Gungun ruwa(tari)
 Gungun ruwa(tari) | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
cluster (en)  |
| Kayan haɗi | ruwa |
A cikin ilmin sinadarai, gungu na ruwa shine haɗe-haɗe da haɗe-haɗe na hydrogen ko gungu na kwayoyin ruwa.[1][2] Yawancin irin waɗannan gungu an annabta ta hanyar ƙirar ƙira (a cikin siliki), wasu kuma an gano su ta gwaji a wurare daban-daban kamar ƙanƙara, ruwan ruwa mai yawa, a cikin lokacin iskar gas, a cikin gaurayawan gauraye da sauran abubuwan da ba na polar ba, kuma a matsayin ruwa na hydration a cikin lattices crystal. Misali mafi sauƙi shine dimer na ruwa (H2O)2.
An gabatar da gungu na ruwa a matsayin bayani ga wasu abubuwan banƙyama na ruwan ruwa, kamar bambancinsa da ba a saba gani ba na yawan zafin jiki. Har ila yau, gungu na ruwa yana da hannu wajen daidaita wasu sifofi na suprùamolecular.[3] Ana kuma sa ran za su taka rawa wajen samar da ruwa na kwayoyin halitta da ions da ke narkar da su cikin ruwa.[4][5]
kaidar hasashe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cikakkun na'urorin ruwa suna hasashen faruwar gungun ruwa, a matsayin daidaitawar kwayoyin ruwa waɗanda jimillar makamashin su ya kasance mafi ƙarancin gida.[6][7][8]
Abin sha'awa na musamman shine gungu na cyclic (H2O) n; waɗannan an annabta su wanzu don n = 3 zuwa 60.[9][10][11] A ƙananan zafin jiki, kusan kashi 50% na ƙwayoyin ruwa suna cikin tari.[12] Tare da haɓaka girman gungu ana samun iskar oxygen zuwa nisan iskar oxygen don raguwa wanda ake dangantawa da abin da ake kira haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa da yawa na jiki: saboda canji a cikin rarraba cajin kwayoyin H-acceptor ya zama mafi kyawun kwayoyin H-donor tare da kowane fadada taron ruwa. Siffofin isomeric da yawa suna da alama suna wanzuwa ga hexamer (H2O)6: daga zobe, littafi, jaka, keji, zuwa siffar priism tare da kusan kuzari iri ɗaya. Akwai isomers guda biyu masu kama da heptamers (H2O) 7, kuma ana samun octamers (H2O)8 ko dai a cikin keken keke ko a cikin siffar cube.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Xantheas, Sotiris; Dunning Jr., Thorn (1993). "Ab initio studies of cyclic water clusters (H2O)n, n=1–6. I. Optimal structures and vibrational spectra". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 99 (11): 8774–8792. Bibcode:1993JChPh..99.8774X. doi:10.1063/1.465599.
- ↑ Ralf Ludwig (2001). "Water: From Clusters to the Bulk". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (10): 1808–1827. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010518)40:10<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 11385651
- ↑ Ghosh, Sujit; Bhardwaj, Parimal (2004). "A Dodecameric Water Cluster Built around a Cyclic Quasiplanar Hexameric Core in an Organic Supramolecular Complex of a Cryptand". Angewandte Chemie. 116 (27): 3661–3664. Bibcode:2004AngCh.116.3661G. doi:10.1002/ange.200454002.
- ↑ A. D. Kulkarni; S. R. Gadre; S. Nagase (2008). "Quantum chemical and electrostatic studies of anionic water clusters(H2O)n−". Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM. 851 (1–3): 213. doi:10.1016/j.theochem.2007.11.019.
- ↑ A. D. Kulkarni; K. Babu; L. J. Bartolotti; S. R. Gadre. (2004). "Exploring Hydration Patterns of Aldehydes and Amides: Ab Initio Investigations". J. Phys. Chem. A. 108 (13): 2492. Bibcode:2004JPCA..108.2492K. doi:10.1021/jp0368886.
- ↑ Fowler, P. W., Quinn, C. M., Redmond, D. B. (1991) Decorated fullerenes and model structures for water clusters, The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 95, No 10, p. 7678.
- ↑ Keutsch, F. N. and Saykally, R. J. (2001) Water clusters: Untangling the mysteries of the liquid, one molecule at a time, PNAS, Vol. 98, № 19, pp. 10533–10540.
- ↑ Maheshwary, Shruti; Patel, Nitin; Sathyamurthy, Narayanasami; Kulkarni, Anand (2001). "Structure and Stability of Water Clusters (H2O)n, n = 8-20". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105: 10525–10537. doi:10.1021/jp013141b.