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Gyaran ƙasa

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Gyaran ƙasa
An gina sabon wurin sake gina dausayi a Ostiraliya, a wani wuri da aka yi amfani da shi a baya don noma.
An sake gina wurin zama na aku mai kyau a kan layin dogo na Boorowa da aka yi watsi da shi.

Gyaran ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na gyaran muhalli shine tsarin mayar da ƙasar da ke wani yanki zuwa wani mataki na yadda take a da, bayan wani tsari ( masana'antu, bala'o'in yanayi, da sauransu) ya haifar da lalacewarta. Ayyuka da ci gaba da yawa za su haifar da lalacewar ƙasar, misali hakar ma'adinai, noma da gandun daji . Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci gwamnatoci da 'yan kasuwa su yi aiki tukuru ta hanyar yin aiki kan ingantawa, tsara ƙa'idodin gyara da kuma tabbatar da cewa ya kamata a yanke shawara kan sulhu bisa ga ƙima don samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa a nan gaba. [1]

A wasu yankuna, ciki har da sassan Amurka, [2] kalmar "maido da ƙasa" na iya nufin gyaran ƙasa, kamar mayar da filayen da aka danne zuwa yanayin da suka inganta, maimakon cikewar ƙasar da ruwa ya mamaye. Misali, a Alberta, Kanada, gwamnatin lardi ta bayyana sake gina ƙasa a matsayin "Tsarin mayar da ƙasar da aka lalata zuwa ga amfaninta na baya ko wasu amfanin gona."

Gyaran ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gyaran ma'adinan zamani yana da nufin rage tasirin da ke tattare da hakar ma'adinai na zamani, wanda a yanayin hakar ma'adinai a cikin ramin buɗe zai iya haifar da motsi mai yawa na duwatsu. Gudanar da gyaran muhalli tsari ne mai ci gaba kuma galibi ya haɗa da cike ma'adinan da ke cikin ramin.

Bayan kammala aikin hakar ma'adinai, dole ne a gyara yankin ma'adinan.

  • An ƙera shara don daidaita ta, don ƙara daidaita ta daga zaizayar ƙasa .
  • Idan ma'adinin ya ƙunshi sulfide yawanci ana rufe shi da wani Layer na yumbu don hana samun ruwan sama da iskar oxygen daga iska, wanda zai iya lalata sulfide don samar da sinadarin sulfuric acid .
  • Ana rufe wuraren zubar da shara da ƙasa, kuma ana dasa ciyayi don taimakawa wajen haɗa kayan.
  • Yawanci ana yi wa shara shinge domin hana dabbobi su fitar da ciyayi daga gare su.
  • Sannan a kewaye ramin da aka buɗe da shinge, don hana shiga, kuma daga ƙarshe ya cika da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa .
  • Ana barin madatsun ruwa na wutsiya su ƙafe, sannan a rufe su da duwatsun shara, yumbu idan akwai buƙata, da ƙasa, wanda ake dasawa don daidaita shi.

Ga ma'adinan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, gyaran ba koyaushe matsala ko kuɗi ba ce mai mahimmanci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin darajar ma'adinai da kuma ƙarancin adadin duwatsun da aka zubar da su. A wasu yanayi, ana cika wuraren da aka toshe da siminti ta amfani da sharar gida, don haka ba a barin ƙarancin sharar a saman.

Cire masana'antu da kayayyakin more rayuwa ba koyaushe yake cikin shirin gyara ba, domin tsofaffin masana'antun ma'adinai da yawa suna da al'adun gargajiya da kuma darajar al'adu . Sau da yawa a ma'adinan zinare, ana yin gyaran ne ta hanyar ayyukan tsince-tsinken da ke kula da ƙasa a yankin shukar don zubar da zinare ta amfani da tsire-tsire masu tattara nauyi da aka gyara.

Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a ajiye ɓangaren ma'adinan da ke ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a yi amfani da shi don samar da dumama, ruwa da/ko methane. Ana iya cire zafi ta amfani da na'urorin musanya zafi, waɗanda ke isar da zafi zuwa wani birni da ke kusa (don haka ana amfani da shi don dumama gunduma . [3] Ana iya ɗebo ruwa daga ma'adinan (sau da yawa ana cika ma'adinan da ruwa da zarar an rufe ma'adinan kuma famfunan ba sa aiki). Haka kuma ana samun methane a cikin ma'adinan, a ƙananan adadi (sau da yawa kusan 0.1%). Duk da haka, ana iya dawo da wannan ta hanyar amfani da tsarin musamman. Wani ƙarin fa'ida na dawo da methane a ƙarshe shine cewa methane baya shiga cikin yanayi, don haka baya taimakawa wajen haifar da ɗumamar yanayi. Yayin da hanyoyin bincike ke ci gaba da faɗaɗa mayar da hankali kan nazarin da za a yi nan gaba, ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan alaƙar da za a iya gani tsakanin bambancin halittu, dawo da muhallin ma'adinai da kuma lalata gurɓataccen iskar carbon. [4]

Kasuwar gyaran ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da ƙasar, hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi ne ke kula da kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai don gyara filayen da abin ya shafa da kuma dawo da yankunan da ke da bambancin halittu a kusa da ma'adinan. [5] [6]

Gyaran ma'adinai, wani nauyi na doka ga kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai a Ostiraliya waɗanda ake buƙatar su biya takardun lamuni, zai iya zama tushen samar da ayyukan yi da saka hannun jari a fannin tattalin arziki a yankunan yanki, idan gwamnatoci suna son aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi wannan aiki. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Kafin a fara ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, dole ne a samar da takardar garanti ta gyaran hali. [11] Jimillar takardun gyaran hako ma'adinai na Australiya ya kai dala biliyan 9.49, inda jimillar takardun lamunin jihar NSW ya kai dala biliyan 2.68 a shekarar 2019. Babban Odita Janar na NSW [12] ya yi tambaya game da girman takardun tsaron haƙar ma'adinai a matsayin wanda bai isa ya biya cikakken kuɗin da ke tattare da ayyukan gyaran haƙar ma'adinai ba.

Baya ga ayyukan gyaran ma'adinan da ake gudanarwa, waɗanda galibi ake kira 'gyaran ci gaba', ana kuma gyara ma'adinan da aka yi watsi da su. Ana samun kuɗaɗen dawo da ma'adinan da aka yi watsi da su ne daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da kuma kafofin jama'a. An kiyasta cewa kudin sake dawo da ma'adinan da aka yi watsi da su a Amurka ya kai dala biliyan 9.6.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Mentis, Mike (2020-04-06). "Environmental rehabilitation of damaged land". Forest Ecosystems. 7 (1): 19. Bibcode:2020FoEco...7...19M. doi:10.1186/s40663-020-00233-4. ISSN 2197-5620.
  2. ↑ "American Society for Mining and Reclamation". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  3. ↑ "MijnWater BV recovering heat from abandoned mines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  4. ↑ Shao, Ya; Xu, Qinxue; Wei, Xi (January 2023). "Progress of Mine Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration Research Based on Bibliometric Analysis". Sustainability (in Turanci). 15 (13). doi:10.3390/su151310458. ISSN 2071-1050.
  5. ↑ "Federal Environmental Laws that Govern U.S. Mining" (PDF). www.nma.org. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  6. ↑ "MINE REHABILITATION. Leading Practice Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry" (PDF). www.industry.gov.au. September 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "Mind the Gap: how fixing mine rehabilitation shortfalls could fuel jobs growth in the Hunter Valley". Lock the Gate Alliance (in Turanci). 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  8. ↑ "Creating up to 5,000 job is Central Queensland by eliminating the coal mine rehabilitation deficit". Lock the Gate Alliance (in Turanci). 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  9. ↑ "Mine rehabilitation and closure cost: a hidden business risk". Lock the Gate Alliance (in Turanci). 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  10. ↑ "Abandoned mines In Queensland: toxic time-bomb or employment opportunity?". Lock the Gate Alliance (in Turanci). 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  11. ↑ "Rehabilitation | NSW Resources Regulator".
  12. ↑ "New South Wales Auditor-General's Report: Performance Audit" (PDF). audit.nsw.gov.au. Department of Planning and Environment.
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