Gyrocompass
 Gyrocompass | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | nautical compass (en)  da measuring instrument (en) |
Gyrocompass ko Gyrocompassing wani nau'in kamfas ne wanda ba shi da maganadisu wanda aka gina shi akan faifan juyawa mai sauri da juyawar Duniya (ko wani jikin duniya idan an yi amfani da shi a wani wuri a cikin sararin samaniya) don nemo alkiblar ƙasa ta atomatik. Gyrocompass yana amfani da ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi bakwai don tantance kan abin hawa.[1] Gyroscope muhimmin sashi ne na gyrocompass, amma suna da na'urori daban-daban; an gina gyrocompass don amfani da tasirin gyroscopic precession, wanda shine wani ɓangare na tasirin gyroscopic gabaɗaya.[2][3] Gyrocompass, kamar fiber optic gyrocompass ana amfani da su sosai don samar da kan hanya don kewayawa a kan jiragen ruwa.[4][5] Wannan saboda suna da fa'idodi guda biyu masu mahimmanci akan magnetic compasses:[3]
- sun sami arewacin gaskiya kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar axis na Juyawa na Duniya, wanda ya bambanta da, kuma yana da amfani fiye da, arewacin magnetic, da
- suna da matsayi mafi girma na daidaito saboda ba su da tasiri daga kayan ferromagnetic, kamar a cikin jirgin karfe, wanda ke karkatar da filin magnetic.
Bugu da ƙari, gyrocompasses na fiber optic na sabon ƙarni na iya taimakawa kare jiragen ruwa daga yiwuwar matsayi na GPS wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na GNSS da kuma lalata, kamar yadda compasses na FOG zasu iya lissafin matsayinsu tare da ambaton bayanan da aka tabbatar a baya. [1]
Jirgin sama yawanci yana amfani da kayan aikin gyroscopic (amma ba gyrocompass ba) don kewayawa da sa ido kan halin; don cikakkun bayanai, duba kayan aikin jirgin sama (musamman mai nuna alamar) da gyroscopical autopilot.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Na farko, wanda har yanzu ba a amfani ba, nau'in gyrocompass an ba da izini a 1885 ta hanyar Marinus Gerardus van den Bos. An kirkiro gyrocompass mai amfani a 1906 a Jamus ta hanyar Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, kuma bayan nasarar gwaje-gwaje a 1908 ya zama ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jamus. [2] [3] Anschütz-Kaempfe ya kafa kamfanin Anschütza & Co. a Kiel, don samar da gyrocompasses; kamfanin a yau Raytheon Anschütc GmbH ne. Gyrocompass wani muhimmin abu ne na kirkirar kewayawa saboda ya ba da damar ƙayyade ainihin wurin jirgin ruwa a kowane lokaci ba tare da la'akari da motsi na jirgin ba, yanayi da adadin ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina jirgin.
A Amurka, Elmer Ambrose Sperry ya samar da tsarin gyrocompass mai aiki (1908: patent na Amurka 1,242,065), kuma ya kafa Kamfanin Sperry Gyroscope. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta karɓi rukunin (1911 [4]), kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a Yaƙin Duniya na I. Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta fara amfani da "Metal Mike" na Sperry: tsarin jagorancin gyroscope na farko. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, waɗannan da sauran na'urorin Sperry sun karɓa ta jiragen ruwa kamar RMS Queen Mary, jiragen sama, da jiragen yaki na yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan mutuwarsa a 1930, Sojojin Ruwa sun ba da sunan USS Sperry bayan shi.
A halin yanzu, a cikin 1913, C. Plath (mai ƙera kayan aikin kewayawa a Hamburg, Jamus ciki har da sextants da compasses na magnetic) ya haɓaka gyrocompass na farko da za a shigar a kan jirgin kasuwanci. C. Plath ya sayar da gyrocompasses da yawa ga Weems" School for Navigation a Annapolis, MD, kuma nan da nan wadanda suka kafa kowace kungiya sun kafa kawance kuma sun zama Weems & Plath.
Kafin nasarar gyrocompass, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa a Turai don amfani da gyroscope a maimakon haka. A shekara ta 1880, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da shawarar Gyrostat ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya. A cikin 1889, Arthur Krebs ya daidaita motar lantarki zuwa Dumoulin-Froment marine gyroscope, don Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa. Wannan ya ba jirgin ruwa na Gymnote damar ci gaba da layi madaidaiciya yayin da yake karkashin ruwa na sa'o'i da yawa, kuma hakan ya ba ta damar tilasta wani tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 1890.
A cikin 1923 Max Schuler ya buga takarda da ke dauke da bincikensa cewa idan gyrocompass yana da Sautin Schuler ta yadda yake da lokacin oscillation na minti 84.4 (wanda shine lokacin orbital na tauraron dan adam da ke kewaye da Duniya a matakin teku), to ana iya sa shi mara tausayi ga motsi na gefe kuma yana kula da kwanciyar hankali.
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gyroscope, wanda ba za a rikita shi da gyrocompass ba, motar motsawa ce da aka ɗora a kan saiti na gimbals don axis ɗin ya sami 'yanci don daidaita kansa ta kowace hanya.[4] Lokacin da aka juya shi zuwa sauri tare da axis yana nunawa a wasu hanyoyi, saboda dokar kiyayewa na kusurwa, irin wannan motar za ta ci gaba da kula da asalinsa zuwa wani wuri mai mahimmanci a sararin samaniya (ba zuwa wani wuri a Duniya ba). Tun lokacin da Duniya ke juyawa, ya bayyana ga mai kallo a Duniya cewa axis na gyroscope yana kammala cikakken juyawa sau ɗaya a kowane awanni 24. [Littafi na 1]Ana amfani da irin wannan gyroscope mai juyawa don kewayawa a wasu lokuta, misali a kan jirgin sama, inda aka sani da mai nuna jagora ko gyro mai jagora, amma ba za a iya amfani dashi don kewayawar ruwa na dogon lokaci ba. Babban ƙarin sinadarin da ake buƙata don juya gyroscope zuwa gyrocompass, don haka zai kasance ta atomatik zuwa arewacin gaskiya, [4] wani tsari ne wanda ke haifar da aikace-aikacen jujjuyawar duk lokacin da axis na compass ba ya nuna arewa.
Wata hanyar tana amfani da friction don amfani da jujjuyawar da ake buƙata: gyroscope a cikin gyrocompass ba cikakke ba ne don sake daidaita kansa; idan misali na'urar da aka haɗa da axis an nutse cikin ruwa mai tsinkaye, to wannan ruwa zai tsayayya da sake daidaitawa na axis. Wannan ƙarfin rikice-rikice wanda ruwa ya haifar yana haifar da jujjuyawa da ke aiki a kan axis, yana haifar da axis ya juya a cikin hanyar orthogonal zuwa jujjuya (watau, don ci gaba) tare da layin longitude. Da zarar axis yana nunawa zuwa ga sararin sama, zai bayyana ya tsaya kuma ba zai sami ƙarin ƙarfin rikici ba. Wannan shi ne saboda arewacin gaskiya (ko kudu na gaskiya) shine kawai hanyar da gyroscope zai iya kasancewa a saman duniya kuma ba a buƙatar canzawa ba. Wannan daidaitawar axis ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin makamashi.
Wata hanya, mafi amfani, ita ce amfani da ma'auni don tilasta axis na compass ya kasance a kwance (a tsaye zuwa jagorancin tsakiyar Duniya), amma in ba haka ba ya ba shi damar juyawa kyauta a cikin jirgin sama.[1][2] A wannan yanayin, nauyi zai yi amfani da jujjuyawar da ke tilasta axis na compass zuwa arewacin gaskiya. Saboda ma'aunin zai iyakance axis na compass don ya kasance a kwance dangane da farfajiyar Duniya, axis ba zai iya daidaitawa da axis na Duniya ba (sai dai a kan Equator) kuma dole ne ya sake daidaita kansa yayin da Duniya ke juyawa. Amma dangane da farfajiyar Duniya, compass ɗin zai bayyana ya tsaya kuma yana nunawa tare da farfajiya ta Duniya zuwa ga Arewacin Arewa na gaskiya.
Tunda aikin neman arewacin gyrocompass ya dogara da juyawa a kusa da axis na Duniya wanda ke haifar da jujjuyawar giroscopic, ba zai daidaita kansa daidai zuwa arewacin gaskiya ba idan an motsa shi da sauri a gabas zuwa yamma, don haka ya musanta juyawa na Duniya. Koyaya, jirgin sama yawanci yana amfani da alamun jagora ko gyros na shugabanci, waɗanda ba gyrocompasses ba ne kuma ba sa daidaita kansu zuwa arewa ta hanyar precession, amma ana daidaita su lokaci-lokaci da hannu zuwa arewacin magnetic.
- ↑ Magner, Ralf (2025-08-28). "How the Fibre Optic Gyrocompass cuts through ship jamming and spoofing". SAFETY4SEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-05-08.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "hee". - ↑ "Standard 22: Anschütz Gyro Compass System" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-19. Standard 22 Anschütz Gyro Compass [sic] System: Gyro Compass [sic] Technology [sic] for over than [sic] 100 years
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