Haƙƙin haihuwa

Rembrandt_Peale,_The_Soldier's_Birth_Right,_c._1828,_NGA_146506

Haihuwa ita ce tunanin abubuwan da suka kasance na mutum a kan ko ta haƙiƙanin haihuwarsa, ko kuma saboda tsarin haihuwarsa. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa dangane da wurin da aka haifi mutumin ko ɗan ƙasa na iyayensu, da haƙƙin gado na dukiya mallakar iyaye ko wasu.

Tunanin haƙƙin haƙƙin haifuwa tsoho ne, kuma galibi ana bayyana shi a wani ɓangare tare da ra'ayoyi na tsarin magabata da na haihuwa. For example, "[t]hroughout the Bible the concept of a birthright is absolutely intertwined with the firstborn. That is, the firstborn inherits the birthright and has expectations of primogeniture", which historically referred to the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral dangi. A karni na sha bakwai, dan gwagwarmayar Ingila John Lilburne ya yi amfani da kalmar game da haƙƙin Ingilishi "don yin la'akari da duk abin da ya dace ga ɗan ƙasa" na Ingila, wanda "an yi da'awar daga dokar Ingilishi zuwa manyan hukumomi". Hakazalika kalmar ta shahara a Indiya ta hanyar mai ba da shawara mai zaman kanta Bal Gangadhar Tilak a cikin 1890s, lokacin da Tilak ya ɗauki taken da abokinsa Kaka Baptista ya ƙirƙira: "Swaraj (mulkin kai) haƙƙina ne na haihuwa kuma zan sami shi."

A cikin mahallin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, “[t] yana nuna alamar haƙƙin haifuwa ba wai kawai ana samun mamba ne a lokacin haihuwa ko a dalilin haihuwa ba, amma kuma kasancewar memba a matsayin zato ne na tsawon rai ga mutum kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsararraki ga ɗan ƙasa a matsayin gamayya. Kasancewar ɗan ƙasa na haihuwa ya daɗe yana zama fasalin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi.[7] Case Calvin, yana da mahimmanci musamman yayin da ya tabbatar da cewa, a ƙarƙashin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, "an ba da matsayin mutum a lokacin haihuwa, kuma bisa ga wurin haihuwa - mutumin da aka haife shi a cikin mulkin sarki yana da mubaya'a ga sarki, kuma bi da bi, yana da hakkin ya sami kariya ta sarki. Kotun Koli a cikin fassarar 1898 na Kwaskwarima na Goma Sha Hudu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a Amurka v. Wong Kim Ark: " Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu ya tabbatar da tsohuwar mulkin ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar haihuwa a cikin ƙasa, a cikin aminci da kuma ƙarƙashin kariya na ƙasar, ciki har da dukan yara a nan an haife su daga mazauna baƙi, tare da keɓancewa ko cancantar ministocin kansu, ko kuma tsofaffin ministocin ƙasashen waje (kamar yadda aka haife su) a matsayin ministocin ƙasashen waje. jiragen ruwa na jama'a na kasashen waje, ko na abokan gaba a ciki da kuma lokacin da ake mamaya na wani yanki na yankinmu, tare da karin karin 'ya'yan kabilun Indiyawa saboda mubaya'a kai tsaye ga kabilunsu da dama ".

The concept of birthright descending from participation in a particular culture is demonstrated in the Birthright Israel program, initiated in 1994. Shirin yana ba da tafiye-tafiye kyauta don ziyartar Isra'ila ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla iyaye ɗaya na asalin Yahudawan da aka sani, ko kuma waɗanda suka tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci ta hanyar ƙungiyar Yahudawa da aka sani, kuma waɗanda ba sa yin wani addini. Dole ne su kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 32, bayan makarantar sakandare, ba su yi tafiya zuwa Isra'ila a da ba a kan balaguron ilimi ko shirin karatu da suka wuce shekaru 18 kuma ba su zauna a Isra'ila sun wuce shekaru 12 ba.

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