai damar 90% ko mafi girma cewa zai tsaya sama da bakin kofa a rana mai zuwa.  Mataki na 4 yana haifar da idan yanayi ya fi tsanani fiye da na matakan ukun da suka gabata.  Kowane matakin farko na uku yana haifar da wani yanayi na shirye-shirye da amsa ta ayyukan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya.  Mataki na 4 ya ƙunshi amsa da yawa.  Matsakaicin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da akwai aƙalla kwanaki uku sama da 25 °C (77 °F) a yawancin ƙasar.  Babban London yana da madaidaicin 28 ° C (82 ° F).[11]

A Ireland, an bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin yanayin zafi wanda ya wuce 25 °C (77 °F) ° C (77 ° F) na kwanaki biyar ko fiye a jere.[12]

Arewacin Amurka

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A cikin Amurka, ma'anoni kuma sun bambanta da yanki. Yawancin lokaci suna ɗaukar tsawon aƙalla kwanaki biyu ko fiye na yanayin zafi da yawa.] A Arewa maso Gabas, zafi yana yawanci lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai ko ya wuce 90 °F (32.2 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere. Ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Wannan saboda yanayin zafi mai girma yana da alaƙa tare da matakan zafi don ƙayyade maƙasudin zafi. Hakanan ba ya shafi bushewar yanayi. Guguwar zafi kalma ce ta California don tsawan zafin zafi. Guguwar zafi na faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai 100 °F (37.8 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere a kan faffadan yanki (dubun mil mil).

A Kanada, ana bayyana raƙuman zafi ta amfani da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, kuma a mafi yawan ƙasar, humidex ma, ya wuce ƙofar yanki na kwana biyu ko fiye. Ƙofar da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun dole ne ya wuce tsakanin 28 °C (82 °F) ° C (82 ° F) a Newfoundland da 35 °C (95 °F) ° C (95 ° F) na ciki a cikin British Columbia, kodayake wannan ƙofar ta fi ƙasa a Nunavut, tsakanin 22 °C (72 °F) ° C (72 ° F). [13]

Oceania

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A Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, guguwar zafi tana da kwanaki biyar a jere a ko sama da 35 °C (95 °F) ° C (95 ° F), ko kwana uku a jere a o sama da 40 °C (104 °F) ° C (104 ° F). [14] Ofishin Ma'aikatar Ma'aunin Australiya ya bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin kwana uku ko fiye na matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi.[15] Kafin wannan sabon Pilot Heatwave Forecast babu wani ma'anar ƙasa don raƙuman zafi ko ma'auni na tsananin raƙuman zafin jiki.[15]

A New Zealand, ƙofofin raƙuman zafi sun dogara da ilimin yanayi na gida, tare da ƙofar zafin jiki tsakanin 27 °C (81 °F) ° C (81 ° F) a Greymouth da 32 °C (90 °F) ° C (90 ° F) na Gisborne.[16]

Ruwa mai zafi

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Guguwar zafi ta ruwa ta zama wani muhimmin batu na bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke nuni da cewa tun farkon wannan karnin da dama daga cikin yankunan tekun sun fuskanci kololuwar yanayin zafi, tare da yawaitar dumamar yanayi, fiye da yadda aka saba gani a tarihi. Halin yanayin zafi na magudanar ruwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke tattare da teku da na yanayi, galibi suna haifar da tsarin matsa lamba wanda zai rage murfin gajimare tare da ƙara ɗaukar hasken rana ta saman teku. Sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar ya bayyana daure zai taka rawa wajen haɓaka ɗumamar ruwan teku, tare da ƙara yin tasiri kan yanayin yanayin ruwa, kamar yawan mace-mace a cikin al'ummomin benthic, abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching na murjani, rushewar kamun kifi, da canji a cikin rarraba nau'ikan.

Sabbin rikodin zafin jiki mai girma sun wuce sabbin rikodin zabin jiki a kan wani yanki mai girma na farfajiyar Duniya.[17]
Ana sa ran karuwa mai yawa a cikin mitar da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi (don karuwar digiri na dumamar yanayi).[18] : 18 : 18 
Taswirar karuwar yanayin guguwar zafi (matsayi da ƙarfin tarawa) a kan tsakiyar latitudes da Turai, Yuli-Agusta 1979-2020 [19]

Yana yiwuwa a kwatanta raƙuman zafi a yankuna daban-daban na duniya tare da yanayi daban-daban godiya ga alamar gaba ɗaya da ta bayyana a cikin 2015.[20] Tare da waɗannan alamomi, masana sun kiyasta raƙuman zafi a sikelin duniya daga 1901 zuwa 2010. Sun sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan wuraren da abin ya shafa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.[21]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya binciki birane 13,115. Ya gano cewa matsanancin zafi na zafin jiki na duniya sama da 30 Celsius ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1983 da 2016, kuma idan tasirin yawan jama'a (ƙara tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane) a cikin waɗannan shekarun an cire shi, bayyanar ta karu da ƙarin 50%. Masu binciken sun tattara cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka faru a birane masu zafi.[22]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da babban matsin lamba a tsawo na mita 3,000-7,600 (9,800-24,900 feet) ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.[3] Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani a Arewa da Kudancin Hemispheres. Wannan shi ne saboda jet stream 'yana biye da rana'. Yankin matsin lamba yana kan gefen ma'auni na jet stream a saman yadudduka na yanayi.

Tsarin yanayi gabaɗaya yana yin saurin canzawa a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.  Don haka, wannan babban matakin matsi shima yana motsawa a hankali.  Karkashin matsin lamba, iska tana nutsewa zuwa saman.  Yana dumi kuma yana bushewa adiabatically.  Wannan yana hana convection kuma yana hana samuwar girgije.  Rage gajimare yana ƙara ɗan gajeren igiyoyin hasken da ke kaiwa saman.  Ƙananan yanki a saman yana kaiwa ga iska daga ƙananan latitudes wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi, yana haɓaka dumamar yanayi.  Iskar tana kuma iya busawa daga cikin nahiya mai zafi zuwa yankin bakin teku.  Wannan zai haifar da zazzafar igiyar ruwa a bakin teku.  Hakanan za su iya busa daga sama zuwa ƙananan tudu.  Wannan yana haɓaka raguwa ko nutsewar iska don haka ɗumamar adiabatic.[23][24]

A yankunan gabashin Amurka zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da wani babban tsarin matsi da ya samo asali daga mashigin tekun Mexico ya tsaya kusa da Tekun Atlantika. Yawan iska mai zafi yana tasowa a kan Tekun Mexico da Tekun Caribbean. A lokaci guda kuma busasshiyar iska mai zafi ta mamaye hamada Kudu maso Yamma da arewacin Mexico. Iskar kudu maso yamma da ke gefen baya na tudu na ci gaba da yin zafi da iska mai danshi zuwa arewa maso gabas. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin zafi da ɗanɗano ga yawancin gabashin Amurka da kuma zuwa kudu maso gabashin Kanada[25]

A lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da yankin da ake fama da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin teku da kuma yankin da ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin kasa suka hadu suka haifar da iska mai karfin gaske.  Iska tana dumama yayin da take gangarowa daga cikin Karoo.  Zazzabi zai tashi kusan 10 Celsius daga ciki zuwa bakin teku.  Danshi yawanci kadan ne.  Zazzabi na iya wuce Celsius 40 a lokacin rani.  Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin a Afirka ta Kudu (Celsius 51.5) ya faru ne a lokacin rani ɗaya yayin iska mai ƙarfi a kan gabar Tekun Gabashin Cape.[26][27]

Matsayin danshi na ƙasa na iya kara yawan raƙuman zafi a Turai.[28][29] Rashin danshi na ƙasa yana haifar da hanyoyin da suka dace. Wadannan su ma na iya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shine rage sanyaya na yanayi.[28] Lokacin da ruwa ya bushe, yana cinye makamashi. Don haka, zai rage yawan zafin jiki da ke kewaye da shi. Idan ƙasa ta bushe sosai, to radiation mai shigowa daga rana zai dumi iska. Amma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ko babu tasirin sanyaya daga danshi da ke narkewa daga ƙasa.

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Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam

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Magani da bugun jini a Baton Rouge a lokacin ambaliyar Louisiana ta 2016Ruwan ruwa na Louisiana na 2016

Tasirin kiwon lafiya mai alaƙa da zafi ga mutane masu rauni

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Matsayin haɗarin Sabis na Yanayi na Kasa don NWS HeatRisk
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Rubuce-rubuce na mutuwar

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Yawan mutuwar zafi mai yiwuwa ba a bayar da rahoto sosai ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin rahotanni da kuma bayar da rahoto mara kyau.[30] Lokacin la'akari da cututtukan da suka shafi zafi, ainihin adadin mutuwar daga matsanancin zafi na iya zama sau shida fiye da adadi na hukuma. Wannan ya dogara ne akan nazarin California da Japan. [31][32]

Wani ɓangare na mutuwa a lokacin guguwar zafi na iya zama saboda gajeren lokaci na gaba. A wasu raƙuman zafi akwai raguwar mutuwar gaba ɗaya a cikin makonni bayan raƙuman zafin jiki. Wadannan raguwa a cikin mutuwa suna nuna cewa zafi yana shafar mutanen da za su mutu ko ta yaya, kuma yana kawo mutuwarsu gaba.[33]

Cibiyoyin zamantakewa da tsarin suna tasiri ga tasirin haɗari. Wannan ma'anar na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana rashin bayar da rahoto game da raƙuman zafi a matsayin haɗarin lafiya. Rashin zafi na Faransa a shekara ta 2003 ya nuna cewa haɗarin zafi ya haifar da haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da zamantakewa.[34] Rashin ganuwa na zamantakewa yana daya daga cikin irin wannan dalili. Mutuwar da ta shafi zafi na iya faruwa a cikin gida, misali tsakanin tsofaffi da ke zaune su kaɗai. A cikin waɗannan lokuta yana iya zama ƙalubale don sanya zafi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa.[35]

Ƙididdigar zafi don zafin jiki da zafi mai dangi

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Samfuri:HeatTableAlamar zafi a cikin teburin da ke sama shine ma'auni na yadda yake da zafi lokacin da aka danganta da yanayin zafi na gaske.

Tasirin tunani da zamantakewa

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Yawan Laifi yana haifar da damuwa ta tunani da damuwa ta jiki. Wannan na iya shafar aikin. Hakanan yana iya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka.[36] Babban yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da karuwar rikici tsakanin mutane da kuma matakin zamantakewa. A cikin kowace al'umma, yawan aikata laifuka yana ƙaruwa lokacin da yanayin zafi ya tashi. Wannan shi ne musamman game da laifuka na tashin hankali kamar hari, kisan kai da fyade. A cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaituwa na siyasa, yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya kara abubuwan da ke haifar da yakin basasa.[37]

Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga samun kudin shiga. Binciken kasashe a Amurka ya gano cewa yawan tattalin arziki na kwanakin mutum ya ragu da kusan kashi 1.7 cikin dari ga kowane digiri na Celsius sama da 15 °C (59 °F) ° C (59 ° F). [38]

Yankin ozone (ƙazantar da iska)

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Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen ozone a cikin birane ya fi muni. Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi.[39] A lokacin raƙuman zafi a cikin birane, gurɓataccen ozone na ƙasa na iya zama kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da yadda aka saba.[40]

Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya kalli ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ozone daga 1860 zuwa 2000. Ya gano cewa yawan mutanen duniya da aka auna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sun karu da kashi 5 cikin dari saboda canjin yanayi. Ƙididdigar ozone a kusa da ƙasa ta tashi da kashi 2.[41]

Bincike don tantance tasirin mutuwar haɗin gwiwa na ozone da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi na Turai a cikin 2003 ya kammala cewa waɗannan sun bayyana suna da ƙari.[42]

Tasirin da ke tattare da al'ummomi

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2009 kudu maso gabashin Australia zafi raƙuman ruwa, taswirar zafi da aka nuna a ja

Ruwa na zafi sau da yawa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan tattalin arziki. Suna rage yawan aiki, suna rushe aikin gona da masana'antu da kuma lalata ababen more rayuwa wanda bai dace da matsanancin zafi ba.[4][5] A cikin 2016, wani ruwan zafi na ruwa a Chile da kuma mummunar furewar algal da ta biyo baya ya haifar da dala miliyan 800 (USD) a cikin asarar fitarwa ga masana'antar kiwon kifi yayin da salmon da shellfish suka mutu.[43]

Rage kayan aikin gona

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Ruwa na zafi babban barazana ne ga samar da aikin gona. A cikin raƙuman zafi na 2019 a yankin Mulanje na Malawi sun haɗa da yanayin zafi har zuwa 40 °C (104 °F) ° C (104 ° F). Wannan da kuma ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama sun ƙone ganyen shayi kuma sun rage amfanin gona.[44]

Dabbobi masu noma

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Dabbobi suna da kewayon haƙuri wanda ke bayyana yanayin zafi inda suke aiki mafi kyau. Yanayin zafin jiki da ke waje da wannan kewayon na iya fuskantar raguwar lafiya da rashin iya haifuwa.[45] Nau'in da ke da isasshen bambancin kwayar halitta za su iya tabbatar da cewa wasu mutane za su iya tsira daga kwanakin da za su iya zama ruwan dare a nan gaba.[46]

Rashin zafi na teku na iya haifar da mutuwar jama'a a cikin yawan kifaye, musamman ga nau'in da suka fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi.[47] Nau'in da suka saba da yanayin zafi na iya fadada kewayon su a lokacin zafi. Wadannan nau'o'in mamayewa na iya cinye nau'o-in'in da ke fuskantar mutuwa mafi girma a lokacin zafi, wanda ke rushe aikin yanayin halittu.[47] Har ila yau, ana danganta ruwan zafi na ruwa tare da mummunar tasiri a kan nau'ikan tushe kamar coral da kelp.[48]

Zaɓuɓɓuka don rage tasirin mutane

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Wata hanyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a a lokacin raƙuman zafi ita ce kafa cibiyoyin sanyaya na jama'a. Ƙara iska mai sanyaya a makarantu yana ba da wurin aiki mai sanyi. Amma zai iya haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai guba sai dai idan an yi amfani da Hasken rana.

Masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da kuɗi da masu bincike sun kirkiro hadin gwiwar Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance a karkashin Majalisar Atlantic. Wannan yana ba da shawara don ba da suna ga raƙuman zafi, auna su, da kuma sanya su don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin su.[49][50]

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Indiya

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China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani bincike ya gano matsakaitan mazauna kasar Sin sun fuskanci tsananin zafi na kwanaki 16 a shekarar 2023, inda sama da mutane 37,000 suka mutu sakamakon tsananin zafi. Ban da wannan kuma, adadin sa'o'in aikin da aka yi hasarar saboda tsananin zafi a kasar Sin ya kai biliyan 36.9 a shekarar 2023, kuma jama'ar kasar Sin sun sami karuwar kashi 60 cikin 100 na sa'o'in ayyukan da ba amintacce a waje ba, inda kowane mutum ya yi asarar sa'o'i 2.2 a matsakaicin kowace rana. Binciken ya yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2060, ana sa ran mace-macen da ke da nasaba da zafin rana zai kai 29,000 zuwa 38,000 a kasar Sin, inda aka yi hasarar karuwar sa'o'in aiki da kashi 28% zuwa 37%.[51]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  A watan Yulin 2019, akwai mutane sama da miliyan 50 a Amurka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da shawarwarin zafi. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a karya rikodin da yawa na mafi girman yanayin zafi a cikin kwanaki bayan waɗannan gargadi. Wannan yana nufin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin sa'o'i 24 zai zama mafi girma fiye da kowane ƙarancin zafi da aka auna a baya.

Dangane da binciken 2022, mutane miliyan 107 a Amurka za su fuskanci zafi mai haɗari sosai a cikin shekara ta 2053.[52]

Tashin zafi shine mafi munin yanayi na yanayi a Amurka. A tsakanin shekara ta 1992 zuwa 2001, an kashe mutane 2,190 daga zafin da ya wuce kima a Amurka, idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar mutane 880 daga ambaliya da 150 daga guguwa mai zafi. Kimanin mutane 400 ne ke mutuwa a shekara a matsakaici kai tsaye sakamakon zafi a Amurka. Guguwar zafi ta Chicago a shekarar 1995, daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin Amurka, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan 739 masu alaka da zafi a cikin kwanaki 5. A Amurka, asarar rayukan bil'adama da ake yi a lokacin zafi a lokacin rani ya zarce wanda sauran al'amuran yanayi ke haifarwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da walƙiya, ruwan sama, ambaliya, guguwa, da guguwa

Kimanin Amurkawa 6,200 suna buƙatar magani a asibiti a kowane bazara, bisa ga bayanan daga 2008. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan zafi, kuma wadanda ke cikin haɗari mafi girma matalauta ne, marasa inshora ko tsofaffi.

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsanancin zafin jiki da mace-mace a Amurka ta bambanta da wuri. Zafi na iya kara barazanar mutuwa a garuruwan arewacin kasar fiye da yankunan kudancin kasar. Gabaɗaya, mutane a Amurka suna da alama suna daidaita yanayin zafi a arewa kowace shekara goma. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, ƙarin ƙirar gine-gine na zamani da ingantaccen wayar da kan jama'a[53]

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  43. ↑ Trainer, Vera L.; Moore, Stephanie K.; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf; Kudela, Raphael M.; Clement, Alejandro; Mardones, Jorge I.; Cochlan, William P. (2020-01-01). "Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes". Harmful Algae. Climate change and harmful algal blooms. 91. Bibcode:2020HAlga..9101591T. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009. ISSN 1568-9883. PMID 32057339.
  44. ↑ "Malawi heatwaves threaten tea yields and livelihoods". Future Climate Africa. Archived from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  45. ↑ Miller, N. A.; Stillman, J. H. "Physiological Optima and Critical Limits". Scitable (in Turanci). Nature. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
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  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Smith, Kathryn E.; Burrows, Michael T.; Hobday, Alistair J.; King, Nathan G.; Moore, Pippa J.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Thomsen, Mads S.; Wernberg, Thomas; Smale, Dan A. (2023-01-16). "Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves". Annual Review of Marine Science (in Turanci). 15 (1): 119–145. Bibcode:2023ARMS...15..119S. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437. ISSN 1941-1405. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  48. ↑ Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J.; Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E.; Scannell, Hillary A. (April 2019). "Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 9 (4): 306–312. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..306S. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1. ISSN 1758-6798. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  49. ↑ "Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance: Reducing Extreme Heat Risk for Vulnerable People". wcr.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
  50. ↑ "The world's getting hotter. Can naming heat waves raise awareness of the risks?". The World from PRX. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
  51. ↑ Ding Rui (November 7, 2024). "Heat Wave-Related Deaths Soared in China in 2023, Report Finds". Sixth Tone.
  52. ↑ Miller, Brandon; Waldrop, Theresa (2022-08-16). "An 'extreme heat belt' will impact over 100 million Americans in the next 30 years, study finds". CNN. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  53. ↑ Robert E. Davis; Paul C. Knappenberger; Patrick J. Michaels; Wendy M. Novicoff (November 2003). "Changing heat-related mortality in the United States". Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 (14): 1712–1718. Bibcode:2003EnvHP.111.1712D. doi:10.1289/ehp.6336. PMC 1241712. PMID 14594620.
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