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Gurɓacewar Ruwa

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Gurɓacewar Ruwa
pollution type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na environmental pollution (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara water pollutant (en) Fassara
Yana haddasa Cutar da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa
Babban tsarin rubutu Strafgesetzbuch (en) Fassara
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en) Fassara Target 3.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) Fassara
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara Gyaran ruwa
Sharar gida da ke iyo a cikin ruwa, Circular Quay, Sydney, AustraliaOstiraliya

Rashin gurɓataccen Ruwa (ko gurɓatawar ruwa) shine gurɓatacciyar ruwa, wanda ke da mummunar tasiri akan yadda za'a iya amfani da su.[1] : 6 Yawanci ayyukan ɗan adam ne ke haifar da shi. Rashin ruwa ya haɗa da tabkuna, koguna, Tekuna, aquifers, tafkuna da ruwan kasa. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana faruwa ne lokacin da gurɓatawar ta haɗu da waɗannan ruwa. Contaminants na iya fitowa daga daya daga cikin manyan tushe huɗu. Wadannan su ne zubar da datti, ayyukan masana'antu, ayyukan noma, da kuma rugujewar birane ciki har da ruwan sama. Rashin gurɓata ruwa na iya shafar ko dai Ruwa na sama ko Ruwa na ƙasa. Wannan nau'in gurɓata zai iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Ɗaya shine lalacewa yanayin halittu na ruwa. Wani kuma yana yada cututtukan da ke dauke da ruwa lokacin da mutane ke amfani da ruwa mai gurbata don sha ko ban ruwa.[2] Har ila yau, gurɓataccen ruwa yana rage Ayyukan yanayin halittu kamar ruwan sha da aka bayar ta hanyar ruwa.

Tushen gurɓatar ruwa ko dai tushen maki ne ko kuma tushen da ba na maki ba . [3] Tushen maki yana da dalili ɗaya da za a iya gane shi, kamar magudanar ruwa ta guguwa, masana'antar tace ruwan shara, ko kuma malalar mai . Tushen da ba na maki ba sun fi yaɗuwa. Misali shine kwararar ruwa a gona . [4] Gurɓatar ruwa sakamakon tasirin da ke tattare da shi akan lokaci ne. Gurɓatar ruwa na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Ɗaya zai iya zama abubuwa masu guba kamar mai, ƙarfe, robobi, magungunan kashe ƙwari, gurɓatattun abubuwa masu dorewa, da samfuran sharar masana'antu. Wani kuma shine yanayi mai damuwa kamar canje-canjen pH, hypoxia ko anoxia, ƙaruwar zafi, yawan tururi, ko canje-canjen gishiri ). Gabatar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa wani abu ne. Gurɓatar ruwa na iya haɗawa da abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai . Babban sanadin gurɓatar zafi shine amfani da ruwa a matsayin mai sanyaya iska ta masana'antun wutar lantarki da masana'antun masana'antu.

Kula da gurɓataccen ruwa yana buƙatar kayan aiki da tsare-tsaren gudanarwa masu dacewa, da kuma doka. Maganin Fasahar na iya haɗawa da inganta tsabtace muhalli, maganin datti, Maganin ruwa sharar masana'antu, maganin ruwan sha na noma, kula da rushewa, kula da turɓaya da kula da ragowar birane (gami da kula da ruwan sama).

Ma'ana

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Ma'anar amfani game da gurɓataccen ruwa ita ce: "Rashin gurɓata ruwa shine ƙarin abubuwa ko siffofin makamashi waɗanda kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ke canza yanayin jikin ruwa ta hanyar da ke shafar amfanin sa na halal. " 6 Ruwa yawanci ana ɗaukar gurɓata lokacin da abubuwa na mutum suka gurɓata shi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko dai ba za a iya amfani da shi ba don wasu dalilai, kamar don shan giya, ko kuma ikonsa na tallafawa al'ummomin halittu, kamar kifi, ya canza sosai.

Masu gurɓataccen abu

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Contaminants da suka samo asali a cikin datti

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Wadannan mahadi zasu iya kaiwa ga jikin ruwa ta hanyar datti ko ma da tsabtace datti:

  • Abubuwan sunadarai daban-daban da aka samo a cikin tsabta mutum da kayan kwalliya.
  • Disinfection by-product da aka samu a cikin ruwan sha mai sinadarai (yayinda waɗannan sunadarai na iya zama gurɓataccen a cikin hanyar rarraba ruwa, suna da matukar damuwa sabili da haka ba a yawan samun su a cikin ruwan muhalli). [5]
  • Hormones (daga Kiwon dabbobi da raguwa daga hanyoyin hana daukar ciki na hormones na mutum) da kayan roba kamar phthalates wanda ke kwaikwayon hormones a cikin ayyukansu. Wadannan na iya samun mummunar tasiri har ma a ƙananan maida hankali a kan halittu na halitta kuma mai yiwuwa a kan mutane idan an kula da ruwa kuma an yi amfani da shi don ruwan sha.[6][7]
  • Insecticides da herbicides, sau da yawa daga runoff na noma.
  • Kwayoyin cuta kamar Hepatovirus A (HAV na iya kasancewa a cikin ruwan da aka tsabtace kuma yana karɓar ruwa amma an cire shi sosai yayin ci gaba da maganin ruwan sha ) [8]

Rashin ruwa mai guba wanda ba a kula da shi ba zai iya isar da abubuwan gina jiki, pathogens, abubuwa masu tsayayya da kuma kwayoyin halitta.[1] : 6 :6

Hoton koyar da mutane a Kudancin Asiya game da ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da gurɓataccen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa
Masu gurɓataccen abu da tasirin su*
Mai gurɓata Babban ma'auni na wakilci Tasirin yiwuwar gurɓataccen
Abubuwan da aka rataye Jimlar abubuwan da aka dakatar
  • Matsalolin kyawawan abubuwa
  • Rashin ajiya
  • adsorption na gurbatawa
  • Kare cututtukan cututtuka
Abubuwan da za su iya lalacewa Bukatar iskar oxygen ta halitta (BOD)
  • Amfani da iskar oxygen
  • Mutuwar kifi
  • Yanayin Septic
Abinci
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
Kwayoyin cuta
  • Coliforms, irin su E. coli, bazai zama pathogenic a ciki da kansu ba, amma ana amfani da su azaman mai nuna alama cututtukan da ke faruwa da sauri waɗanda ke mutuwa ko lalacewa da sauri [1]: 51:51
  • Kwayoyin Helminth[1]:55
 Cututtukan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa
Abubuwan da ba za a iya lalata su ba
  • Toxicity (nau'i-nau'i)
  • Fuma (dandalin)
  • Rage canja wurin iskar oxygen (detergents)
  • Rashin lalacewabiodegradability
  • Rashin ƙanshi (misali: phenols)
Abubuwan da ba a narke su ba
  • Cikakken abubuwa masu narkewa
  • Gudanarwa
  • Yawan gishiri - cutar da shuke-shuke (ban ruwa)
  • Toxicity ga shuke-shuke (wasu ions)
  • Matsalolin da ke tattare da ƙarancin ƙasa (sodium)
* Tushen waɗannan gurbataccen ruwa shine ruwan gida da na masana'antu, rugujewar birane da ruwan sama daga yankunan noma [1]: 7:7

Kwayoyin cuta

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Misalan kwayoyin cuta da ake iya samu a cikin ruwan sharar gida sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cutar virus, protozoans da tsutsotsin cuta.[1]:47 A aikace, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin alama wajen binciken gurɓatar ruwa da kwayoyin cuta saboda gano su a cikin samfurin ruwa yana da wahala kuma yana da tsada saboda ƙarancin su. Mafi yawan ƙwayoyin alama da ake amfani da su wajen gano gurɓatar najasa a cikin ruwa su ne total coliforms (TC) ko fecal coliforms (FC), waɗanda ake kira thermotolerant coliforms, kamar Escherichia coli.[1]:52–53

Kwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa ga ɗan adam ko dabbobi.[9] Wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ake samu a cikin ruwan da ya gurɓata da suka jawo matsalolin lafiya ga ɗan adam sun haɗa da Burkholderia pseudomallei, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Salmonella, norovirus da sauran ƙwayoyin virus, da tsutsotsin cuta irin su Schistosoma.[10]

Babban yawan kwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa na iya kasancewa daga najasar ɗan adam (saboda buɗaɗɗen bayan gida), magudanar ruwa, blackwater, ko taki da ya shiga cikin ruwa. Wannan na iya faruwa saboda rashin isassun hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli ko kuma tsarin tsaftar gida da ba su da kyau (septic tanks, pit latrines), wuraren tace ruwan najasa da ba su da matakan kashe kwayoyin cuta, da kuma zubar da magudanar ruwa na gaggawa da haɗaɗɗun magudanar ruwa (CSOs)[11] yayin ambaliya da kuma aikin noma mai tsanani (kiwon dabbobi da ba a sarrafa da kyau).

Sinadarai na halitta

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Sinadarai na halitta da ke shiga cikin ruwa sau da yawa suna da guba.[12]:229

  • Hydrocarbons na man fetur, ciki har da man fetur (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, da fuel oil) da lubricants (motor oil), da kuma sakamakon ƙone man fetur, daga zubar mai ko gudun ruwan ambaliya.[13]
  • Volatile organic compounds, kamar sinadarai na masana’antu da ba a adana su da kyau ba. Matsaloli sun haɗa da organochlorides kamar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) da trichloroethylene, wani sinadari da ake amfani da shi sosai.

PFAS (Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) su ne gurɓatattun sinadarai na halitta masu dorewa.[14][15]

Gurɓatattun sinadarai na ma’adinai

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Gurɓatattun sinadarai na ma’adinai a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da:

  • Ammonia daga sharar sarrafa abinci
  • Karafa masu nauyi daga motocin ababen hawa (ta hanyar gudun ruwan ambaliya na birane)[13][16] da acid mine drainage
  • Nitrates da phosphates, daga magudanar ruwa da aikin noma (duba nutrient pollution)
  • Silt (sediment) daga wuraren gine-gine ko magudanar ruwa, sare itatuwa, slash and burn da tsaftace filaye
  • Gishiri: Freshwater salinization tsari ne na gudun ruwan gishiri da ke gurɓata tsarin ruwan sha.[17] Gurɓ

Gurɓatattun magunguna

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  • Gurɓatattun magunguna masu dorewa a muhalli, waɗanda za su iya haɗa da nau’o’in magunguna daban-daban da metabolites ɗinsu (duba kuma gurɓatar magunguna), kamar magungunan rage damuwa, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma kwayar hana haihuwa.
  • Metabolites na miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka haramta (duba kuma nazarin ruwan sharar gida), misali methamphetamine da ecstasy (MDMA).[18][19]


Sharar ƙasa da robobi

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Sharar ƙasa da robobi a cikin Lachine Canal, Kanada

Sharar ƙasa na birane na iya shiga cikin ruwa ta hanyar ruwan najasa da ba a tace ba, haɗaɗɗun magudanar ruwa, gudun ruwan ambaliya na birane, da kuma mutane da ke jefar da shara cikin muhalli. Iska ma na iya ɗaukar sharar ƙasa daga wuraren zubar da shara, wanda ke haifar da gurɓatawa a matakin da ake iya gani da ido (macroscopic pollution), inda manyan abubuwa masu gani suke gurɓata ruwa, da kuma gurɓatar microplastics wanda ba a iya gani da ido kai tsaye. Ana amfani da kalmomin marine debris da marine plastic pollution a cikin mahallin gurɓatar tekuna.

Microplastics suna ci gaba da kasancewa a muhalli a matakin da ya yi yawa, musamman a cikin tsarin ruwan sha da na teku, inda suke haifar da gurɓatar ruwa.[20] Kashi 35% na dukkan microplastics na teku suna fitowa daga kayan dinki/tufafi, musamman saboda lalacewar polyester, acrylic, ko tufafin nylon, yawanci yayin wanke su.[21]

Babban hanyoyin da microplastics ke tafiya daga ƙasa zuwa teku sun haɗa da gudun ruwan ambaliya, ruwan najasa da ba a tace ba da iska. Mafi yawan tushen microplastics sun haɗa da kayan dinki na roba, tayoyi, da ƙura ta birane. Waɗannan tushe uku suna da alhakin fiye da kashi 80% na dukkan gurɓatar microplastics.[22][23]

Nau’o’in gurɓatar ruwan sama

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Gurɓatar ruwan sama ya haɗa da gurɓatar koguna, tabkuna da tekuna. Wani ɓangare na gurɓatar ruwan sama shi ne gurɓatar teku wanda ke shafar tekuna. Gurɓatar abinci yana nufin gurɓatawa ta hanyar yawan sinadarai na abinci.

A shekarar 2017, kimanin mutane biliyan 4.5 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftar muhalli da aka sarrafa yadda ya kamata, bisa ga rahoton Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.[24] Rashin samun tsafta matsala ce mai tsanani wadda sau da yawa ke haifar da gurɓatar ruwa. Misali, yin bayan gida a fili na iya sa najasar ɗan adam ta shiga cikin ruwan sama yayin ruwan sama ko ambaliya. Haka kuma, ramin bayan gida mai sauƙi na iya cika da ruwa yayin ruwan sama mai yawa.

A shekarar 2022, Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 16% na gurɓatar microplastics da ke shiga cikin tekuna.[22][25] Duk da cewa kula da sharar robobi da sake sarrafa su yana inganta a duniya, adadin gurɓatar robobi gaba ɗaya yana ƙaruwa saboda yawan robobi da ake amfani da su.[26] Ko da idan gurɓatar robobin teku ta tsaya gaba ɗaya, gurɓatar microplastics a saman teku za ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa.[26]

Gurɓatar teku

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Gurɓatar abinci

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Gurɓatar zafi

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Brayton Point Power Station a Massachusetts ta zubar da ruwan da ya yi zafi zuwa Mount Hope Bay har zuwa 2011.

Ƙaruwa na zafin ruwa yana rage matakin iskar oxygen saboda ƙarancin iskar da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa mai zafi. Wannan na iya kashe kifaye, wanda daga baya zai ruɓe, kuma ya canza tsarin abincin halittu, yana rage bambancin nau’o’in halittu da kuma ƙarfafa shigar sabbin nau’o’in da ke son zafi.[27]:179[12]:375

Gurɓatar halittu

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Shigar da halittun ruwa da ba na asali ba shi ma nau’i ne na gurɓatar ruwa, wato gurɓatar halittu.[28]

Gurɓatar ruwan karkashin ƙasa

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A sassa da dama na duniya, gurɓatar ruwan karkashin ƙasa na barazana ga lafiyar mutane da tsarin halittu. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al’ummar duniya suna dogaro da ruwan karkashin ƙasa don ruwan sha, amma an san cewa sake cikawa da yawa na iya ɗaukar gurɓatattun sinadarai masu ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa cikin ramin carbonate, wanda ke barazana ga tsarkin waɗannan ruwan.[29]

Gurɓatar ruwa daga tushen kai tsaye

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Gurɓatar ruwa daga tushen kai tsaye yana nufin gurɓatattun sinadarai da ke shiga cikin ruwa daga tushe guda da za a iya gano shi, kamar bututu ko rami. Misalan tushe a wannan rukuni sun haɗa da zubar da ruwan najasa daga wuraren tacewa, masana’antu, da magudanar ruwan birane.

Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (Clean Water Act – CWA) ta bayyana tushen kai tsaye don dalilai na doka.[30] A shekarar 1987, an gyara ma’anar tushen kai tsaye a cikin CWA don haɗa tsarin magudanar ruwan birane da na masana’antu, kamar daga wuraren gine-gine.[31]

Ruwan najasa

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Ruwan najasa yawanci ya ƙunshi kashi 99.9% ruwa da kashi 0.1% ƙazanta.[32] Ruwan najasa yana ƙunshe da sinadarai da yawa da ke haifar da eutrophication. Babban tushen phosphate ne.[33] Sau da yawa ruwan najasa yana gurɓata da sinadarai daban-daban da ake samu a kayan tsafta na mutum, kayan kwalliya, magunguna, da metabolites ɗinsu.[18][19] Gurɓatar ruwa da aka haifar da gurɓatattun magunguna masu dorewa a muhalli na iya haifar da sakamako mai faɗi. Misali, idan magudanar ruwa suka cika yayin ambaliya, hakan na iya haifar da gurɓatar ruwa daga ruwan najasa da ba a tace ba. Irin waɗannan abubuwa ana kiran su sanitary sewer overflows ko combined sewer overflows.

Ruwan sharar masana’antu

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Tsarin masana’antu da ke amfani da ruwa suna samar da ruwan sharar gida. Wannan ana kiran shi ruwan sharar masana’antu. A Amurka, misali, wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, matatun mai, masana’antar ƙarfe da ƙarfe, masana’antar takarda, da sarrafa abinci su ne manyan masu amfani da ruwa, suna amfani da fiye da kashi 60% na jimillar.[34] Wasu masana’antu suna zubar da sinadarai masu guba, ciki har da solvents masu guba da karafa masu nauyi, da sauran gurɓatattun sinadarai.

Ruwan sharar masana’antu na iya ƙara waɗannan gurɓatattun sinadarai zuwa cikin ruwa idan ba a tace shi da kyau ba:

  • Karafa masu nauyi, ciki har da mercury, lead, da chromium
  • Abubuwan halitta da sinadarai kamar sharar abinci: Wasu masana’antu (misali sarrafa abinci, sharar wuraren yanka dabbobi, zarra takarda, kayan tsirrai, da sauransu) suna zubar da babban adadin BOD, ammonia nitrogen da mai.[35]:180[12]
  • Ƙwayoyin ma’adinai kamar yashi, tarkace, zarra ƙarfe, ragowar tayoyi, ceramics, da sauransu
  • Gubobi kamar pesticides, guba, herbicides, da sauransu
  • Magunguna, sinadarai masu rushe tsarin endocrine, hormones, perfluorinated compounds, siloxanes, miyagun ƙwayoyi da sauran abubuwa masu haɗari[36][37][38]
  • Microplastics kamar polyethylene da polypropylene beads, polyester da polyamide[39]
  • Gurɓatar zafi daga wuraren samar da wuta da masana’antu
  • Radionuclides daga hakar uranium, sarrafa man nukiliya

Gurbatar ruwa daga hanyoyin da ba a iya takaita su

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Noma

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Noma babban mai haddasa gurbatar ruwa daga hanyoyin da ba a takaita su ba. Amfani da taki da kuma gudun ruwa daga gonaki, filayen kiwo da wuraren kiwon dabbobi yana haifar da gurbatar abinci mai gina jiki.[40] Baya ga noma na tsirrai, kiwon kifi ma yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa. Haka kuma, gudun ruwa daga noma sau da yawa yana ɗauke da matakan magungunan kashe kwari masu yawa.[34]

Gudummawar iska (gurbatar iska)

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Zubewar iska tsari ne da gurbatar iska daga masana’antu ko na halitta ke sauka cikin jikin ruwa. Wannan na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwa kusa da tushen ko har zuwa dubban mil. Mafi yawan gurbatar ruwa da ake samu daga zubewar iska na masana’antu sun haɗa da sinadarai na sulfur, nitrogen, mercury, sauran karafa masu nauyi, da wasu magungunan kashe kwari da ragowar masana’antu. Tushen halitta na zubewar iska sun haɗa da gobarar daji da ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta.[41]

Ruwan acid yana haifar da fitar sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxide, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da kwayoyin ruwa a cikin sararin samaniya don samar da acid.[42] Wasu gwamnatoci tun daga shekarun 1970 sun yi ƙoƙari don rage fitar sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxide cikin sararin samaniya. Babban tushen sinadarai na sulfur da nitrogen da ke haifar da ruwan acid na ɗan adam ne, amma nitrogen oxides na iya fitowa ta hanyar walƙiya, kuma sulfur dioxide na iya fitowa daga fashewar duwatsu masu aman wuta.[43] Ruwan acid na iya haifar da illa ga tsirrai, tsarin ruwa da kuma gine-gine.[44][45]

Yawan carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya ya ƙaru tun daga shekarun 1850 saboda tasirin ɗan adam (fitar iskar gas na greenhouse).[46] Wannan yana haifar da acidification na teku kuma wata hanyar gurbatar ruwa daga gudummawar iska ce.[47]


Samfura, auna, da nazari

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Gurbatar ruwa ana iya nazarin ta ta hanyoyi daban-daban: na jiki, sinadarai da na halittu. Wasu hanyoyi ana yin su kai tsaye ba tare da ɗaukar samfurin ba, kamar auna zafin jiki. Wasu kuma suna buƙatar ɗaukar samfurin ruwa sannan a yi gwaje-gwaje na musamman a dakin gwaje-gwaje. An wallafa hanyoyin gwaji da aka daidaita don ruwa da najasa.[48]

Gwaje-gwajen jiki na ruwa sun haɗa da zafin jiki, electrical conductance (EC), yawan ƙazanta (misali, total suspended solids (TSS)) da turbidity. Ana iya bincikar samfurin ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin sinadarai. Ana samun hanyoyin gwaji da dama don sinadarai masu ƙunshe da carbon da marasa carbon. Abubuwan da ake auna su sun haɗa da pH, BOD,[49]:102 chemical oxygen demand (COD),[49]:104 dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, sinadarai na nitrogen da phosphorus (misali nitrate da orthophosphates), karafa (copper, zinc, cadmium, lead da mercury), mai da man fetur, surfactants da magungunan kashe kwari.

Amfani da biomonitor ko bioindicator ana bayyana shi a matsayin biological monitoring. Wannan yana nufin auna wasu siffofi na halittu don samun bayanai game da yanayin jiki da sinadarai na muhalli.[50] Gwaje-gwajen halittu suna amfani da tsirrai, dabbobi ko ƙwayoyin cuta don sa ido kan lafiyar tsarin ruwa. Su ne kowace nau’in halittu ko rukuni na halittu da aikinsu, yawan su, ko matsayin su zai iya bayyana irin yadda tsarin muhalli yake.[51] Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar ruwa sun hada da sinadarai (chemicals) da yawa, ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), da sauye-sauyen jiki kamar yawan zafi. Duk da cewa yawancin sinadarai da abubuwan da ake sarrafawa na iya kasancewa suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, da sauransu), amma yawan abu (concentration) shine yakan tantance abin da yake zama wani bangare na ruwa ta dabi'a da kuma abin da yake gurbacewa. Yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa ta dabi'a na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga tsirrai da dabbobin ruwa. Abubuwan da ke rage iskar shaka (oxygen-depleting substances) na iya zama kayan dabi'a kamar tsiro (misali ganye da ciyawa) da kuma sinadarai na mutum. Sauran abubuwan dabi'a da na mutum na iya haifar da dusashewa (turbidity) wanda ke toshe haske da dagula ci gaban tsirrai, da kuma toshe gyel na wasu nau'ikan kifaye.[52]

Najasar ɗan adam (Fecal sludge) da aka tattaro daga bayan gida ana zubar da shi cikin kogi a unguwar Korogocho ta Nairobi, Kenya

Lafiyar Jama'a da Cututtukan Ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2017 ya bayyana cewa "gurbataccen ruwa yana yada cututtukan ciki (gastrointestinal diseases) da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (parasitic infections) kuma ya kashe mutane miliyan 1.8" (wadannan kuma ana kiran su da cututtukan da ake samu ta ruwa).[53] Ci gaba da fuskantar gurbacewa ta hanyar ruwa hadari ne ga lafiyar muhalli (environmental health), wanda zai iya kara yiwuwar mutum ya kamu da ciwon daji (cancer) ko wasu cututtuka.[54]

Eutrophication daga Gurbacewar Nitrogen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gurbacewar nitrogen na iya haifar da eutrophication, musamman a tafkuna. Eutrophication shine karuwar yawan sinadarai masu gina jiki (chemical nutrients) a cikin tsarin halittu (ecosystem) har ya kara fitar da abinci na farko (primary productivity) na tsarin halittu. Sakamakon munanan tasirin muhalli kamar anoxia (rashin iskar shaka) da kuma raguwar ingancin ruwa mai tsanani na iya faruwa.[1]:131 Hakan na iya cutar da kifaye da sauran dabbobi.

Page 'eutrophication' not found

Acidification na Teku

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Acidification na teku wani tasiri ne na gurbacewar ruwa. Acidification na teku shine ci gaba da raguwar darajar pH na tekunan duniya, wanda ke faruwa ne sakamakon shakar carbon dioxide (Samfuri:CO2) daga sararin samaniya.[46]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Von Sperling, Marcos (2007). "Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal". Water Intelligence Online. Biological Wastewater Treatment. IWA Publishing. 6. doi:10.2166/9781780402086. ISBN 978-1-78040-208-6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Von Sperling" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ "Water Pollution". Environmental Health Education Program. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. July 23, 2013. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  3. ↑ Schaffner, Monika; Bader, Hans-Peter; Scheidegger, Ruth (August 15, 2009). "Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution". Science of the Total Environment. 407 (17): 4902–4915. Bibcode:2009ScTEn.407.4902S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 19501876.
  4. ↑ Moss B (February 2008). "Water pollution by agriculture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 363 (1491): 659–666. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176. PMC 2610176. PMID 17666391.
  5. ↑ Alexandrou L, Meehan BJ, Jones OA (October 2018). "Regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in recycled waters". The Science of the Total Environment. 637–638: 1607–1616. Bibcode:2018ScTEn.637.1607A. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.391. PMID 29925195. S2CID 49355478.
  6. ↑ "Environment Agency (archive) – Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic PBT substances". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  7. ↑ "Endocrine Disruption Found in Fish Exposed to Municipal Wastewater". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  8. ↑ Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, et al. (2023). "Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (2): 1054. doi:10.3390/ijerph20021054. PMC 9859052 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36673812 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Harrison RM (2013). Harrison RM (ed.). Pollution: Causes, effects, and control (5th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. doi:10.1039/9781782626527. ISBN 978-1-78262-560-5. OCLC 1007100256.
  10. ↑ Schueler, Thomas R. "Microbes and Urban Watersheds: Concentrations, Sources, & Pathways." Reprinted in The Practice of Watershed Protection. Archived ga Janairu, 8, 2013 at the Wayback Machine 2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.
  11. ↑ Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs (Report). EPA. August 2004. EPA 833-R-04-001.
  12. 1 2 3 Laws EA (2018). Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-30450-0 – via Google Books.
  13. 1 2 Burton Jr GA, Pitt R (2001). "2". Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers. ISBN 0-87371-924-7. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  14. ↑ Johnson MS, Buck RC, Cousins IT, Weis CP, Fenton SE (March 2021). "Estimating Environmental Hazard and Risks from Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Outcome of a SETAC Focused Topic Meeting". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 40 (3): 543–549. Bibcode:2021EnvTC..40..543J. doi:10.1002/etc.4784. PMC 8387100 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32452041.
  15. ↑ Sinclair GM, Long SM, Jones OA (November 2020). "What are the effects of PFAS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations?". Chemosphere. 258. Bibcode:2020Chmsp.25827340S. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127340. PMID 32563917. S2CID 219974801. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Schueler, Thomas R. "Cars Are Leading Source of Metal Loads in California." Reprinted in The Practice of Watershed Protection. Archived ga Maris, 12, 2012 at the Wayback Machine 2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.
  17. ↑ Kaushal SS, Likens GE, Pace ML, Utz RM, Haq S, Gorman J, Grese M (January 2018). "Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (4): E574–E583. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E.574K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711234115. PMC 5789913. PMID 29311318.
  18. 1 2 Knight K (2021). "Freshwater methamphetamine pollution turns brown trout into addicts". Journal of Experimental Biology. 224 (13). Bibcode:2021JExpB.224B2971K. doi:10.1242/jeb.242971. ISSN 0022-0949. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  19. 1 2 De Lorenzo, D (2021-06-18). "MDMA Gangs Are Literally Polluting Europe". Vice World News. Brooklyn, NY: Vice Media Group.
  20. ↑ "Development solutions: Building a better ocean". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  21. ↑ Resnick B (2018-09-19). "More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans". Vox. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
  22. 1 2 European Investment Bank (2023-02-27). "Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
  23. ↑ "Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe — European Environment Agency". www.eea.europa.eu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-24.
  24. ↑ WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017
  25. ↑ Ferris, Robert (January 13, 2016). "Half of plastic trash in oceans comes from 5 countries". CNBC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-24.
  26. 1 2 Ritchie, Hannah; Samborska, Veronika; Roser, Max (2023). "Plastic Pollution". Our World in Data. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  27. ↑ Goel PK (2006). Water pollution: causes, effects and control (Rev. 2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 81-224-1839-2. OCLC 85857626.
  28. ↑ Olenin S, Minchin D, Daunys D (2007). "Assessment of biopollution in aquatic ecosystems". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 55 (7–9): 379–394. Bibcode:2007MarPB..55..379O. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.010. PMID 17335857.
  29. ↑ Hartmann, Andreas; Jasechko, Scott; Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Andreo, Bartolomé; Barberá, Juan Antonio; Brielmann, Heike; Bouchaou, Lhoussaine; Charlier, Jean-Baptiste; Darling, W. George; Filippini, Maria (2021-05-18). "Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 118 (20). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11824492H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2024492118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8158018 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33972438 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ United States. Clean Water Act (CWA), section 502(14), Samfuri:USC (14).
  31. ↑ U.S. CWA section 402(p), Samfuri:USC
  32. ↑ Scholz M (2016). "Sewage Treatment". Wetlands for Water Pollution Control. pp. 13–15. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63607-2.00003-4. ISBN 978-0-444-63607-2.
  33. ↑ Nesaratnam ST, ed. (2014). Water Pollution Control. doi:10.1002/9781118863831. ISBN 978-1-118-86383-1.
  34. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Eckenfelder".
  35. ↑ Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings". Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-041878-0. OCLC 48053912.
  36. ↑ Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS (August 2015). "Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment". The Science of the Total Environment. 524–525: 81–92. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.524...81A. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023. PMID 25889547.
  37. ↑ Bletsou AA, Asimakopoulos AG, Stasinakis AS, Thomaidis NS, Kannan K (February 2013). "Mass loading and fate of linear and cyclic siloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (4): 1824–32. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.1824B. doi:10.1021/es304369b. PMID 23320453. S2CID 39997737.
  38. ↑ Gatidou G, Kinyua J, van Nuijs AL, Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, Stasinakis AS (September 2016). "Drugs of abuse and alcohol consumption among different groups of population on the Greek Island of Lesvos through sewage-based epidemiology". The Science of the Total Environment. 563–564: 633–40. Bibcode:2016ScTEn.563..633G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130. hdl:10067/1345920151162165141. PMID 27236142. S2CID 4073701.
  39. ↑ Gatidou G, Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS (April 2019). "Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 367: 504–512. Bibcode:2019JHzM..367..504G. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.081. PMID 30620926. S2CID 58567561.
  40. ↑ Walters A, ed. (2016). Nutrient Pollution From Agricultural Production: Overview, Management and a Study of Chesapeake Bay. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63485-188-6. OCLC 960163923.
  41. ↑ Frequently Asked Questions About Air Deposition (Report). EPA. September 2001. pp. 3–7. EPA 453/R-01-009.
  42. ↑ "What is Acid Rain?". EPA. 2022-06-24.
  43. ↑ Sisterson DL, Liaw YP (1990-01-01). "An evaluation of lightning and corona discharge on thunderstorm air and precipitation chemistry". Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 10 (1): 83–96. Bibcode:1990JAtC...10...83S. doi:10.1007/BF01980039. ISSN 1573-0662. S2CID 97714446.
  44. ↑ "Effects of Acid Rain". EPA. 2022-04-24.
  45. ↑ Kjellstrom T, Lodh M, McMichael T, Ranmuthugala G, Shrestha R, Kingsland S (2006). "Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control". In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P (eds.). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd ed.). World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-6179-5. PMID 21250344. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020.
  46. 1 2 Caldeira K, Wickett ME (September 2003). "Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH". Nature. 425 (6956): 365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. doi:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477. S2CID 4417880.
  47. ↑ Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA (2009-01-01). "Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem". Annual Review of Marine Science. 1 (1): 169–192. Bibcode:2009ARMS....1..169D. doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834. PMID 21141034. S2CID 402398.
  48. ↑ For example, see Eaton, Andrew D.; Greenberg, Arnold E.; Rice, Eugene W.; Clesceri, Lenore S.; Franson, Mary Ann H., eds. (2005). Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater (21 ed.). American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0-87553-047-5. Also available on CD-ROM and online by subscription.
  49. 1 2 Newton D (2008). Chemistry of the Environment. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-7747-2.
  50. ↑ National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008–2009: A Collaborative Study (PDF) (Report). EPA. March 2016. EPA 841/R-16/007.
  51. ↑ {{cite journal |vauthors=Karr JR |year=1981 |title=Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities |journal=Fisheries |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=21–27 |doi=10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2 |bib

    Tasiri

    Rashin iskar shaka (Oxygen depletion), wanda ke faruwa sakamakon gurbacewar nitrogen da eutrophication, shine sanadin kifaye da yawa ke mutuwa.

    Tsarin Halittu

    Gurbacewar ruwa babbar matsala ce ta muhalli a duniya saboda tana iya lalata dukkan tsarin halittun ruwa (aquatic ecosystems), gami da ruwan gida (freshwater), bakin teku, da tekuna.<ref name="HäderHelblingVillafañe2021">Donat-P. Häder; E. Walter Helbling; Virginia E. Villafañe (30 September 2021). Anthropogenic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems. Springer Nature. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-030-75602-4. Retrieved 9 August 2022. Pollution is a major stress factor affecting all aquatic ecosystems including fresh, coastal and open ocean waters.
  52. ↑ Davies-Colley, R. J.; Smith, D. G. (October 2001). "Turbidity, Suspended Sediment and Water Clarity: A Review". Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 37 (5): 1085–1101. Bibcode:2001JAWRA..37.1085D. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x. eISSN 1752-1688. ISSN 1093-474X. S2CID 129093839. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  53. ↑ Kelland K (2017-10-19). "Study links pollution to millions of deaths worldwide". Reuters.
  54. ↑ Dovjak, Mateja; Kukec, Andreja (2019), "Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments", Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–82, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2, ISBN 978-3-030-19411-6, Samfuri:S2CID
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurɓacewar_Ruwa&oldid=848580"