Gwal Kwas ɗin Fotigal
 Gwal Kwas ɗin Fotigal | |
|---|---|
colony (en)  | |
.svg) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Farawa | 1482 |
| Addini | Cocin katolika |
| Ƙasa | Daular Portuguese |
| Babban birni | Gidan Elmina Castle |
| Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en) | 1642 |
.jpg)
Gwalkwas ɗin Fotigal ya kasance yankin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a gaɓar Gwalkwas ta Yammacin Afirka ( Gana ta yau) tare da Tekun Ginea . [1]
Daga wurin zama na iko a sansanin soja na São Jorge da Mina (wanda aka kafa a cikin 1482 kuma yana cikin Elmina na zamani), Portuguese ta ba da umarnin cinikin bayi na cikin gida, samar da hanyar sadarwar bawa wanda zai fadada bayan ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Portuguese a yankin. [2] Babban fitarwa na mulkin mallaka shine zinare, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ciniki tare da jama'ar gida. Kasancewar Fotigal tare da gabar tekun Zinariya ya ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da kasuwanci a Tekun Fasha, sun gabatar da amfanin gona na Amurka (kamar masara da rogo ) cikin yanayin noma na Afirka, kuma ya mai da Portuguese ya zama harshen kasuwanci mai dorewa a yankin. [3]
An shigar da mulkin mallaka a hukumance a cikin yankin Dutch a cikin 1642.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zuwan Portuguese akan Gold Coast
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 1471, masu binciken Portuguese sun ci karo da ƙauyukan kamun kifi masu wadata da hauren giwa da zinariya a bakin tekun Atlantika na Ghana ta zamani, wanda Portuguese suka kira Gold Coast. Batun ciniki a yankin Gold Coast ya taimaka wajen gina kagaran São Jorge da Mina (St. George na Mine) a shekara ta 1482, wanda nan da nan ya zama sananne da A Mina Castle (Portuguese " a mina " = "mine"). [4] An gina ginin a kusa da wani gari mai yawan jama'a na Afirka wanda kuma ake kira A Mina, wanda mutanen Holland zasu dace da Elmina. [5]
Sauran manyan ƙauyuka na Portuguese a kan Gold Coast sun haɗa da masu zuwa:
- Fort Santo António de Axim (St. Anthony na Axim), zamani Axim : kafa 1515
- Fort São Francisco Xavier (St. Francis Xavier), Osu na zamani, gundumar Accra : kafa c.1557—c.1578
- Fort São Sebastião (St. Sebastian), Shama na zamani: kafa 1558
Shawarar Portuguese na gina kagara a Elmina ya sami tasiri ta hanyar tsarin kasuwanci da aka riga aka kafa tsakanin Elminans na asali da 'yan kasuwa na Portugal a yankin. An zaɓi yankin tsibiri na halitta, wanda Tekun Atlantika da kogin Benya ke kewaye, a matsayin wurin da aka gina Elmina Castle don haɓaka tsaro. Sarkin Fotigal, John II, ya naɗa wani mai daraja mai suna Diogo de Azambuja don gina kagara a bakin teku. Don wanzar da zaman lafiya da mutanen Elmina, Azambuja ya shiga tattaunawa da shugaban ƙasar Caramansa kan shirinsu na gina Elmina Castle. A cikin tattaunawar da wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Fotigal ya sauƙaƙe kuma wani mai fassara na asali ya taimaka, Caramansa ya mayar da martani cikin shakku game da shawarar, saboda za a lalata gidaje da yawa na Afirka don fara ginin ginin. Bayan Portuguese sun yi barazanar tashin hankali, Caramansa ya cika bukatun Portuguese. Duk da haka, ya haramta amfani da tsattsarkan dutsen gida, wanda Elminans na ƙasar suka sani da Kokobo, kuma ya hana Portuguese samun damar samar da ruwan sha na 'yan asalin. [6] Mazaunan Portuguese, sun bijirewa bukatun Caramansa, sun haƙa dutsen Kokobo don dalilai na gini. Yin haka ya harzuka al'ummar yankin, duk da haka an kaucewa rikici bayan da Portuguese suka ba Elminans na asali kyauta. [7] Da zarar an gina shi, Elmina Castle ya wakilci babban gini na farko na Turai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma a halin yanzu an san shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO . [8]
Domin kulla kyakkyawar alakar kasuwanci da kasashen Afirka da ke makwabtaka da ita, Turawan Portugal suna yawan mika kyaututtuka ga shugabannin kasashen cikin gida, ciki har da jihar Eguafo wadda Elmina ta kasance. Dabarunsu a bakin teku, duk da haka, ya ƙunshi yin amfani da ƙarfi a kan 'yan Afirka don hana su kasuwanci da fafatawa a Turai. Rikicin Portuguese a bakin teku ya dagula dangantakarsu da kasashen Afirka makwabta; don haka, 'yan Portugal ba su da isasshen ƙarfin da za su iya tilasta mulkinsu a duk yankin Gulf na Guinea. Tasirin Portuguese tare da Kogin Zinariya ya tashi daga wani yanki kusa da Sabon Gari na zamani, Ghana, a yamma zuwa mazaunin tarihi na Adda (kusa da Denu na zamani, Ghana) a gabas. Sauran kasashen Turai da ke gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a Tekun Fasha, da suka hada da Ingilishi da Dutch, sun ba da kayayyaki masu rahusa fiye da na Portuguese, abin da ya sa 'yan Afirka da yawa suka amince da hadarin ramuwar gayya ta Portugal don samun riba mai yawa daga kasuwanci.
Gasar Holland
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gasa da ƙasashen Turai tare da koma bayan tattalin arzikin Portugal a farkon shekarun 1600 ya haifar da raguwar tasirin Portuguese a yankin Gold Coast. Sakamakon samun nasarar cinikin zinare na Portugal a mashigin tekun Guinea, sojojin Holland sun fara yin gangami don yakar 'yan Portugal a wani yunƙuri na kwace ikon yankin da kuma mamaye cinikin zinari. A cikin 1625, Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya fara kai hari kan São Jorge da Mina, wanda ya tsaya a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci ga Portuguese a Yammacin Afirka. Rundunar sojojin Holland sun hada da hadin gwiwar sojojin Kyaftin Jan Dircksz Lam da sauran jiragen ruwa daga Boudewijn Hendricksz da ya gaza a Salvador a kan Mutanen Espanya. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1625, sojojin Portugal da kawayensu na Afirka suka yi wa 'yan kasar Holand kwanton bauna, wadanda aka shawo kan su shiga yakin bayan Portuguese din ya yi musu alkawarin biyan diyya. Bayan sun yi hasara mai yawa, an kori mutanen Holland daga yankin a cikin abin da aka sani da yakin Elmina (1625) . [9] [10]
A cikin watan Agustan 1637, Kamfanin Yammacin Indiya na Yamma ya sake kai hari Elmina, wanda suka gani a matsayin wurin zama na ikon Portuguese a cikin Gulf of Guinea da kuma yiwuwar shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Afirka . Don taimakawa a cikin rikici, wanda aka sani da yakin Elmina na biyu (1637), Yaren mutanen Holland sun ƙarfafa mambobin Elmina, Komenda, da Efutu don su juya baya ga Portuguese. Bayan samun goyon bayan gida, 'yan kasar Holland sun fi dacewa su dauki sojojin Portugal masu adawa da juna kuma sun yi nasarar kama wani tudu da ke fuskantar katangar Elmina. Bayan kwanakin da aka yi na harbe-harbe, Portuguese sun yarda, kuma Elmina castle ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Dutch a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1637. Ba tare da kagara a Elmina ba, an kori Portuguese gaba ɗaya daga yankin a shekara ta 1642. [9]
Shugabannin bayar da gudummawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kyaftin ɗin gudummawa (donatário, ko Kyaftin-manjor) nadi ne da Crown Portuguese ya ba wani jami'in da ke da alhakin kula da yankin mulkin mallaka. [11] Wadannan sune jerin sanannun kyaftin na bayar da gudummawa a São Jorge da Mina:
| Duration of Term | Donatary Captain |
|---|---|
| 1482 —1485 | Diogo de Azambuja |
| 1485 —1486 | Álvaro Vaz Pestana |
| c.mid-1480s — n.d | Álvaro Mascarenhas |
| c.1487 — n.d | João Fogaça |
| 1495 — 1499 | Lopo Soares de Albergaria |
| c.1499 — c.1503 | Fernão Lopes Correia |
| c.1503 — c.1506 | Diogo Lopes de Sequeira |
| c.1506 — c.1509 | António de Bobadilha |
| c.1510 — n.d | Manuel de Góis |
| 1513 — n.d | Afonso Caldeira |
| c.1513 — n.d | António Fróis |
| 1514 — c.1516 | Nuno Vaz de Castelo Branco |
| c.1516 — 1519 | Fernão Lopes Correia |
| 1519 — 1522 | Duarte Pacheco Pereira |
| 1522 — 1524 | Afonso de Albuquerque |
| 1524 — 1525 | João de Barros |
| 1526 — 1529 | João Vaz de Almada |
| 1529 — 1532 | Estêvão da Gama |
| 1536 — 1537 | Manuel de Albuquerque |
| 1537 — c.1540 | unknown |
| 1540 — 1543 | António de Miranda de Azevedo |
| 1541 — c.1545 | Lopo de Sousa Coutinho |
| 1545 — n.d | Diogo Soares de Albergaria |
| 1545 — 1548 | António de Brito |
| 1548 — 1550 | Lopo de Sousa Coutinho |
| c.1550 — n.d | Martim de Castro |
| c.1550 — c.1552 | Diogo Soares de Albergaria |
| c.1552 — n.d | Filipe Lobo |
| c.1552 — c.1556 | Rui de Melo |
| 1556 — c.mid-1550s | Afonso Gonçalves de Botafogo |
| c.mid-1550s — 1559 | António de Melo |
| 1559 — n.d | Manuel da Fonseca |
| 1559 — 1562 | Rui Gomes de Azevedo |
| 1562 — n.d | Manuel de Mesquita Perestrelo |
| c.1562 — n.d | João Vaz de Almada Falcão |
| c.mid-1560s — n.d | Francisco de Barros de Paiva |
| 1564 — n.d | Fernando Cardoso |
| n.d. — 1570 | unknown |
| 1570 — 1573 | António de Sá |
| c.1573 — n.d | Martim Afonso |
| c.1574 — n.d | Mendo da Mota |
| n.d. — c.1579 | unknown |
| 1579 — c.1583 | Vasco Fernandes Pimentel |
| 1583 — 1586 | João Rodrigues Pessanha |
| 1586 — n.d | Bernardino Ribeiro Pacheco |
| n.d. — 1586 | unknown |
| 1586 —1594 | João Roiz Coutinho |
| c.1595 —c.1596 | Duarte Lobo da Gama |
| 1596 — 1608 | Cristóvão de Melo |
| 1608 — 1610 | Duarte de Lima |
| 1610 — 1613 | João de Castro |
| 1613 — 1616 | Pedro da Silva |
| c.1616 — 1624 | Manuel da Cunha de Teive |
| 1624 — c.1625 | Francisco de Souto-Maior |
| c.mid-1620s — c.mid-1620s | Luís Tomé de Castro |
| c.mid-1620s — 1629 | João da Serra de Morais |
| 1629 — c.1632 | unknown |
| 1632 — 1634 | Pedro de Mascarenhas |
| 1634 — 1634 | Duarte Borges (acting) |
| 1634 — 1642 | André da Rocha de Magalhães |
| 1642 — 1642 | Francisco de Sotte |
Tattalin Arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Portuguese sun shigo da bayi zuwa Elmina a cikin karni na sha shida, suna amfani da su da farko don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kuma daga cikin jihohin Afirka na ciki, [5] amma kuma don musayar tare da Elminans na gida don zinariya. [2] Babban wadatar bayi na Gold Coast ya fito ne daga hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Benin da Elmina, wanda kuma ya ba wa Portuguese kayan masarufi kamar auduga, tufa, da beads. [2] Daga baya aka fadada cinikin bayi ya mamaye kogin Neja da tsibirin Sao Tome . Tufafi, lilin, beads, tagulla da tukwane na tagulla, kwanoni, mundaye, da bayi duk an yi amfani da su azaman kayan aikin saye don samun zinari daga ƴan kasuwar Elmina. Zinaren Elmina ya samo asali ne daga yankunan Asante da Denkyira na Ghana na zamani kuma ya zama mafi girma da ake fitarwa daga mulkin mallaka tare da, zuwa ƙananan hauren giwa. [3] [6] Bugu da kari, shigowar kayan amfanin gona na kasashen waje zuwa yankin Gold Coast ya sanya al'adun noma da yadda ake noma a yankin ya zama duniya, inda suka gabatar da sukari, masara, guava, dankali mai dadi, kwakwa, dawa, da rogo zuwa yanayin noma na Afirka. [3] Bugu da ari, rinjayen hanyar kasuwancin Portuguese tare da Tekun Fasha a karni na goma sha shida ya haifar da Portuguese ta zama babban harshen musayar a cikin Gulf of Guinea. Harshen ya dawwama a yankin duk da kasancewar sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin Gulf bayan da aka ba da mulkin mallaka a 1642. [12]
Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cinikin bayi na cikin gida na Afirka wanda Portuguese ta kafa ya kafa harsashi ga manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na fataucin mutane da za su bunkasa a yankin a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, kamar yadda Dutch da, daga baya, Birtaniyya suka yi amfani da hanyoyin kasuwanci da aka riga aka kafa a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic . [2] Bugu da ari, karfin jigilar kayayyaki na Portuguese ya karfafa sabbin kasuwancin kogi mai nisa a tsakanin kasashen yammacin Afirka, kuma yawan kasuwancin da ke gabar tekun Guinea ya karu sakamakon kasancewar Portuguese. [3] Ginin kwale-kwale ya zama muhimmin sana'a wanda ke tare da karuwar kasuwancin bakin teku da kuma teku a cikin Tekun Fasha. Bayan tsararru na cudanya da yarukan Afirka na gida, ƴan asalin ƙasar Portugal sun fito a matsayin muhimmin harshen kasuwanci a gabar Tekun Fasha, na biyu bayan Portuguese ɗin kanta. [12] Bugu da ari, haɗe-haɗe tsakanin Portuguese da 'yan Afirka ya haifar da ɗimbin yawan jama'a masu gauraya tare da gabar tekun Gold. [3]
Ƙoƙarin birni ya faru a kusa da Elmina, wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Fotigal na kafa gundumomi a yankin. Gwamnonin 'yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda aka fi sani da braffos, ƴan ƙasar Portugal ne suka ba su iko, kuma ƙaura daga ciki zuwa yankunan bakin teku ya ƙaru. Noman masara da rogo, wanda Turawan Portugal suka fara gabatar da shi a yankin ta hanyar cinikin tekun Atlantika, ya bunƙasa a gabar tekun Zinariya kuma ya zama abincin da ake ci a yammacin Afirka. [3] Bugu da ari, tuntuɓar Portuguese da ayyuka tare da Gold Coast sun haɗa yankin cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Girman kasuwancin da ya fi girma a yankin ya daidaita ƙananan ƙananan jihohi daban-daban waɗanda suka wanzu kafin tuntuɓar Portuguese zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa. [5] Zuwan kasuwancin duniya a gabar tekun Gold ya kuma karfafa harkokin kasuwanci a garuruwan da ke gabar teku, wadanda suka hada al'ummomin Afirka na cikin gida da kasuwancin Turai. [13]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Migeod, F. W. H. (1916). "A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti". Journal of the Royal African Society. 15 (59): 234–243. ISSN 0368-4016. JSTOR 715346.
- 1 2 3 4 Rodney, Walter (1969). "Gold and Slaves on the Gold Coast". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 10: 13–28. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406348. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":32" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ijoma, J.O. (1982). "Portuguese Activities in West Africa Before 1600 the Consequences". Transafrican Journal of History. 11: 136–146. ISSN 0251-0391. JSTOR 24328537. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":22" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Duncan, T. Bentley (1980). "Review of Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast, 1469-1682". The American Historical Review. 85 (1): 183. doi:10.2307/1853568. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1853568.
- 1 2 3 Decorse, Christopher R. (1992). "Culture Contact, Continuity, and Change on the Gold Coast, AD 1400-1900". The African Archaeological Review. 10: 163–196. doi:10.1007/BF01117700. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 25130551. S2CID 162216492. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:02 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:6 - ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:12 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - ↑ Johnson, H. B. (1972). "The Donatary Captaincy in Perspective: Portuguese Backgrounds to the Settlement of Brazil". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 52 (2): 203–214. doi:10.2307/2512427. ISSN 0018-2168. JSTOR 2512427.
- 1 2 Dakubu, M. E. K. (2012). "The Portuguese language on the Gold Coast, 1471-1807". Ghana Journal of Linguistics (in Turanci). 1 (1): 15–33. ISSN 2026-6596. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Decorse, Christopher R.; Spiers, Sam (2009). "A tale of two polities: socio-political transformation on the Gold Coast in the Atlantic World" (PDF). Australian Historical Archaeology. 27: 29–38 – via ASHA.