H. Rap Brown
 H. Rap Brown | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Hubert Gerold Brown |
| Haihuwa |
Baton Rouge (en)  , 4 Oktoba 1943 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Ƙabila | Afirkawan Amurka |
| Mutuwa |
Federal Medical Center, Butner (en) , 23 Nuwamba, 2025 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
McKinley Senior High School (en) |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam, marubuci, political activist (en) , Ulama'u da Islamic religious leaders (en) |
| Muhimman ayyuka |
Die, nigger, die! (en) |
| Mamba |
Black Panther Party (en) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (en) |
| Imani | |
| Addini | Musulunci |
Jamil Abdullah al-Amin (an haife shi Hubert Gerold Brown; 4 ga Oktoba, 1943), malamin addinin Musulmi ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance shugaban na biyar na Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC) a cikin shekarun 1960. An fi sani da H. Rap Brown, ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan shari'a na Black Panther Party a lokacin gajeren lokaci (watanni shida) kawance tsakanin SNCC da Black Panther.[1]
Wataƙila an san shi da sanarwar da ya yi a wannan lokacin, kamar, "Rashin hankali kamar na Amurka ne kamar na cherry", [2] da kuma, "Idan Amurka ba ta zo ba, za mu ƙone shi. " [3] An kuma san shi da tarihin kansa, Die Nigger Die!. A halin yanzu yana yin hukuncin rai da rai saboda kisan kai bayan harbi na mataimakan sheriff biyu a cikin 2000 .[4]
Yunkurin fafutuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan Brown a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama sun haɗa da shiga cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). Brown ya gabatar da shi cikin SNCC daga babban ɗan'uwansa Ed. Ya fara ziyartar Cambridge, Maryland tare da Cleveland Sellers a lokacin rani na 1963, a lokacin jagorancin Gloria Richardson a cikin ƙungiyar gida. Ya ga tashin hankali na farko tsakanin fararen fata da baƙi a cikin birni game da batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma ya yi sha'awar yardar rai na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil-adama ta yankin don amfani da makami don kare kai daga hare-haren launin fata.
Brown daga baya ya shirya don SNCC a lokacin 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer, yayin da yake canja zuwa Jami'ar Howard don karatunsa. Da yake wakiltar babi na Howard na SNCC, Brown ya halarci taron kare hakkin bil'adama a Fadar White House tare da Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson a lokacin Rikicin Selma na 1965 yayin da masu fafutuka na Alabama suka yi ƙoƙari su yi tafiya don kare hakkin zabe.
Wutar Cambridge tana daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru da Hukumar Kerner ta 1967 ta bincika. Amma ba a buga takardun binciken su ba tare da rahoton su na 1968. Masanin tarihi Dokta Peter Levy ya yi nazarin waɗannan takardu a cikin binciken littafinsa Civil War on Race Street: The Civil Rights Movement a Cambridge, Maryland (2003). Ya yi jayayya cewa babu wani tashin hankali a Cambridge. An rubuta Brown yayin kammala jawabinsa a Cambridge da karfe 10 na yamma a ranar 24 ga Yuli, sannan ya tafi da mace zuwa gida. Wani mataimakin sheriff ne ya harbe shi ba tare da wani dalili ba. An yi wa Brown magani da sauri saboda raunin da ya ji kuma magoya bayansa sun dauke shi a asirce daga Cambridge.
An fara shari'ar Brown ne a Cambridge, amma an canza wurin kuma an tura gwajin zuwa Bel Air, Maryland, don farawa a watan Maris na shekara ta 1970. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1970, jami'an SNCC guda biyu, Ralph Featherstone da William ("Che") Payne, sun mutu a kan Hanyar Amurka 1 1 a kudancin Bel Air, lokacin da bam a gaban bene na motarsu ta fashe, ta kashe mazauna biyu. Asalin bam din yana da jayayya: wasu sun ce an dasa bam din ne a cikin yunkurin kisan kai, wasu kuma sun ce Payne yana dauke da shi zuwa kotun inda za a gwada Brown. Kashegari da dare, an jefa bam a kotun Cambridge.
1970 da kuma rayuwarsa ta baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Brown ya ɓace har tsawon watanni 18. An sanya shi a cikin Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya na Jerin Goma da aka fi nema. An kama shi bayan wani rahoto na harbi tare da jami'ai a Birnin New York bayan yunkurin fashi na mashaya a can. An same shi da laifin fashi kuma ya yi shekaru biyar (1971-76) a gidan yarin Attica a yammacin jihar New York. Yayinda yake cikin kurkuku, Brown ya tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci. Ya canza sunansa daga Hubert Gerold Brown zuwa Jamil Abdullah al-Amin .
Otis Jackson, wani mutum da aka tsare saboda tuhume-tuhume marasa alaƙa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya aikata harbe-harbe na Fulton County, kuma ya furta wannan shekaru biyu kafin a yanke wa al-Amin hukunci game da wannan laifin. Kotun ba ta dauki bayanin Jackson a matsayin shaida ba. Maganar Jackson ta tabbatar da cikakkun bayanai daga kiran 911 bayan harbi, gami da wani mutum mai zubar da jini da aka gani yana yawo daga wurin: Jackson ya ce ya buga ƙofofi don neman tafiya yayin da yake fama da raunuka da aka samu a cikin wuta tare da mataimakan Kinchen da Ingilishi. [5] Jackson ya janye da sanarwa kwana biyu bayan ya yi shi, amma daga baya ya sake furta a cikin rantsuwa, yana mai cewa ya janye ne kawai bayan masu tsaron kurkuku sun yi masa barazanar zama "mai kisan 'yan sanda".[6] Masu gabatar da kara sun karyata shaidar Jackson, suna mai cewa ba zai iya harbe mataimakan ba yayin da yake sanye da alamar idon sa don tsare gida wanda zai nuna inda yake. Lauyoyin Al-Amin sun yi zargin cewa alamar ba ta da kyau.
Al-Amin ya daukaka kara game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa bisa ga makircin wariyar launin fata a kansa, duk da cewa duka mataimakan Fulton County baƙi ne. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Koli ta Georgia ta yanke hukunci tare da amincewa da hukuncin al-Amin.[7][8]
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, an tura al-Amin zuwa hannun tarayya, yayin da jami'an Georgia suka yanke shawarar cewa yana da matsayi mai girma ga tsarin kurkukun Georgia don sarrafawa. An fara tsare shi a wani wurin da aka ajiye a USP Atlanta; makonni biyu bayan haka an tura shi zuwa wani wurin canja wurin tarayya a Oklahoma, yana jiran aiki a gidan yari na tarayya.
A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2007, an tura al-Amin zuwa ADX Florence, wani Babban kurkuku a Florence, Colorado. Ya kasance a karkashin umarni mara izini, an hana shi yin wata hira da marubuta, 'yan jarida ko masu ba da labari.[9]
A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, bayan an gano shi da cutar myeloma mai yawa, an tura al-Amin zuwa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya ta Butner a Arewacin Carolina. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, an tsare shi a gidan yarin Amurka, Tucson .
Al-Amin ya nemi sake shari'a ta hanyar Kotun daukaka kara ta 11. Mai binciken jarida, Hamzah Raza, ya rubuta ƙarin bayani game da ikirarin Otis Jackson ga mataimakin harbe-harbe a shekara ta 2000, kuma ya ce ya kamata kotun ta yi la'akari da wannan shaidar. Yana da damar kawar da al-Amin.[10] Koyaya, Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 ta ki amincewa da roko a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2019. [11]
A watan Afrilu na 2020, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ki sauraron roko daga al-Amin.[12] Iyalinsa da magoya bayansa suna ci gaba da yin kira ga sabon shari'a.[13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "H. Rap Brown". SNCC Digital Gateway (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-16.
- ↑ "Comm; CBS Library of Contemporary Quotations; H. Rap Brown". American Archive of Public Broadcasting (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-16.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Untitled1". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
- ↑ Brumback, Kate. "Court rules against cop-killing militant formerly known as H. Rap Brown". The Montgomery Advertiser (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-16.
- ↑ Siddiqui, Obaid H. (May 30, 2018). "The Unofficial Gag Order of Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown): 16 Years in Prison, Still Not Allowed to Speak". The Root. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
- ↑ "Rap Sheet: H. Rap Brown, Civil Rights Revolutionary - Cop Killer/FBI Target?" (PDF). December 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ↑ "Law.com". Law.com. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
- ↑ (2004).Text
- ↑ Siddiqui, Obaid H. (30 May 2018). "The Unofficial Gag Order of Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown): 16 Years in Prison, Still Not Allowed to Speak". The Root. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ↑ Raza, Hamzah (May 2, 2019). "Potential Retrial In Sight For Imam Jamil Al-Amin (H. Rap Brown)". MuslimMatters.org.
- ↑ "Court rules against militant formerly known as H. Rap Brown". ABC News.
- ↑ "Supreme Court declines H. Rap Brown case". Associated Press. April 6, 2020.
- ↑ whathappened2rap (April 6, 2020). "What Happened 2 Rap". whathappened2rap (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-08-03.