Haƙƙin Dawowa
 Haƙƙin Dawowa | |
|---|---|
general principles of French law (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | 'Yanci na motsi |
| Fuskar |
international law (en) da nationality (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) | Dokar al'ada ta duniya |
Hakkin dawowa wata ka'ida ce a cikin dokar kasa da kasa wacce ke tabbatar da haƙƙin kowa na dawowa, ko sake shiga, ƙasarsu ta zama ɗan ƙasa. Hakkin dawowa wani bangare ne na ka'idar haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yancin motsi kuma yana da alaƙa da ka'idar doka ta ƙasa.[1] Duk da yake jihohi da yawa suna ba da 'yan ƙasa damar zama, haƙƙin dawowa ba a ƙuntata shi ga zama ɗan ƙasa ko ƙasa a cikin ma'anar al'ada ba.[2] Yana ba da damar mutanen da ba su da ƙasa da waɗanda aka haifa a waje da ƙasarsu su dawo a karo na farko, muddin sun ci gaba da "haɗin gaskiya da tasiri". [2] [3]
An tsara haƙƙin a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da tarurruka da yawa na zamani, musamman a cikin Sanarwar Universal na 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1948, Alkawari na Duniya na 1966 kan' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta huɗu ta 1948. Masana shari'a sun yi jayayya cewa daya ko fiye daga cikin wadannan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa sun kai matsayin dokar al'ada ta kasa da kasa kuma cewa haƙƙin dawowa saboda haka ya zama wajibi ga wadanda ba sa hannu kan waɗannan tarurruka ba.[4][5]
Sau da yawa wakilan kungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira suna amfani da haƙƙin dawowa don tabbatar da cewa suna da haƙƙin komawa ƙasar da aka kore su.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hakkin barin kowace ƙasa da komawa ƙasar mutum ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma an kafa shi ne bisa dokar halitta.
Abubuwan da suka gabata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake ba a san haƙƙin dawowa a bayyane ba a zamanin d ̄ a, gudun hijira, an ƙi izinin komawa gida, hukunci ne na yau da kullun don manyan laifuka. Marubutan zamanin d ̄ a sun tattauna batun sosai. Misali, Teles na Megara a cikin diatribe On Exile ya rubuta "Amma ba a yarda da 'yan gudun hijira su koma gida ba, kuma wannan ƙuntataccen ƙuntata ne ga' yancinsu".[6]
A zamanin d ̄ a, ana fitar da kungiyoyin mutane akai-akai ko kuma an kwashe su daga biranen su da ƙasarsu, sau da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin nasara ko kuma a matsayin horo ga tawaye. A wasu lokuta an ba su izini ko ƙarfafa su dawo, yawanci bayan ma'auni na sojoji da na siyasa ya canza.
.Wani sanannen misali shine Komawa Sihiyona, wanda Sarki Cyrus Mai Girma ya ba wa Yahudawa da aka fitar daga Yahuza zuwa Babila zaɓi don komawa ƙasar kakanninsu kuma su sake gina Urushalima. An rubuta shi a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci (Littafin Ezra da Littafin Nehemiah) wannan shari'ar sau da yawa ana ambaton ta a matsayin misali ta Zionists na zamani kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga wasu kungiyoyin da ke neman neman neman dawowar kansu.
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Zaben Schleswig, 1920
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Schleswig_War" id="mwlg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Second Schleswig War">Yaƙin Schleswig na Biyu na 1864, yankin da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Danish na Schleswig ya zama wani ɓangare na Daular Jamus. Yawancin mazauna, waɗanda aka sani da "optants", sun zaɓi riƙe 'yan ƙasarsu ta Denmark kuma sun ki ɗaukar Jamusanci. Sakamakon haka, hukumomin Prussian sun kore su daga yankin. Bayan rabin karni, bayan da aka ci Jamus a Yaƙin Duniya na farko, an gudanar da plebiscite a 1920 don tantance makomar yankin. Gwamnatin Denmark ta nemi Allied Powers da su bar wadannan 'yan kabilar Danes da aka fitar da su su koma Schleswig kuma su shiga cikin plebiscite. An ba da wannan, kodayake yawancin masu zaɓin sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka, kuma mafi yawansu ba su dawo ba.
Fahimtar doka game da haƙƙin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An tsara ka'idar haƙƙin dawowa a cikin kayan aiki da yawa na duniya, gami da:
"Ƙasarsa"
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya mai mahimmanci shari'ar Nottebohm ta 1955 galibi ana ambaton ta a matsayin karin ka'idoji game da abin da "ƙasar mutum" ta kasance. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ana buƙatar samun "gaskiya da tasiri" tsakanin mutum da ƙasar. Daga cikin ka'idojin da aka jera don irin wannan hanyar haɗin sun kasance "haɗin kusa da na dindindin", "al'ada", "kafa", "sha'awa" da "dangantaka ta iyali". Hukuncin 1955 ya maye gurbin wasu tarurruka na baya-bayan nan da hukunce-hukuncen kotu.
Akwai wasu rashin jituwa game da abin da " nasa" da "ƙasarsa" ke nufi a cikin ICCPR da UDHR. Dangane da fassarar Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1999:
Hakkin dawowa a cikin shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kadan lokuta sun yi magana game da haƙƙin dawowa. A shekara ta 1996, Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (ECHR) ta yanke hukunci a kan wani muhimmin shari’a da ake kira Loizidou da Turkiyya. Misis Titina Loizidou 'yar gudun hijira ce ta Girka da Cyprus da aka kora daga Arewacin Cyprus kuma Turkiyya ta hana su dawowa. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa, Turkiyya ta keta hakkin Mrs Loizidou, da a bar ta ta koma gidanta, sannan Turkiyya ta biya ta diyya.[1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Tjasa Leskovic Vendramin. "The Right to Return of Refugees inInternational Law: The Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Human Rights Committee General Comment on Article 12 of the International Covenant on civil and Political Rights (November 1999)". Human Rights Watch.
- ↑ "2. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)". Institute Statelessness and Inclusion. Archived from the original on 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ↑ "United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law". legal.un.org. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
- ↑ Rosand, Eric (1998). "The Right to Return Under International Law Following Mass Dislocation: The Bosnia Precedent? Dislocation: The Bosnia Precedent?". Michigan Journal of International Law. 19 (4).
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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