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Gwajin cutar kanjamau a Libya

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Gwajin cutar kanjamau a Libya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na epidemiology of HIV/AIDS (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Libya
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Wannan mujallar Libya ta fara bayyana labarin. Rufin ya nuna mummunar martani na jama'a don goyon bayan cajin.

Gwajin cutar kanjamau a Libya (ko batun ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgarian) ya shafi gwaje-gwaje, roko da kuma sakin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kasashen waje guda shida da ake tuhuma da makirci don kamuwa da cutar kanjamawa da gangan a asibitin yara sama da 400 a Benghazi, Libya. [1] Kimanin yara 56 da suka kamu da cutar sun mutu a watan Agustan shekara ta 2007. Adadin wadanda abin ya shafa ya kai 131 a shekarar 2022.[2]

Waɗanda ake tuhuma, waɗanda aka kama a shekarar 1999, ma'aikatan jinya ne guda biyar na Bulgarian (wanda ake kira "makunguna") da kuma likitanci Palasdinawa. An fara yanke musu hukuncin kisa, sannan aka tura shari'arsu zuwa babbar kotun Libya, kuma an sake yanke musu hukuncin mutuwa, hukuncin da babbar kotun Lebanon ta amince da shi a farkon watan Yulin 2007. Daga nan sai kwamitin gwamnatin Libya ya sauya hukuncin su zuwa rai da rai a kurkuku. An sake su ne bayan yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tare da wakilan Tarayyar Turai kan batutuwan jin kai; Tarayyar Tarayyar Ba ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke a Libya a kan shida ba. A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, an mika likitocin biyar da likitan zuwa Bulgaria, inda shugaban kasar Bulgaria Georgi Parvanov ya sauya hukuncin su kuma an sake su. Bugu da ƙari, an yi jayayya game da sharuddan saki, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da Cinikin makamai da kuma Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar nukiliya ta farar hula da Shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy ya sanya hannu a watan Yulin 2007. Dukkanin shugabannin Faransa da Bulgeriya sun musanta cewa yarjejeniyoyin biyu suna da alaƙa da 'yanci na shida, kodayake kafofin da yawa sun yi zargin wannan, ciki har da Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi.

Cutar a El-Fatih da gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo baya sun kasance masu siyasa sosai kuma suna da rikici. Likitocin sun ce an tilasta musu yin ikirari a karkashin azabtarwa kuma ba su da laifi. Saif al-Islam Gaddafi daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa masu binciken Libya sun azabtar da likitocin tare da girgizar lantarki kuma sun yi barazanar yin niyya ga iyalansu don cire ikirarin, kuma sun tabbatar da cewa wasu daga cikin yaran sun kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau kafin likitocin su isa Libya.Ya ce hukuncin da kotunan Libya suka yanke ya dogara ne akan "ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa" kuma ya ce, "Akwai sakaci, akwai bala'i da ya faru, akwai bala-bala, amma ba da gangan ba".

Wasu daga cikin manyan masana kan cutar kanjamau a duniya sun rubuta wa kotuna da gwamnatin Libya a madadin likitoci, suna zargin annobar a kan ayyukan tsabtace lafiya a asibiti. Cutar ita ce mafi girman yaduwar cutar kanjamau a cikin asibiti a tarihi, kuma ita ce karo na farko da cutar kanjamao / AIDS ta zama batun jama'a a Libya. Masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Luc Montagnier da Vittorio Colizzi, sun goyi bayan shari'ar likitocin, kuma martani ga hukuncin da suka yi ya yi sauri, tare da roko da yawa daga kungiyoyin kimiyya da na kare hakkin dan adam, da kuma hukunce-hukuncen hukuma daban-daban na hukuncin tare da shirye-shiryen diflomasiyya.[3]  

Uku daga cikin likitocin Bulgarian sun buga littattafan tarihin rayuwa game da shari'ar: Shekaru takwas da rabi Hostage of Gaddafi ta Kristiyana Vulcheva, A cikin Gaddafi's Cage ta Snezhana Dimitrova [4] da Notes from Hell ta Valya Cherveniashka da Nikolay Yordanov. [5]

Cutar El-Fatih a Libya da zarge-zarge

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Cutar El-Fatih ita ce mafi girman abin da ya faru a rubuce-rubuce na kamuwa da kwayar cutar ƙanjamau a tarihi.[6] Jama'ar Libya sun yi fushi kuma an kama ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da yawa na kasashen waje; an tuhumi shida. Shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi da farko ya zargi CIA ko Mossad da makirci don gudanar da gwaji mai kisa a kan yaran Libya.

Rikicin ya fara fitowa ne a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1998 lokacin da mujalLa Libyan La (bugawa ta 78) ta buga wani bayani game da cutar kanjamau a asibiti.[7] A watan Disamba, Kungiyar Marubutan Libya ta ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sama da 60 a wannan shekarar a Libya. La ta yi hira da Sulaiman al-Ghemari, Ministan Lafiya na Libya, wanda ya gaya musu cewa mafi yawan shari'o'in sun shafi yara. Iyaye sun yi imanin cewa 'ya'yansu sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar ƙarin jini a babban asibitin yara na Benghazi.[8]Kodayake an rufe mujalLa La, daga ƙarshe an bayyana cewa yara sama da 400 sun kamu da cutar. Libya ta nemi kuma ta karbi tawagar WHO ta gaggawa, wacce aka aika a watan Disamba kuma ta zauna har zuwa Janairu 1999. Kungiyar WHO ta ba da rahoto mai mahimmanci game da halin da ake ciki.

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999, ofishin jakadancin Bulgaria ya sanar da cewa an yi garkuwa da kwararrun 'yan Bulgaria 23. Mako guda bayan hukumomin Libya sun sanar da su cewa an dauki matakan riga-kafi kan likitocin Bulgaria da ma'aikatan jinya da ke aiki a asibitin yara na Benghazi . Yawancin ma’aikatan jinya sun kasance kamfanin Expomed mallakar gwamnatin Bulgaria ne ya dauki aiki a asibitin Libya, inda albashi ya zarce fiye da yadda ake samu a gida, inda suka fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 1998. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 1999, an kama wasu mambobi shida na ƙungiyar da aka yi wa "matakan rigakafi" bisa ƙa'ida bisa takardar sammaci dangane da cutar da cutar kanjamau a Benghazi. [9] Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Ashraf al-Hadzhudzh, wani Bafalasdine mai horo, da ma'aikatan jinya 'yan Bulgaria Kristiyana Valtcheva, Nasya Nenova, Valentina Siropulo, Valya Chervenyashka da Snezhana Dimitrova. Daga baya an san su da sunan "Benghazi shida". [10]

Waɗanda cutar HIV ta shafa a Libiya

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Fiye da yara 400 sun kamu da cutar HIV a Asibitin Yara na El-Fatih. Wasu daga cikinsu suna karɓar magani a Turai. Adadin mutuwa ya kai 50. Iyaye da dangin yaran sun gudanar da zanga-zanga, suna buƙatar hukuncin kisa a kan waɗanda ke da alhakin faruwar lamarin. Firayim Ministan Libiya, Shukri Ghanem, ya jaddada cewa sakamakon shari'ar al'amari ne na kotu kawai. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka watsa ta Al Jazeera, Ghanem ya ce ya dace a maida hankali gaba ɗaya kan yaran da suka kamu da cutar, "waɗanda kowace rana suke fuskantar hukuncin kisa."[11] Iyalan yaran da suka kamu da cutar sun kuma nemi diyya daga waɗanda aka samu da laifi; an ambaci adadi har dala miliyan 10 ga kowace iyali.[12] A watan Yuli na 2007, Libiya ta sanar da samun maslaha, inda aka bayar da dala miliyan 400 ga iyalan waɗanda lamarin ya shafa guda 426, a madadin sauya hukuncin kisa da aka yanke wa ma’aikatan jinya zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.[13]

Masu Kare Kansu

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A farko, an kama ma'aikatan lafiya 23 'yan ƙasashen waje, mafi yawancinsu daga ƙasar Bulgaria; daga cikin su, 17 an saki su kuma suka koma Bulgaria. Haka kuma, an kama wasu 'yan ƙasar Libya 11 kuma aka tuhume su da laifukan da ake zargi. Likita Zdravko Georgiev ya je Libya domin ganawa da matarsa (Valtcheva) sannan aka kama shi kuma aka tuhume shi da laifin ciniki da kuɗin ƙasashen waje ba bisa ka’ida ba. Haka nan wasu 'yan Libya sun fuskanci tuhuma da laifuka marasa nasaba da hukuncin kisa: Abdul Azis Husein Mohammed Shembesh, Abdul Menam Ahmed Mohammed al-Sherif, Idris Maatuk Mohammed al-Amari, Salim Ibrahim Suleyman Abe Garara, Mansur al-Mansur Saleh al-Mauhub, Nureddin Abdulhamid Halil Dagman da Saad Musa Suleyman al-Amruni.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Ashraf Ahmed al-Hadzhudzh

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Ashraf al-Hadzhudzh shi ne wanda aka fara tuhuma a wannan shari’ar. A cewar masu shigar da ƙara, shi ne jagoran wata mummunar ƙungiyar laifuka da wasu nas da suka haɗa da jari-hujjar ƙasashen waje, kuɗaɗe masu yawa, jima'i ba bisa aure ba, da shan giya haram. An same shi da laifin kashe yara 426 ƴan Libya yayin aiwatar da wannan shiri, da nufin tayar da zaune tsaye a ƙasar. Ya kasance ɗalibi a asibitin da ya fara aiki watanni biyu kafin barkewar cutar. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga Libya zuwa Netherlands saboda a cewarsu, kafafen watsa labarai na Libya sun nuna su a matsayin "masu kashe yara marasa laifi". Dan uwansa a yankin Falasɗinu As'ad El-Hajouj ya shaida wa jaridar Turkish Daily News cewa Ashraf ya rasa idanuwansa ɗaya kuma daya daga cikin hannayensa ya zama nakasasshe saboda azabar da ya sha a kurkuku.[14][15] An bai wa Ashraf al-Hadzhudzh ɗan ƙasar Bulgaria a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2007.

Kristiyana Vulcheva

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Kristiyana Vulcheva, matar Zdravko Georgiev, ba ta kasance cikin ma’aikatan da kamfanin Expomed ya dauka aiki ba. An tuhume ta tare da sauran, amma daga bisani kotu ta wanke ta daga dukkan tuhumce-tuhumcen bayan da aka fara yanke mata hukunci kan laifin ciniki da kudin waje ba bisa ka’ida ba. Masu shigar da kara sun yi ikirarin cewa ita ce shugabar shirin, sun kuma ce tana iya magana da Larabci kuma tana da rayuwa mai yalwa. Sauran mutum hudu sun shaida cewa ba su taɓa ganin Vulcheva ba sai bayan an cire musu bandeji daga idanu a lokacin da jami’an tsaro suka kama su a watan Fabrairu 1999. Vulcheva ita ce kadai da aka tuhume kuma aka same ta da laifin hada giya ba bisa ka’ida ba. Lauyoyin kare ta sun nuna cewa babu wata na’ura ko kayan aiki da aka gabatar a kotu don tabbatar da hakan. A kotu ta amince cewa ta taba ganin Ashraf a Asibitin Yara na Benghazi. Saboda ba ta amince da yin jima’i da Ashraf ba, wanda ake bukata don tabbatar da zina a dokar Libya, ba a same ta da laifin ba. Ta janye furucinta da ta ce wani Bature ya ba ta sinadarai don yaɗa cutar ga yara, ta ce ba ta san kowa mai suna "John the Englishman" ba, kuma ba a ba ta "kuɗaɗe masu yawa" ba don yaɗa cutar.[16]

Bayan an sake yanke hukuncin kisa a 2006, an sanar da cewa Vulcheva za ta nemi Vladimir Sheitanov ya sake kare ta. Plamen Yalnuzov ne ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin lauya tun 2002.

Bayan hukuncin, mahaifiyarta ta yi kiran neman gafara: "Muna aika wannan roko ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da wadanda abin ya shafa a harin Lockerbie. Mun san cewa batu ne mai raɗaɗi, amma a madadin ɗayan sana'o'in da suka fi jawo tausayawa, muna roƙon su da su nuna jin ƙai su bar

Valya Chervenyashka

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Fayil:Valya Cherveniashka, 2008.jpg
Valya Chervenyashka a 2008

Ta fito daga Byala Slatina. Kamfanin Expomed ne ya ɗauke ta aiki. Mijinta, Emil Uzunov, a wata hira da gidan rediyon Bulgaria (BNR) a 2003, ya ce lauyan kare su Bizanti shi ne ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka dinga azabtar da su lokacin bincike. Chervenyashka ta gyara wannan bayani. "Ina tsammanin mijina ya yi fushi sosai kuma ya wuce gona da iri," in ji ta.[17]

‘Yarta Antoaneta Uzunova ta yi tsokaci kan lamarin. "Abin ya yi muni sosai... Tuhume-tuhumen ba su da tushe a lokacin, har yanzu ba su da tushe," in ji ta a 2005. "Lokacin da na ji ana cewa su jami’an CIA ne... Na san abin da zai faru," in ji Uzunova, mai shekaru 28. "Daga baya muka gano cewa an yi wa ƙaunatattunmu azaba cikin mafi munin hali. Mafarki ne mai ban tsoro."[18]

A wani lokaci, ta ce: "Nas-nas daga ƙananan garuruwa a Bulgaria suna aiki da Mossad? Abin dariya ne har sai da ka gane cewa mahaifiyarka za ta mutu saboda haka."[19]

Ta na ƙoƙarin mayar da Vladimir Sheitanov a matsayin lauya bayan hukuncin kisa na 2006 don ya maye gurbin Yalnuzov da Byzanti.[20]

A 2009, Chervenyashka ta rubuta wani littafin tarihin rayuwarta tare da marubucin allo na Bulgaria mai suna Nikolay Yordanov. Littafin mai suna Notes from Hell an wallafa shi a Bulgaria ranar 20 Nuwamba 2009, sannan a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Fabrairu 2010. An sake wallafa shi a 2014 a cikin e-book a harshen Bulgarian da Ingilishi, sannan aka wallafa shi da Faransanci da sunan "Notes De L’enfer: Une histoire vraie".[21] A Nuwamba 2018, aka rikodin sigar Ingilishi a matsayin **audiobook**.[22]

Snezhana Dimitrova

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Snezhana Dimitrova ba ta isa asibitin ba har sai ranar 10 ga Agusta 1998. Kamfanin Expomed ne ya ɗauke ta aiki. Ita ce kaɗai daga cikin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da aka fara tsare a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1998, aka sake ta bayan kwana biyu, daga bisani aka sake kama ta da sauran a ranar 10 Fabrairu 1999.

A wata takarda da ta rubuta da hannu a 2003 zuwa Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Bulgaria, Dimitrova ta bayyana irin azabar da ta sha, ciki har da bugun lantarki da duka.

"Sun daure min hannaye a bayana," ta rubuta. "Sai suka rataye ni daga ƙofa. Yana ji kamar ana ja jikina daga ko ina. Cinyata tana kakkaryewa kuma kafadata tana fita daga gaɓa lokaci zuwa lokaci. Ba a iya bayyana irin zafin. Fassara yana ihu, yana cewa: ‘Fada gaskiya ko kuma za ki mutu a nan.’"[19]

Valentina Siropulo

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"Na amsa laifi ne lokacin da ake yi min azaba da lantarki. Suna saka ƙanana igiyoyi a yatsuna da kuma yatsun ƙafa. Wani lokaci suna saka ɗaya a yatsa ɗaya, ɗaya a harshena ko wuyana ko kunnuwana. Suna da na'urar da ake jujjuya hannu da ita. Suna da nau’i biyu na na’ura – ɗaya mai crank, ɗaya mai maballi."[23]

Zdravko Georgiev

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Zdravko Georgiev, mijin Kristiana Vulcheva, ya zo Libya ne bayan an kama matarsa. An tuhume shi tare da sauran, amma daga bisani an wanke shi daga dukkan laifuka bayan da a baya an same shi da laifin ciniki da kuɗin waje ba bisa ƙa’ida ba.

Ƙungiyar lauyoyi masu kare su

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  • Lauya daga Libya: Othman al-Bizanti
  • Lauya daga Masar: Amin Aly ElDeeb
  • Danail Beshkov, likitan da ke ba da shawara daga Libya
  • Vladimir Sheitanov
  • Plamen Yalnuzov

Nazarin Kimiyya da Rahotanni

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Rahoton WHO na P.N. Shrestha (1999)

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Rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) na 1999 ya bayyana ziyarar da tawagar WHO (P.N. Shrestha, A. Eleftherious da V. Giacomet) suka kai biranen Tripoli, Sirte da Benghazi daga 28 Disamba 1998 zuwa 11 Janairu 1999, yayin da ‘yan Bulgaria ke har yanzu suna aiki a asibitin.

Montagnier/Colizzi

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An gudanar da rahotanni da dama kan yaduwar cutar HIV. Mafi muhimmanci cikin su shi ne Rahoton Karshe na Luc Montagnier da Vittorio Colizzi, wanda gwamnatin Libya ta nemi UNESCO ya tsara. Montagnier da Colizzi sun sami damar shiga dukkan bayanan marasa lafiya da aka kamu da cutar da ke asibitin, da kuma samfurori daga asibitocin Turai da suka karɓi wasu daga cikin yara, da kuma samfurori daga El-Fatih.

Rahotonsu ya kammala cewa kamuwar cutar a asibitin ta samo asali ne daga rashin tsafta da sake amfani da allurai, kuma kamuwar ta fara ne kafin isowar nas-nas da likitan a shekarar 1998. Ta hanyar tarihin marasa lafiya da tsarin kwayoyin cutar (DNA), sun gano cewa cutar ta samo asali daga wani mara lafiya mai lamba 356 wanda aka karɓa sau 28 tsakanin 1994–1997 a sashen B, ISO da sashen A. Sun yi zaton cewa wannan mara lafiyan ne tushen kamuwar cutar. Farkon watsuwar cutar ta faru ne lokacin da aka sake karɓar wannan mara lafiya a 1997. Rahoton ya ce tarihin shiga asibiti na yara 21 "ya tabbatar da cewa kamuwar HIV a Asibitin Al-Fatih ta riga ta fara a shekarar 1997" kuma cewa "Sashen B ya riga ya kasance cike da kamuwa a watan Nuwamba 1997."[24]

Montagnier da Colizzi sun bayyana a kotu don kare wadanda ake tuhuma, kuma an gabatar da rahoton a matsayin shaida.[25]

Rahoton karshe na Luc Montagnier da Vittorio Colizzi

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Luc Montagnier (Paris) da Vittorio Colizzi (Rome) sun kasance masu ba da shawarar kimiyya na kasa da kasa da sakataren gwamnatin Libya ya naɗa.

Rahoton Libya

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Lauyoyin gwamnati sun gabatar da wani rahoto na daban wanda kwamitin masana daga Libya ya rubuta. Al’ummar kimiyya ta tsunduma cikin siyasa lokacin da kotun laifuka a Benghazi ta ƙi amincewa da rahoton Montagnier/Colizzi, tana fifita ra’ayin masana daga Libya. Bayan yanke hukunci, Colizzi ya ce hujjojin kimiyya da ake amfani da su "ba su da ma’ana kwata-kwata" kuma hukuncin yana kama da "wani mummunan fim ɗin leƙen asiri."[26]

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta da aka fara wallafa a Nature

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A ranar 6 Disamba 2006, mujallar kimiyya ta Nature ta wallafa wani sabon bincike wanda ya duba tarihin sauyin kwayoyin cutar HIV daga jinin wasu daga cikin yaran. Binciken ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin yaran sun kamu da cutar ne tun kafin zuwan wadanda ake tuhuma zuwa Libya. Har ila yau, tushen kwayar cutar da ta kama yaran tuni ya kasance a Libya. Binciken ya dogara ne da lissafin gudun canjin HIV bisa tarihin wasu yaduwar da ta gabata.[27][28][29] Wannan wallafa ta haifar da ƙoƙarin kamfen na mujallar Nature da ke neman a saki wadanda ake tuhuma.

Masu binciken sun yarda da a saki duka bayanan da suka yi amfani da su don a sami tabbaci daga wasu masu bincike.

Jaridar Libyan Journal of Medicine: Ta Yaya Za Mu Gano Gaskiya?

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Omar Bagasra da ƙungiyarsa sun tattauna rahotannin da aka wallafa a baya da cikakken bayani, suna kuma rokon a duba sel na CD4+ T lymphocytes na yaran da suka kamu da cutar domin a tabbatar ko da gangan aka ƙwayata su da HIV ne.[30] Hasashensu shi ne yara sun kamu ne saboda an yi wani gwajin rigakafin cutar AIDS da su.

Masu Lambar Nobel

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Masu lambar yabo ta Nobel guda 114 daga fannin kimiyya sun rattaba hannu kan wata wasiƙa buɗaɗɗiya zuwa ga shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi suna roƙon a gudanar da shari’ar adalci.[31]

Azaba

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Dukkannin waɗanda ake tuhuma sun ce an yi musu azaba. Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan shugaban Libya, ya tabbatar da hakan. Ya ce an tilasta musu furta laifin ta hanyar bugun lantarki da barazana ga iyalansu. Wasu daga cikin yara da ke da cutar HIV sun kamu ne kafin zuwan ma'aikatan lafiya daga waje.

Ashraf al-Hadzhudzh ya rasa ido guda kuma hannunsa ɗaya ya daina aiki. Wasu daga cikin likitoci da aka tsare sun bayyana yadda aka wahalar da su ta hanyar da ta kai ga rauni. Valya Cherveniashka ta rubuta a cikin littafinta yadda aka dukanta da igiya ta lantarki har ta suma.

Human Rights Watch ta yi hira da su a gidan yari na Jadida a cikin watan Mayu 2005. Wasu sun bayyana yadda aka azabtar da su da lantarki, magunguna, ƙwazo na jiki, da hana barci. Wasu kuma sun ce an sa hannu a furuci ba tare da fassara ba, domin kawai a dakatar da azabar.

Lauyoyi sun nemi diyya har dinar Libya miliyan biyar. Duk waɗanda aka tuhume daga Libya sun musanta tuhumar kuma ba a daure su ba. A ƙarshe, a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2005, an wanke su daga dukkan laifuka.

Shari'o'i

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An shigar da kara ta farko a kan ma'aikatan lafiyar a Kotun Jama'a (Mahkamat al-Sha`b), wata kotu ta musamman don laifukan da suka shafi tsaron kasa. Shari'ar ta fara ne a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2000. Zarge-zargen sun hada da: da gangan "kashewa da wani abu mai guba (Mataki na 371 na Dokar Laifuka), kisan kai ba gaira ba dalili da nufin kai hari kan tsaron Jiha (Mataki na 202), da kuma haifar da annoba ta hanyar yada kwayar cuta mai cutarwa, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar mutane (Mataki na 305)." Bugu da kari, an zargi 'yan kasar Bulgaria da yin abin da ya saba wa al'adu da dabi'un Libya, ta hanyar shiga cikin rashin aure da shan barasa a wuraren jama'a, narkar da barasa da kuma hada-hadar kudin waje ba bisa ka'ida ba.[9][32]

A watan Afrilu na 2001, shugaban kasar Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya yi jawabi a taron Afirka kan cutar kanjamau/AIDS. Ya shaida wa taron cewa annobar cutar kanjamau ta duniya ta fara ne lokacin da "dakunan gwaje-gwajen CIA suka rasa iko kan kwayar cutar da suke gwadawa kan fursunonin Haiti baki."[33] Ya kira rikicin HIV a Benghazi "laifi mai banƙyama" kuma ya tambayi wanda ke bayansa. "Wasu sun ce CIA ce. Wasu kuma sun ce Mossad ne na Isra'ila. Sun yi gwaji kan waɗannan yara." Ya ci gaba da cewa za a yi shari'ar "shari'a ce ta duniya, kamar shari'ar Lockerbie."[34][35]

Shari'a ta Farko

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Duk wadanda ake tuhuma sun musanta laifin. Mai gabatar da kara ya gabatar da ikirarin wadanda ake tuhuma a matsayin shaida, amma duk wadanda ake tuhuma sun musanta ikirarinsu. Sun bayar da hirarraki kuma sun shaida a shari'a cewa an tilasta musu yin ikirari ta hanyar amfani da azabtarwa.[36][37][38] Wannan ya haifar da shigar da kara kan jami'an tsaro na Libya 10, wasu daga cikinsu daga baya sun yi ikirarin cewa su ma an azabtar da su, an azabtar da su don su furta cewa sun azabtar da ma'aikatan lafiyar.[9] An wanke masu gadi a ƙarshe a shari'o'in da suka biyo baya.

Mai gabatar da kara ya bayyana wani makirci na rudar da kasar Libya ta hanyar ayyukan leken asiri na kasashen waje. "Ga wadannan ayyukan, kisan yara ba sabon abu bane. Ta haka suke son hana Libya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Duniyar Larabawa da kuma kawo hargitsi a kasar. Kisan yaran da wannan kwayar cuta wata hanya ce da wadannan ayyukan leken asiri ke cimma burinsu." A lokacin da yake kiran hukuncin kisa, mai gabatar da kara ya ce: "Wadannan mutane ba su da wani ji na dabi'a na dan Adam da zarar sun kashe wadannan yara. Sun sayar da kansu ga shaidan, duk da cewa Jamahiriya ta ba su damar aiki da rayuwa ba tare da cikas ba." Ya bayyana annobar a matsayin "bala'in kasa."[39]

Wadanda ake tuhuma sun musanta kasancewa cikin wata makarkashiya. Nenova, Chervenyashka, Siropoulo da Dimitrova sun shaida cewa ba su san Vulcheva ba sai bayan awanni 24 bayan abin da suka kira "satar su" daga Benghazi, kuma, a cewar Nenova, sai bayan an cire musu ido. Vulcheva ta musanta sanin John the Englishman ko Adel the Egyptian. Duk sun musanta cewa an biya su "manyan kudade" don cutar da yaran. Nenova da Vulcheva sun yarda cewa sun ga Ashraf a Asibitin Yara na Benghazi, amma sun shaida cewa ba su yi magana da shi ba kuma ba su yi wani aiki da aka ba shi ba.[39]

Lauyoyin masu kare sun yi ikirarin cewa babu isasshen shaidar zahiri game da dukkan zarge-zargen, ciki har da, kwalaben jini da ake zargin suna dauke da plasma mai gurbata, na'urar da ake zargin Kristiyana Vulcheva ta yi amfani da ita don narkar da barasa, sirinji da ake zargin an yi amfani da su don aikata laifin, da kuma hotunan da ake zargin sun nuna dangantakar jima'i tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma. Lauya Sheitanov, ya yi jayayya cewa ma'aikatan lafiya ba su da lokaci ko yanayi don aiwatar da makirci don aikata laifin, tun lokacin da Nenova, Siropoulo da Chervenyashka suka fara aiki a asibitin yara a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1998, Dimitrova a ranar 10 ga Agusta da Ashraf a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1998.[39]

Bayan shekara guda da fara shari’ar, Kotun Jama’a ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba ta da hurumi kan lamarin. "Kotun Jama’a tana da hurumin yanke hukunci kan shari’o’in da suka shafi tsaron kasa kuma ta yi imanin cewa ba ta da hurumi kan wannan lamari, yaduwar cutar HIV da ta haifar da mutuwar fiye da mutum daya gaskiya ce, amma ikirarin cewa wadanda ake tuhuma suna makirci a kan jihar Libya yana da shakku kuma mai rikici"[39] An mika karar zuwa kotun aikata laifuka ta yau da kullun. An rusa Kotun Jama’a a shekarar 2005.[40]

Shari'a ta Biyu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Unreferenced section An gudanar da shari'a ta biyu a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Benghazi, farawa daga ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2003. Alkalai sun fito daga Derna, wani gari makwabta da Benghazi. Alkalai daga Tripoli da Benghazi sun ki karbar shari'ar saboda yawan tunanin jama'a a waɗancan biranen. An sanya matakan tsaro sosai. Jami'an 'yan sanda masu bindigogin submachine sun gadi wurin yayin da dangi na yaran suka taru a gaba.

Mai gabatar da kara ya bayyana cewa takardun shari'ar ba su nuna ainihin adadin yara ba. Ainihin adadin yara shine 429. An yarda da rahoton shahararrun masana cutar kanjamau Luc Montagnier da Vittorio Colizzi a matsayin shaida.

An kira Luc Montagnier da Vittorio Colizzi don bayar da shaida da kansu a madadin ma'aikatan lafiyar.

Farfesa Montagnier, wanda ya gano kwayar cutar Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), ya shaida cewa kwayar cutar a cikin yara 393 da aka yi nazari a kansu nau'in da ba kasafai ake samun sa ba ne a Yammacin Afirka, amma kuma a duk fadin nahiyar. Montagnier ya shaida wa kotu cewa barkewar cutar ta fara ne da yiwuwar wani yaro da aka shigar don jinya a asibitin. Ya ce allura ba ita ce kawai hanyar kamuwa da cuta ba: Duk wani abu da ya shafi shigar fata, ko ma amfani da abin rufe fuska guda daya sau da yawa, na iya yada kwayar cutar. Montagnier ya tabbata cewa annobar a asibitin ta fara kimanin shekara guda kafin a dauki ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria. Ya ce ya san lamarin kafin ziyararsa ta farko a Libya a 1999 saboda yana cikin tsarin nazarin lamuran daruruwan yaran da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV daga El-Fatih wadanda ake bincika ko ake kula da su a asibitocin Switzerland, Faransa da Italiya. A lokacin da yake aiki a kan waɗannan lamuran, wasu daga cikin yaran ba su da alamun cutar ba tukuna saboda lokacin shiga cutar yana kusan shekaru 10.

A karkashin tambayoyi, Montagnier ya bayyana cewa yana yiwuwa a adana kwayar cutar sannan a kunna ta idan an ajiye ta a cikin plasma. Ana iya ajiye ta aiki na kwanaki da yawa, dangane da yadda aka adana ta. Ya shaida cewa bai san wanzuwar karfin fasaha a Libya don sa ido kan irin wannan ajiya ba, ko dai a lokacin annobar ko a halin yanzu. Montagnier ya shaida cewa a lokacin ziyararsa ta farko, hukumomin kiwon lafiya a Libya da kuma shugabancin asibitin Benghazi sun nuna damuwa sosai game da kamuwa da cutar, kuma a lokacin ba su da masaniya game da sanadin yaduwar annobar.

Lokacin da masu kare hakkin Bulgaria suka yi masa tambayoyi, ya tabbatar da cewa kamuwa da cutar na iya farawa a wajen dakin asibitin inda 'yan Bulgaria ke aiki.

Kotun ta umarci a yi sabon bincike na kwararru a kan bayanan shari'ar. Ta karbi rahoton daga kwamitin Libya a watan Disamba. Sabanin abubuwan da Luc Montagnier da Vittorio Colizzi suka gano, wannan kwamitin ya kammala da cewa babu shaidar da ke nuna cewa kamuwa da cuta a asibiti ya haifar da barkewar cutar AIDS a asibitin Benghazi da ta shafi yara 426. Likitocin Libya sun kammala da cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar ya fi dacewa da ayyukan da aka yi da gangan.

An kawo kwararru biyu na Libya domin ba da shaida ga masu gabatar da kara, Awad Abudjadja na kwamitin kasa na Libya kan cutar kanjamau da Busha Allo, shugaban sashin cututtukan cututtuka na asibitin Al Jamahiriya da ke Tripoli. Sun shaida cewa adadin kwayar cutar a cikin jinin yaran da suka kamu da cutar ya yi yawa, wanda ke nuna cewa kamuwa da cutar an yi shi ne da gangan.

Wani masanin ilimin kwayoyin cuta na Libya mai suna Salim Al-Agiri ne ya kira shi don kare kai. Ya shaida wa kotun cewa kamuwa da cutar a asibitin yara na Benghazi ya faru ne saboda rashin rigakafi da rashin kulawa.

Masu gabatar da kara sun nemi a zartar da hukuncin kisa bisa ga ikirarin Nassya Nenova. Nenova ta yarda a rubuce cewa ta yi wa yara allura da kayayyaki masu gurbata da ta samu daga dan kasar Falasdinu Ashraf al-Hadzhudzh. A cewar ikirarin ba ta san cewa suna dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ba, kuma ta yi imanin cewa tana gwajin sabon magani ne. Nenova ta janye ikirarin ta a gaban Kotun Jama'a ta Libya a 2001 kuma ta shaida wa waccan kotun cewa an cire su ne a karkashin matsin lamba. Dokar Libya ba ta la'akari da ikirarin da aka samu ta hanyar tashin hankali.

Masu gabatar da kara sun yi ikirarin cewa Kristiana Vulcheva ce ta shirya komai. Sun gabatar da kwafin bayanan bankunanta kuma sun ce ta yi jigilar kudi, tana biyan sauran wadanda ake tuhuma. Masu gabatar da kara sun tabbatar da cewa Vulcheva tana rayuwa mai tsada kuma tana magana da Larabci, suna mai nuna hakan a matsayin wata shaidar laifinta.

Wata shaida ta zahiri da suka ce tana kira ga hukuncin kisa sune kwantena biyar na protein plasma da aka gano cewa suna dauke da nau'ikan HIV guda hudu a cewar rahoton Awad Abudadjadja, mai gudanar da kwamitin kasa na Libya kan cutar kanjamau.

A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2004, Kotun Laifuka a Benghazi ta yanke hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi: Ashraf al-Hadzhudzh, Kristiyana Valtcheva, Nasya Nenova, Valentina Siropulo, Valya Chervenyashka da Snezhana Dimitrova, inda ta same su da laifin da gangan na cutar da yara 426 na Libya da cutar AIDS. An samu Zdravko Georgiev da laifin hada-hadar kudin waje ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku da tarar dinari 600. An umarci a sake shi saboda lokacin da ya yi a tsare.

A bainar jama'a bayan hukuncin, Colizzi ya kira shaidar kimiyya da aka yi amfani da ita a kansu "marar hankali ba a yarda da ita ba" kuma ya ce hukuncin ya karanta "kamar fim din leken asiri mara kyau."[26]

Sake Shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An daukaka kara kan hukunce-hukuncen zuwa Kotun Koli ta Libya wacce ta saurari karar tun daga ranar 29 ga Maris, 2005. Masu kare sun bukaci kotun da ta soke hukuncin kisa kuma ta mayar da karar zuwa kananan kotuna don sake shari'a. A karkashin dokar Libya, kotun ba za ta iya karbar wata sabuwar shaida ba, duk da cewa kungiyar masu kare ta yi jayayya cewa akwai shaidar da aka fassara ba daidai ba a lokacin zaman kotun har zuwa yanzu. An samu jinkiri da dage-dage da dama.[41] Daga karshe Kotun Koli ta soke hukuncin kisa kuma ta bada umarnin sake shari'a.[42]

Shugaban Bulgaria Georgi Parvanov ya ce hukuncin kotun "ya tabbatar da fatanmu cewa adalci zai yi nasara a wannan shari'ar." Shugaba Parvanov ya kara da cewa: "An soke hukuncin kisa marar adalci. ...Muna fatan cewa saurin da kuma tasirin da kotun Libya ta nuna a kwanakin baya zai taimaka wajen warware lamarin da wuri-wuri."

Kakakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Justin Higgins, ya bayyana hukuncin a matsayin "ci gaba mai kyau tunda yana kawar da hadarin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda muka bayyana a baya, muna ganin ya kamata a sami hanya don ba da damar ma'aikatan lafiyar su koma gidajensu." Majalisar Turai ta yi maraba da hukuncin kuma ta ce tana fatan sabuwar shari'ar za ta "yi biyayya ga ka'idojin adalci da tsarin da aka amince da su a duniya."

A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2006, kotun ta yanke hukuncinta a sake shari'ar, duka shida sun tabbata da laifi, kuma an sake yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi.[43] Bayan hukuncin, kotun ta buga wata takarda mai shafuka 100 a gidan yanar gizo na jaridar Libya Today tana bayyana hukuncinta.

A cewar takardar:

  • Maman yaran da suka kamu da cutar HIV ba su dauke da kwayar cutar
  • Yawan matakin cutar HIV a cikin jinin yaran ya tabbatar da cewa kamuwa da cutar da gangan aka yi shi.
  • Kamuwa da cutar ta yadu ne kawai a takamaiman dakunan asibitin da ma'aikatan jinya biyar ke aiki.

Binciken Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya nuna cewa yaran da suka kamu da cutar HIV suna da Hepatitis C, wanda shine hujja cewa kamuwa da cutar an yi shi da gangan da kuma mugunta. Duk da haka, an jaddada hadin gwiwa da Hepatitis a matsayin nuni ga rashin tsabta da sake amfani da sirinji daga marubutan binciken WHO da kansu, da kuma duk sauran binciken da ba na Libya ba da masu kare suka yi amfani da su, sabanin wannan binciken da kotun ta yi.

Kotun ta kuma ce ba za ta yarda da cewa an azabtar da biyar din ba saboda wata kotu ta riga ta soke wannan zargin, don haka ta gano cewa duk wadanda ake tuhuma sun yi ikirari cikakken sani kuma ba tare da an yi musu wani tashin hankali ko azabtarwa ba.[44]

Canza hukuncin zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 17 ga Yuli 2007, Babban Kwamitin Shari'a na Libya, wanda shi ne mafi girma a cikin hukumomin shari'a, ya sanar da cewa hukuncin kisa za a mayar da su ɗaurin rai da rai.[13] Tun da safiyar ranar, Libya ta cimma yarjejeniyar biyan diyya na dala miliyan 400 ga iyalan waɗanda suka kamu da cutar HIV su 426. Kwamitin Shari'a ya sami ikon duba karar bayan Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da hukuncin kisan gabanin wannan canjin hukunci. Wannan Kwamitin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin kasar kuma yana da damar canza hukunci ko bayar da afuwa.[13]

Sharuɗɗan Sakin Fursunoni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 24 ga Yulin 2007, Shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy ya sanar a hukumance cewa wakilan Faransa da na Turai sun sami damar mika fursunonin, ciki har da likitan Palasdinawa, wanda aka ba shi zama dan kasar Bulgaria wata daya kafin hakan. Sun bar kasar Libya a cikin jirgin sama na gwamnatin Faransa, tare da kwamishiniyar harkokin waje ta EU, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, da kuma matar shugaban Faransa a lokacin, Cécilia Sarkozy, wacce ta yi tafiye-tafiye biyu zuwa Libya.[45][46]

A lokacin jawabin sa na rantsar da shi a matsayin Shugaban kasa a farkon watan Mayu 2007, Sarkozy ya yi magana game da ma'aikatan jinya, yana mai cewa: "Faransa za ta kasance a gefen ma'aikatan jinya na Libya waɗanda aka tsare tun shekaru 8..."[47]

An saki fursunonin shida bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi tsakanin EU (ciki har da Bulgaria, kuma musamman shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy da matarsa) da Libya. Sakamakon warware matsalar, ana ci gaba da tattaunawa don ci gaba da dawo da alakar Libya da EU.

Yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni ta 1985 tsakanin Bulgaria da Libya ita ce kayan aikin doka da aka yi amfani da su don canja wurin; a zahiri Libya ba ta 'yantar da ma'aikatan lafiyar ba sai dai ta ba su damar yin zaman gidan yari a Bulgaria. Bayan sauka a Sofia, an yi musu afuwa daga Shugaban Bulgaria, Georgi Parvanov.

Shugaban Faransa ya ce "wasu shiga tsakani na jin kai" daga gwamnatin "abokiyar" Qatar ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen taimakawa wajen sakin ma'aikatan lafiyar. Sarkozy ya yi ikirarin cewa babu karin kudi da Faransa, Bulgaria, ko Tarayyar Turai suka bayar ban da adadin da aka kayyade a yarjejeniyar sirri da aka riga aka cimma da iyalai na Libya.[48] Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa sakin ma'aikatan lafiyar zai ba shi damar ziyarar aiki zuwa Libya don saduwa da shugaban Libya don tattauna wasu batutuwan kasa da kasa.[Ana bukatan hujja]

EU ta yi imanin cewa shida din ba su da laifi – Libya kuwa ba ta yarda ba. Libya ta koka da cewa bai kamata a yi wa shida din afuwa ba da zarar sun isa Bulgaria. Libya ta gabatar da koke ga Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, kuma Oman ta goyi bayan ta, amma, kamar yadda a ranar 31 ga Yuli, ba a yanke shawarar goyon bayan Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa ba kuma ba a shigar da koke ga EU ba.

EU ta ci gaba da cewa ba ta biya diyyar yaran da suka kamu da cutar ko iyalansu ba: a cewar Sarkozy, Turai ba ta biya "ko kadan ta kudi" don sakin ma'aikatan lafiyar ba. Duk da haka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sadaukar da dala miliyan 461 ga Asusun Kasa da Kasa na Benghazi.[49] Har ila yau, Bulgaria ta soke bashin dala miliyan 57 da Libya ke bin ta wanda watakila ba za a iya karba ba,[50][51][52] kuma an samar da kudade na jin kai don kula da masu kamuwa da cutar da kuma sabon asibitin yara a Benghazi. Saif Gaddafi ya bayyana cewa taimakon jin kai ga asibitin Benghazi ya kai "ba kasa da Yuro miliyan 300 ba," wanda Faransawa suka musanta, inda suka bayyana cewa an yi masa kiyasi fiye da kima.[53] Asusun Kasa da Kasa na Benghazi ya karbi dinari miliyan 600 na Libya daga kasashen waje kuma Libya ta sami alkawura na kayan aiki da ma'aikata don horar da ma'aikatan lafiya na Libya na tsawon shekaru biyar.[52]

Da farko dai, dan Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ya saba wa ikirarin Sarkozy cewa ba a cimma wata yarjejeniya ta ƙarin ba. A musayar sakin ma'aikatan jinya, ya ce Nicolas Sarkozy ba kawai ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsaro, kiwon lafiya da shige da fice da Gaddafi ba (taimakon sarrafa iyakoki da guraben karatu ga ɗaliban Libya a EU[54]): a cewar majiyoyin Libya da Agence France-Presse ta ambato, cinikin makami mai linzami na MILAN dala miliyan 230 (Yuro miliyan 168) shima wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyar sakin.[55][56]

Saif al-Islam ya sanar da wanzuwar waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin a wata hira da Le Monde.[57] EADS ta kuma tabbatar da hakan bayan bayanan Saif Gaddafi, wanda ya saba wa matsayin hukuma na Fadar Elysée.[58] An sanya hannu kan wata kwangilar Yuro miliyan 128, a cewar Tripoli, tare da EADS don tsarin rediyo na TETRA.[55] Jam'iyyar Socialist Party (PS) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (PCF) sun soki "lamarin kasa" da "musayar ciniki" da "jiha mara kyau".[55] Shugaban PS, François Hollande, ya nemi a buɗe binciken majalisa.[59] Ana sa ran za a kafa Kwamitin Majalisar a watan Oktoba 2007. Jam'iyyar hagu ta Faransa ta nemi a saurari Cécilia Sarkozy daga Kwamitin, saboda ta taka "muhimmiyar rawa" a sakin shida din a cewar Pierre Moscovici (PS).[60] Arnaud Montebourg ya soki rawar da ta taka, inda ya zarge ta da gaggauta Ministan Harkokin Waje, Bernard Kouchner, yayin da Sarkozy da kansa ya yaba wa matarsa.[60]

Ya kuma danganta sakin ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria da likitan Falasɗinawa da tattaunawa ta bangarorin biyu da Burtaniya game da mika Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci a shari'ar harin bom na Lockerbie.[56][57]

Bayan rikicin da aka taso ta hanyar bayanan Saif Gaddafi game da yarjejeniyar makamai, Sarkozy ya yi ikirarin cewa kwangilar makamai ba ta da alaƙa da 'yantar da shida, yana mai cewa: "Kwangilar ba ta da alaƙa da sakin ma'aikatan jinya. Me suke zargi ni da shi? Samun kwangila? Samar da ayyukan yi ga ma'aikatan Faransa?".[61]

Bayan haka, Saif Gaddafi ya janye bayanan da ya yi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta bayan kwana uku, inda ya yi ikirarin cewa yarjejeniyar makamai da kuma yarjejeniyar isar da makami mai linzami ba su da alaka da sakin ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria.[62] Ya bayyana cewa yarjejeniyar da EADS ta fara tun watanni 18 da suka gabata, bayanin da EADS ta tabbatar.[62]

Duk da waɗannan musanyar ra'ayi, an yarda gabaɗaya cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ba za ta yiwu ba idan ba a 'yantar da shida ba,[58] domin Turai gabaɗaya za ta goyi bayan Bulgaria kan wannan batu. Shugaban leken asiri na Bulgaria, Janar Kirtcho Kirov, ya bayyana cewa manyan kwangilolin makamai da kwangilolin mai suna cikin haɗari.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Bugu da kari, Shugaban kasa Sarkozy ya yi alkawarin sayar wa Libya tashoshin nukiliya guda uku na farar hula a matsayin wani bangare na shirin cinikayya da taimako wanda zai bunkasa rawar kamfanonin Faransa a kasar mai arzikin mai. A ziyarar da ya kai Libya a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2007, Sarkozy ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa kan fasahar nukiliya ta farar hula. Ya yanke shawarar gina tashoshin nukiliya guda uku na farar hula ga kasar Libya.[56][63][64] A cewar Paris, tashoshin nukiliya an yi su ne don raba ruwan teku,[65] amma Le Monde ya nuna cewa Libyawan sun yi gaggawar watsi da duk wani nuni ga raba ruwan teku.[58] Jam'iyyar hagu ta Faransa da kuma majiyoyin gwamnatin Jamusawa sun soki wannan yarjejeniyar, ciki har da Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje Gernot Erler, shugaban Greens Reinhard Buetikofer da mataimakin SPD Ulrich Kelber.[65] Kuma a lokacin ziyarar Tony Blair a karshen watan Mayu 2007, kungiyar Birtaniya BP ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar iskar gas ta dala miliyan 900.[64]

Bugu da kari, Le Parisien ya yi zargin a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2007 cewa yarjejeniyar da ta shafi fasahar nukiliya ba ta shafi raba ruwan teku ba, amma ta mai da hankali musamman kan na'urar nukiliya ta ERP mai tsararraki na uku, mai darajar dala biliyan 3.[66] Jaridar Paris ta ambato Philippe Delaune, mataimakin mataimakin darektan harkokin kasa da kasa na hukumar nukiliya ta CEA. Shi ne babban mai hannun jari na Areva, kamfanin da ke samar da na'urorin ERP.[66] Kodayake Shugaban Faransa ya musanta duk wata alaka tsakanin yarjejeniyar da Areva da sakin shida din, Le Parisien ya nuna wani jerin abubuwan da ke damun hankali: An kira Areva don gabatar da kayayyakin ta ga Libya a karshen watan Yuni 2007, jim kadan kafin sakin shida din.[66] Jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Faransa, ta bakin Jean-Louis Bianco, ta bayyana cewa wannan yarjejeniya "rashin hankali ne ta fuskar siyasar kasa."[66] Gwamnatin Jamusawa ma ta yi tir da yarjejeniyar. Ta hanyar Siemens, suna rike da kashi 34% na hannun jarin reshen Areva da ke da alhakin gina ERP (Areva NP).[66]

Wannan bayanin daga Le Parisien an nan da nan Areva ta musanta shi.[67] Kakakin Areva ya yarda cewa an yi tattaunawa a farkon watan Yuni 2007, amma ba a amince da wani takamaiman canja wurin fasaha ba.[67] Bugu da kari, Philippe Delaune, kakakin CEA, ya kara da cewa ko ta yaya, duk wani canja wurin da ya shafi fasahar ERP zai dauki a kalla shekaru goma ko goma sha biyar.[67]

Duk da cewa Areva ta amince an yi tattaunawa gabaɗaya, Nicolas Sarkozy ya musanta duka labarin, yana mai cewa "ƙarya ce."[68][69] Shugaban Bulgaria Georgy Parvanov shi ma ya yi ikirarin cewa yarjejeniyar makamai da ta nukiliya ba su da alaka da sakin ma'aikatan jinya.[70]

Litattafai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu daga cikin likitocin Bulgariya uku sun wallafa littattafan tarihin rayuwarsu dangane da shari'ar. Littafin Kristiyana Vulcheva mai suna Shekaru 8 da rabi a matsayin garkuwa a hannun Ghaddafi[71] ya fara fitowa a shekarar 2007. Snezhana Dimitrova ta buga A cikin kurkukun Gaddafi[4] wata daya bayan haka. A shekara ta 2009 Valya Cherveniashka ta rubuta nata labarin tare da Nikolay Yordanov a cikin Notes from Hell.[5] Littafinta ya fito a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2010,[72] kuma aka sake fitar da shi ta hanyar e-book a duniya baki daya cikin yarukan Bulgariya, Turanci da Faransanci.[73] A shekarar 2018, fitaccen bugu na Turanci ya fito a matsayin audiobook.[74]

Bangaren Diflomasiyya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gudanar da wasu ƙoƙarin diflomasiyya don warware rikicin.

A ranar 24 ga Disamba 2005, an sanar da cewa Libiya, Bulgariya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) da Amurka (US) sun amince da ƙirƙirar wani asusu, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen warware batun. A ƙarshe, Saif al-Islam ya samu yabo sosai wajen warware rikicin.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Jaridar yau da kullum mai zaman kanta ta Bulgariya Novinar ta wallafa jerin hotunan ban dariya guda 12 waɗanda ke sukar Gaddafi, adalcin Libiya da kuma jinkirin diflomasiyyar gwamnatin Bulgariya dangane da shari’ar HIV. Wallafa hotunan ya haddasa fushi a Tripoli, inda jakadan Libiya a Sofia ya isar da wasiƙar korafi ga Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta Bulgariya. A martani, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Bulgariya, Feim Chaushev, da Shugaban ƙasa Parvanov sun ba da haƙuri kuma sun nesanta kansu daga hotunan ban dariyan na Novinar.

Likitocin shida sun sake samun hukuncin kisa.[75] Kwamishinan Shari’a na EU Franco Frattini ya nuna mamakinsa dangane da hukuncin, ya kuma nemi a sake duba shari’ar, kamar yadda gwamnatin Bulgariya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka yi, ciki har da Amnesty International, World Medical Association da International Council of Nurses.[76]

Ma’aikatar harkokin waje ta Libiya ta ce martanin ƙasashen duniya dangane da hukuncin da aka yanke da kuma hukuncin kisa bai girmama mutanen Libiya ba. Ma’aikatar ta kuma ce (kamar yadda The Washington Post ta ruwaito) "Matsayar siyasa da gwamnatin Bulgariya, ƙasashen EU da wasu suka ɗauka tana da son kai ga wasu ƙimomi da za su iya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe, rikice-rikice da kuma gaba tsakanin addinai da al'adu."

Kasa da kasa: matsayin hukumomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shari'ar ta samu suka daga Tarayyar Turai, kasashe mambobin EU da kansu, Amurka da kuma Rasha.

Hukumar Tarayyar Afrika (AU) ta bayyana damuwarta dangane da abinda ta kira "siyasantar da shari'ar". Bisa ga rahoton Angola Press, hukumar AU ta ce dukkanin Afrika na bibiyar wannan shari'a da cikakken sha'awa, kuma dole ne a dakatar da kokarin siyasantar da wannan lamari nan take. Hakanan AU ta nuna goyon baya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa. Ta ce mutane su daina tsananta wannan mummunan lamari, inda yara 56 daga cikin wadanda aka kamu da cutar suka riga mu gidan gaskiya sakamakon AIDS.[77]

A cewar Sofia News Agency, Kungiyar Larabawa ta "roki dukkanin kasashe da su kauce wa siyasantar da wannan lamari, kasancewar wadanda ake tuhuma har yanzu suna da damar daukaka kara. Kungiyar ta kuma jaddada bukatar nuna tausayi ga yaran da aka kamu da HIV a Libya domin rage radadin wannan mummunan annoba ta dan Adam".

Majalisar Turai ta amince da Shawara mai lamba 1726 a shekarar 2005 mai take "Take hakkin dan Adam da muhimmanci a Libya – Azabtar da ma’aikatan lafiya na kasar Bulgaria". Kwamitin Ministoci da Majalisar Dokoki sun yi tsatsauran suka ga wannan hukunci da suka ce ya sabawa kudurin da suke mutuntawa....Majalisar Dokoki...ta yi tofin Allah tsine ga yadda aka azabtar da su a watanni na farko bayan kama su da kuma irin azabar da aka yi musu.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna rashin goyon baya ga hukuncin kotun Libya na yanke hukuncin kisa.

Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje – Alexander Yakovenko, mai magana da yawun ma’aikatar: "Bisa ga bayanan da muke da su, lauyoyin ma’aikatan Bulgaria sun shirya daukaka kara wannan hukunci a Kotun Koli ta Libya. A gefenmu, muna fatan za a sake gudanar da shari’a a Tripoli, "inda za a binciki duka hujjoji da ra’ayoyin wadanda ke da hannu cikin wannan lamari ta hanyar ingantaccen nazari."[78]

Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ba ta goyi bayan hukuncin kotun ba.

NGOs: matsayinsu na hukuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama sun bayyana adawarsu da hukuncin kisa.

A cikin sanarwa da aka fitar ranar 6 ga Mayu 2004, Amnesty International ta ce: "Mun yi matukar girgiza da hukuncin kisa da aka yanke kuma muna kira ga hukumomin Libya su soke su nan take."[79]

Shugabar ICN Christine Hancock ta rubuta: "Wannan hukunci ba ya da adalci, ba a buƙata ba kuma ba a karɓa ba." "Muna roƙon gwamnatin Libya da ta gyara wannan mummunan hali da wuri-wuri. Ma’aikatan lafiya sun zama ruwan dare bisa wani bala’i da ya tada hankali a Libya."[80]

Yoram Blachar, shugaban kwamitin WMA, ya ce bayan taron kungiyar: "Ina kira ga hukumomin Libya su soke wannan hukunci. Ba shi da tushe kwata-kwata."[81]

Jaridu da mujallu da dama sun soki hukuncin kisa.[82][83][84][85][86]

Ci gaban Yada Labarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Libya, mujallar La (fitowa ta 78) ta wallafa rahoton sirri game da cutar AIDS a asibiti, amma an rufe ta. Labaran farko daga Bulgaria sun mayar da hankali kan wani babban zargi bayan kamun wasu, inda jaridar "24 hours" ta Bulgaria a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu ta wallafa bincike game da safarar kudade a Expomed da aka ambata da, "Yadda muka rasa dala $5,048,292 a Libya."[87]

Shari'ar ba ta samu kulawar jama'a a wajen Libya da Bulgaria ba har sai Eric Favereau ya wallafa labarinsa a jaridar Faransa ta Libération a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2000 da taken "Libye: Six Bulgares accusés d’être à l’origine de 393 cas de sida – Assassins d’enfants ou boucs émissaires de la Libye?" (Libya: 'Yan Bulgaria shida da ake zargi da haddasa cutar AIDS ga mutane 392 – Masu kashe yara ko kuwa Allah wadai na Libya?).[88]

Libya ta nemi taimako, kuma kasashen Faransa, Italiya da Switzerland sun karbi wasu daga cikin yaran da suka kamu. A watan Mayu 1999, yara 80 sun je Faransa don samun jinya. Jaridar Switzerland Neue Zuercher Zeitung ta bi da labari da taken "Bulgares a matsayin Allah wadai", kuma jaridar Washington Times ta dauki labarin.[88]

A watan Afrilu 2001, shari'ar ta samu kulawa ta dan lokaci bayan Muammar Gaddafi ya yi jawabi a taron kolin Afrika kan HIV/AIDS yana zargin CIA.[34][35]

Viktor Suvorov, tsohon mamba daga hukumar leken asiri ta Rasha (GRU) zamanin yakin cacar baki, ya bayyana a Radio Free Europe cewa tunanin zargin CIA da kirkirar HIV da yada shi a Afrika ra'ayi ne da KGB ta kirkiro, kuma har yanzu ana yada shi ta hannun rundunonin sirri na Rasha da ke da ikon sarrafa Libya.[88]

Wannan ra'ayi ya yadu a yankin Balkan a cikin labaran jaridun Serbia da Girka. A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2001, jaridar The Washington Post ta wallafa labarin Peter Finn inda ya zanta da Farfesa Luc Perrin. Perrin ya musanta zargin yunkurin yaduwar cuta da gangan, kuma mai magana da yawun WHO, Melinda Henry, ta shaida wa Post cewa mambobin kungiyar WHO da suka ziyarta Libya a 1998 da 1999 sun nemi ci gaba da bincike, amma ba a gayyace su ba.

Shari'ar ta ci gaba da samun kulawa kadan har sai lokacin da aka kammala zaman shari'a na biyu da aka yanke hukuncin kisa a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2004, wanda ya haifar da mummunar daukar hankali da labaran talabijin na duniya baki daya.

Ganin Libya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2011, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, sabon ministan shari'a da ya sauka daga mukaminsa, ya shaida wa Al Jazeera cewa Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi ce gaba daya ke da alhakin yaduwar cutar HIV.[89]

Duk da haka, Abdul Jalil, wanda ya zama shugaban NTC na Libya sannan shugaban kasa na rikon kwarya bayan kisan Gaddafi, na daga cikin alkalai da suka tabbatar da hukuncin kisa ga nas nurses sau biyu.[90]

Tsarin Lokaci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • 27 Janairu 2007: Jaridar kasar Bulgaria ta 24 Часа ta bada rahoton cewa ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Libiya, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ya bayyana fatan cewa za a iya dakatar da hukuncin kisa kuma "za a samu mafita mai gamsarwa".[91]
  • 15 Fabrairu 2007: Dimitar Ignatov, ɗan shekara 25 ɗan asalin Bulgaria amma ɗan ƙasa Amurka, wanda ya kirkiro shafukan yanar gizo na bogi domin tara kuɗi da sunan tallafawa nas, an kama shi a wani samame da jami’an tsaro na kasashen biyu suka gudanar. Duk kuɗin da aka samu sun shiga asusun ajiyar sa na banki a Chicago.[92]
  • 17 Fabrairu 2007: Lauya Hari Haralampiev ya shaida wa Darik News cewa wannan shine lokaci na ƙarshe da za a iya ɗaukaka ƙara kafin Kotun Ƙoli ta Cassation a Libiya. Kotun za ta fara sauraron ƙarar cikin wata biyu. Shawarar da kotun za ta yanke za ta kasance ta ƙarshe. Kotun Ƙoli na iya tabbatar da hukuncin ko soke shi.[93]
  • 21 Fabrairu 2007: Wani "dan kasuwa" ya shiga kasuwanci da gangamin "Ba Kai Kaɗai Bane". Wani shago mai rahusa a Blagoevgrad ya fara sayar da tambarin gangamin duk da cewa ana rabawa kyauta tun farko.[94]
  • 25 Fabrairu 2007: Nas da likita sun musanta zargin ɓata suna ga jami'an Libiya Djuma Misheri da Madjit Shol a kotun manyan laifuka a Tripoli. Sun sake nunawa kotu cewa waɗanda suka zargesun su ne suka azabtar da su a 1999. Sun ce, "Duk abin da jami'an nan biyu suka faɗa ƙarya ce," kuma sun nuna wa kotu raunukan da suka sha.[95]
  • 28 Fabrairu 2007: Hukumar shari’a ta Libiya ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wanke Dr. Zdravko Georgiev daga laifi.[96]
  • 9 Maris 2007: Jaridun Bulgaria sun ruwaito cewa Sakatare na kwamitin harkokin waje na Libiya, Suleiman Shahoumi, ya bayyana a majalisar janar ta mutanen Libiya cewa likitocin ba za a kashe su ba ko da hukuncin ya tabbata.[97]
  • 15 Maris 2007: Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Tottenham Hotspur kuma ɗan ƙasar Bulgaria Dimitar Berbatov ya ce zai sanya tambarin "Ba Kai Kaɗai Bane" yayin wasanninsa.[98]
  • 16 Maris 2007: Dan jarida Georgi Gotev ya ba da shawarar cewa jam'iyyun Bulgaria da masu kada kuri'a su haɗa kai domin zaɓar nas a matsayin wakilai a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai domin matsa wa Libiya da EU lamba.[99]
  • 27 Mayu 2007: An wanke fursunoni daga zargin ɓata suna ga 'yan sanda na Libiya dangane da zargin azabtarwa.
  • 17 Yuli 2007: Asusun Benghazi International ya fara raba $1 miliyan ga kowace iyali da yaron su ya kamu da cutar HIV, kamar yadda BBC ta ruwaito.[100]
  • 17 Yuli 2007: Libiya ta sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.[13]
  • 24 Yuli 2007: Libiya ta mayar da dukkan nas zuwa Bulgaria. AP Story Archived 2023-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
  • 24 Yuli 2007: Shugaban Bulgaria Georgi Parvanov ya yafewa nas da misalin minti 45 bayan saukarsu a filin jirgin Sama na Sofia. "Tare da tabbacin rashin laifinsu, bisa ikon da doka ta bashi, shugaban ya yafewa su," in ji ministan harkokin waje Ivailo Kalfin.[101]
  • 28 Yuli 2007: Hukumar Libiya ta tura takarda zuwa Kungiyar Larabawa da kuma ƙorafi zuwa EU dangane da Bulgaria saboda ta yafewa nas. BBC ta ruwaito cewa Libiya ta sa ran za su ci gaba da ɗaurin su a cikin gidan yari na Bulgaria.[102][103]
  • 10 Agusta 2007: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya amince cewa an fitar da shaidar ikirarin laifin nas ne ta hanyar azabtar da su da wuta da barazana ga iyalansu, kuma ya tabbatar cewa wasu daga cikin yaran sun kamu da cutar HIV kafin nas su iso Libiya.[104]
  • 24 Fabrairu 2011: Tsohon Ministan Shari’a Mustafa Abdul Jalil ya shaida wa Al Jazeera cewa gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi ce ke da alhakin yaduwar HIV a cikin yaran.[89][105][106][90]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Kovac, Carl; Khandjiev, Radko (3 February 2001). "Doctors face murder charges in Libya". British Medical Journal. 322 (7281): 260. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7281.260/b. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1119524. PMID 11157524.
  2. ↑ "قضية الإيدز في ليبيا.. ملف مفتوح يحركه موت الضحايا ومذكرات الوسطاء". www.aljazeera.net (in Larabci). Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  3. ↑ Butler, Declan (21 September 2006). "Lawyers call for science to clear AIDS nurses in Libya". Nature. 443 (254): 254. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..254B. doi:10.1038/443254b. PMID 16988673.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "《В клетката на Кадафи》| Снежана Димитрова | Книги от онлайн книжарница Хеликон | Книжарници Хеликон". Archived from the original on 1 August 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Notes from Hell by Nikolay Yordanov". Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  6. ↑ Luc Perrin; Sabine Yerly, Rafael Quadri, Francesco Negro, Klara Posfay Barbe, Jean-Jacques Cheseaux, Philippe Burgisser, Claire-Anne Siegrist (10 July 2001). "Nosocomial Outbreak of Multiple Bloodborne Viral Infections". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 184 (3): 369–72. doi:10.1086/322036. PMID 11443566.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ "Banned "La" magazine Aids expose". Former "La" Magazine Benghazi, Libya (78). November 1998. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2006.
  8. ↑ "LA" interview Sulaiman al-Ghemari, Libyan Minister for Health, most cases among children". LibyanewsandViews. 31 December 1998. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "The trial in Libya 'Chronology of Events' December 14, 1998 through December 8, 2004 English version". Bulgarian News Agency. 18 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008.
  10. ↑ The Lancet (25 November 2006). "Free the Benghazi six". The Lancet. 368 (9550): 1844. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69749-3. PMID 17126697. S2CID 35534877.
  11. ↑ "Prime Minister Shukri Ghanem on Al Jazeera". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006.
  12. ↑ "Speculation over Libya death sentences". BBC News. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sentencesconverted
  14. ↑ BİLGİÇ, TAYLAN (23 December 2006). "Appeal from a bereaved Palestinian family". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  15. ↑ Samfuri:Cite newsgroup
  16. ↑ Smith, Craig S.; Matthew Brunwasser (20 December 2006). "Libya Sentences 6 to Die in H.I.V. Case". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2014.
  17. ↑ "Hope for medics in Libya". sofia Echo. 1 May 2003. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007.
  18. ↑ Nevyana Hadjiyska (14 November 2005). "Condemned Medical Workers Appeal in Libya". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Rosenthal, Elisabeth (14 October 2005). "Time ebbing for 6 foreigners in Libya AIDS case". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 October 2005.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Relatives: Trade them for Megrahi
  21. ↑ "Notes de l'Enfer".
  22. ↑ "Amazon.com: Notes from Hell (Audible Audio Edition): Nikolay Yordanov, Valya Cherveniashka, Nano Nagle, Milena Todorova - translator, NY Creative and Publishing: Books". Amazon.
  23. ↑ "Libya: Words to Deeds The Urgent Need for Human Rights Reform". Words to Deeds. Human Rights Watch. 18 (1(E)): IX. Torture. January 2006. Archived from the original on 9 February 2006.
  24. ↑ Luc Montagnier, Vittorio Colizzi (7 April 2003). Final Report of Prof. Luc Montagnier and Prof. Vittorio Colizzito Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the Nosocomial HIV infection at the Al-Fateh Hospital, Benghazi, Libya (PDF) (Report). Paris. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
  25. ↑ Krosnar, Katka (16 August 2003). "Libyan government lets AIDS experts comment on hospital deaths". BMJ. 327 (7411): 360–h. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7411.360-h. PMC 1142508. PMID 12919976.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Rosenthal, M.D., Elisabeth (14 December 2006). "HIV Injustice in Libya—Scapegoating Foreign Medical Professionals". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (24): 2505–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068241. PMID 17167132.
  27. ↑ De Oliveira, Tulio; Pybus, Oliver G.; Rambaut, Andrew; Salemi, Marco; Cassol, Sharon; Ciccozzi, Massimo; Rezza, Giovanni; Gattinara, Guido Castelli; d'Arrigo, Roberta; Amicosante, Massimo; Perrin, Luc; Colizzi, Vittorio; Perno, Carlo Federico (6 December 2006). "Molecular epidemiology: HIV-1 and HCV sequences from Libyan outbreak". Nature. 444 (7121): 836–7. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..836D. doi:10.1038/444836a. hdl:2108/26970. PMID 17171825.
  28. ↑ Butler, Declan (6 December 2006). "Molecular HIV evidence backs accused medics". Nature. 444 (7120): 658–659. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..658B. doi:10.1038/444658b. PMID 17151616.
  29. ↑ "The last-ditch bid to save the Tripoli Six". The Herald. 7 December 2006. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
  30. ↑ Omar Bagasra; Mohammed Alsayar; Rebecca Bullard-Dillard; Mohamed A Daw. "The Libyan HIV Outbreak: How Do We Find the Truth?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2007.
  31. ↑ Richard J. Roberts1 and 113 fellow Nobel Laureates (9 November 2006). "An open letter to Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi". Nature. 444 (146): 146. Bibcode:2006Natur.444Q.146R. doi:10.1038/444146a. PMID 17099952.
  32. ↑ Thieren, Michel (19 December 2006). "Adalcin Libya: magani a layin kisa". openDemocracy.net. Archived from the original on 14 January 2007.
  33. ↑ Gamal Nkrumah (3–9 May 2001). "Wolves in sheep's clothing-World Bank and the IMF announce a war chest to combat AIDS". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. Lamba ta 532. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Holley, David (9 May 2001). "Ka'idar Haɗin Kai ta Libya ta Sanya Rayuwa 6 Cikin Tsaka Mai Wuya". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Rusinova, Annie (3 May 2001). "Gaddafi ya shiga". TheSofiaEcho. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Human Rights Watch-Foreign Health Workers Describe Torture
  37. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Agence France-PresseBulgarian engineer says he saw nurses in Libyan AIDS trial tortured
  38. ↑ "Hukunce-hukuncen da ke jiran wadanda ake tuhuma guda 7 a shari'ar da ba ta dace ba a Libya". Rahotannin BHC. Bulgarian Helsinki Committee. 12 September 2001. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 "09hearings.htm". Shari'ar a Libya. Hukumar Labarai ta Bulgaria. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  40. ↑ "Libya: Kalamai zuwa Ayyuka Babban Bukatar Gyara Hakkokin Dan Adam". Kalamai zuwa Ayyuka. Human Rights Watch. 18 (1(E)): V. Kotun Jama'a. January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008.
  41. ↑ Ghanmi, Lamine (15 November 2005). "Kotun Libya ta dage hukunci kan ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  42. ↑ "Sake shari'a a watan Mayu ga ma'aikatan lafiya na HIV a Libya". BBC News. 22 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006.
  43. ↑ "Libya za ta kashe ma'aikatan lafiya masu HIV". CNN. 19 December 2006. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
  44. ↑ "Libya ta tuhumi 'yan Bulgaria kan 'Kamuwa da HIV da gangan'". Sofia Weekly. Sofia News Agency. 30 January 2007. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
  45. ↑ (source: Fadar Elysée Palace, ta David Martinon, kakakin hukuma na Shugaban Faransa, an yi rikodin kuma an watsa shi a gidajen talabijin da rediyo na Faransa da Bulgaria).
  46. ↑ "Faransa ta bayyana fata kan ma'aikatan lafiya na Libya". BBC News. 13 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.
  47. ↑ Harshen Faransanci: "La France sera aux côtés des infirmières libyennes enfermées depuis huit ans...", Vidéo : Premier discours du président Sarkozy, RFI, 6 May 2007 (a cikin yaren fr)
  48. ↑ "An biya diyya a shari'ar cutar HIV ta Libya". Al Jazeera. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007.
  49. ↑ "An saki ma'aikatan lafiya na Bulgaria da aka yanke wa hukunci daga Libya bayan yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta "kudin jini" ta EU". Lanka Business. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  50. ↑ "Bulgaria 'za ta soke bashin Libya'". BBC News. 2 August 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  51. ↑ "Bulgaria ta yafe bashin Libya". Al Jazeera English. 2 August 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Qatar, Jamhuriyar Czech Da Bulgaria Sun Biya Diya Ga Yaran Libya Masu Cutar Kanjamau". The Sofia Echo. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.
  53. ↑ Jean-Yves Nau; Nathalie Nougayrède (7 August 2007). "Wane taimakon Faransa ga asibitin Benghazi?". Le Monde (in Faransanci). Retrieved 7 August 2007.
  54. ↑ David Charter; Adam Sage (27 July 2007). "Sarkozy ya fuskanci suka saboda yarjejeniyar nukiliya don tabbatar da sakin ma'aikatan jinya". The Times. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 "Tripoli ta sanar da kwangilar makamai da Faransa, Elysée cikin kunya" [Tripoli ta sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai da Faransa, Elysee yana jin kunya]. Le Monde (in Faransanci). 2 August 2007.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "Bayanin sakin ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria". Le Monde (in Faransanci). 3 August 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Nougayrède, Natalie (1 August 2007). "Dan Kanar Kadhafi ya bayyana cikakken bayani kan kwangilar makamai tsakanin Paris da Tripoli" [Dan Kanar Gaddafi ya amince da yarjejeniyar makamai tsakanin Paris da Tripoli]. Le Monde (in Faransanci).
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Nougayrède, Natalie (8 August 2007). "Faransa-Libya: yankunan duhu na sakin ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria". Le Monde (in Faransanci).
  59. ↑ "Sarkozy na Faransa Ya Fara da Gudu". The Washington Post. 4 August 2007.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Faransa-Libya: 'yan hagu sun nemi bayani daga Cécilia Sarkozy," a Libération (tare da Agence France-Presse), 14 ga Agusta 2007 (karanta a nan) (a cikin yaren fr)
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