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Haɗin jama'a a Cibiyar da Wan Chai tashar jiragen ruwa

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Haɗin jama'a a Cibiyar da Wan Chai tashar jiragen ruwa

Haɗin jama'a a ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tsakiya da Wan Chai tsari ne na haɗin jama'a wanda Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta fara don bincika ci gaban gaba na Victoria Harbour da yankunan tashar jiragen ruwan tun daga shekara ta 2004. An ƙaddamar da shi ne don mayar da martani ga cin nasarar gwamnati a cikin shari'ar sake dubawa ta shari'a a kan ayyukan Central da Wan Chai Reclamation.

Tarihi da tarihi

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Victoria Harbour, daya daga cikin kadarorin halitta masu daraja na Hong Kong, ya daɗe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga Hong Kong, dangane da dabarun, tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa, da al'adu. yawan jama'ar Hong Kong ya karu da sauri a lokuta daban-daban. Sabili da haka, karancin ƙasar koyaushe batun birni ne, kuma sake farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa ya kasance mafita mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1990, an dawo da hekta 2,500, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tashar jiragen ruwa (yanayin asali kusan hekta 7,000 ne), [1] Bugu da ƙari, Metroplan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta buga ya shirya dawo da wani hekta 1,297, wanda zai haifar da asarar kusan rabin tashar jiragen ruwa gaba ɗaya. An kammala kadada 661 na shirin sake farfadowa, kafin Dokar Kare Harbour ta shiga mataki a shekarar 1997.

A cikin shekarun 1980s, an hanzarta farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa cikin sauri. Dukkanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da inganta ababen more rayuwa na birnin sun buƙaci ƙasa mai yawa. Baya ga gaskiyar cewa akwai karancin ƙasa tare da yawan jama'a, an yi amfani da manufofin farfado da teku a matsayin kayan aiki don bunkasa "ci gaban tattalin arziki da sayarwa na ƙasa".[1] Wadannan filayen da aka dawo da su a tashar jiragen ruwa yawanci suna cikin manyan yankuna na birnin, wanda ya sa ya cancanci farashi mafi girma. Bayan haka, a lokacin da aka sake farfadowa, zai iya guje wa fuskantar mazauna yankin. Idan aka kwatanta da sake farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa, sake gina wuraren da aka gina ba shine zaɓi na farko na warware karancin ƙasa ga gwamnati ba.

Wasu masu sukar sun nuna cewa, farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa ba hanya ce mai ɗorewa don ci gaban Hong Kong ba - za a hana sufuri na ruwa, kuma ingancin ruwa zai lalace. Koyaya, kafin shekarun 1990s, mutane kalilan ne suka mai da hankali ga mummunan tasirin sake farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma sha'awar tattalin arziki koyaushe shine fifiko na farko ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekarun 1990s, an gabatar da babban shirin farfadowa. Winston Chu, memba na Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Birni, ya kafa Society for Protection of the Harbour ("SPH") a shekarar 1995. Bai gamsu da "babban farfadowa ba amma kuma da dukan tsarin tsarin jagorancin zartarwa".[1] A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na mulkin Burtaniya, SPH ta samu nasarar jawo hankalin jama'a ga shawarwarin sake dawo da tashar jiragen ruwa na gwamnati. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa sun yarda su yi magana game da yin adawa da sake dawo da tashar jiragen ruwa.

Game da ayyukan Central da Wan Chai Reclamation, masu haɓaka dukiya, da kuma ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi sun yi adawa da aikin. A karo na farko a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da babban nune-nunen, tattara ra'ayoyi daga jama'a, don adawa da ayyukan farfadowa. Duk waɗannan sun nuna a cikin majalisa - shugabar ta ayyana gyara Dokar Tsaro ta Tashar jiragen ruwa, an kashe ƙuntatawa kan farfadowa.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003, SPH ta fara gudanar da bita na shari'a ("JR") a kan shawarar Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Birni ("TPB") dangane da da shirin Wan Chai North Outline Zoning Plan ("OZP") No. S / H25/1 .[2] Babban Kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan shari'ar JR, inda ta kafa "gwaje-gwaje uku" da za a yi amfani da su don karyata zaton da aka yi a karkashin sashi na 3 na Dokar Kare Harbour a watan Yuli. A cikin watan da ya biyo baya, TPB ta nemi Kotun daukaka kara ta ƙarshe ("CFA") don izini don karar daukaka kara. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, CFA ta yanke hukunci ta watsar da karar da TPB ta yi game da hukuncin Kotun Koli a kan shirin Wan Chai North OZP, amma ta maye gurbin "gwaje-gwaje uku" na Kotun Koyi da "gwaje guda daya da ke da muhimmanci ga jama'a".[3]

SPH ita ce kungiyar farko da aka kafa don adana tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1995.[4] Bayan haka, kungiyoyi daban-daban, da kungiyoyi sun sanya kokarin su kan kare tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar su Central-Wan Chai Reclamation Study Group (1998), Save Our Shorelines (1999), Action Group on Protection of the Harbour (2003), Friends of the Harbor (2003), Designing Hong Kong Harbour District (2003), Citizen Envisioning@Harbour (CE@H) (2003), da Harbour Business Forum. Sun samu nasarar kaddamar da yunkurin zamantakewa.

Tsarin shiga cikin jama'a

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Kwamitin Inganta Harbourfront

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Bayan binciken shari'a game da aikin ci gaban Wan Chai, al'umma ta bukaci gwamnati da ta kafa kwamitin da ya kunshi wakilai daga bangarori daban-daban don bincika ci gaban Victoria Harbour na gaba.[5] A sakamakon haka, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar shiga jama'a don sake tsara shirye-shiryen farfadowa yayin da take tabbatar da cikakken bin ka'idodin Kotun daukaka kara ta ƙarshe na "mafi yawan bukatun jama'a".[6]

An kafa Kwamitin Inganta Harbourfront ("HEC") a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004, wanda ke da niyyar kare jin daɗin jama'a na tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar shiga jama'a wanda ke jagorantar ka'idodin ci gaba mai ɗorewa. An dauki HEC a matsayin sabuwar hukuma saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko, wani jami'in gwamnati ne ya sake jagoranta, tare da Farfesa Chack-fan Lee, babban masanin injiniya daga Jami'ar Hong Kong ya zama shugaban.[7] Bugu da kari, abun da ke cikin HEC ya haɗa da jami'an gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kungiyoyin farar hula, tare da gayyatar kungiyoyi don zabar wakilan su kai tsaye zuwa Kwamitin. Dukansu SPH da CE@H sun nada wakilan su, yayin da sauran membobin kamfanoni manyan kungiyoyi ne masu sana'a da kungiyoyin muhalli. Ainihin, an haɗa mafi yawan mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki na kariya ta tashar jiragen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, duk tarurruka za su ci gaba a bayyane tare da minti da jama'a ke samu akan intanet.[8]

Lalle ne, gwamnati ta yarda da bukatar jama'a don adana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin dukiyar Hong Kong. Kamar yadda sharuddan tunani suka nuna, rawar da HEC ke takawa ta haɗa da kare tashar jiragen ruwa, inganta amfani da wuraren da ke bakin tashar jiragen sama da kuma kare jin daɗin jama'a ta hanyar shiga jama'a.[9] Za a karɓi ka'idojin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa yayin tsara amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan ci gaba na gaba.

An ci gaba da kafa kananan kwamitoci da yawa a karkashin HEC. Musamman, Kwamitin Gudanar da Shirin Harbour ya tsara Ka'idodin Shirye-shiryen Harbour, wanda ya sanya hangen nesa na tsara tashar jiragen ruwa kamar inganta yankunan da ke bakin tashar jiragen sama don zama "kyakkyawan, mai ƙarfi, mai sauƙi da kuma kayan duniya mai ɗorewa".[10] Wasu daga cikin ka'idodin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin jama'a da jin daɗin jama'a. Misali, ka'idar 'tsaron Victoria Harbour' ta nuna cewa dole ne a kare tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin dukiyar jama'a ta musamman, dukiyar al'adu da al'adu don motsa dabi'un tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Mafi mahimmanci, ka'idar 'haɗin kai' ta nuna cewa a yayin tsarawa da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa, dole ne a shiga dukkan bangarori a matakin farko kuma a kan ci gaba don cimma yarjejeniya.[11]

Ka'idodin da aka ambata a sama da HEC ta amince da su, a zahiri, suna nuna mahimman dabi'u don kariya da ci gaba na tashar jiragen ruwa - wato don adanawa da haɓaka yanayin dukiyar jama'a da kuma darajar al'adu da nishaɗi na Victoria Harbour. Game da batun tattalin arziki, an fi mayar da hankali kan karfafa kyawawan ƙasashen duniya na Hong Kong ta hanyar ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa.[12] A wannan hanyar, da alama manufofin gargajiya da na dogon lokaci na ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙasa don ci gaban birane ta hanyar farfadowa ba su da yawa a wannan karni.

Hanyoyin shiga jama'a

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HEC ta haɓaka tsarin tsarawa don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnati da jama'a.[13] Wannan dabarar da aka ambata ta jaddada muhimmancin cimma yarjejeniya mai zurfi, musamman lokacin da aka kai ga yanke shawara mai mahimmanci game da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa.[14]

Mafi mahimmanci, Binciken Ingantawa na Gabatarwa ya haɗa da matakai uku: Mataki na hangen nesa, Mataki na aiwatarwa da Mataki na Shirye-shiryen Cikakken.[15]

A matakin hangen nesa, an ba masu haɗin gwiwa damar tsara ka'idojin tsakiya da kuma ba da wahayinsu don ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa, tare da manufar samar da tushe mai ƙarfi don amincewa da shirin Concept da Babban Shirin nan gaba. [16] Don cimma burin da aka ambata a sama, an ƙarfafa masu ruwa da tsaki da jama'a gaba ɗaya su bayyana damuwarsu a cikin forums na jama'a da kuma al'umma a cikin shekara ta 2005.[17] An nuna damuwa a cikin batutuwa da yawa kamar su sufuri da ka'idodin ƙirar birane.[18] An kuma yi amfani da binciken ra'ayi, binciken tarho, da rubuce-rubuce don ba da cikakken ɗaukar hoto a matakin hangen nesa. [19][20] Bugu da ƙari, an kuma gudanar da taron karfafawa da tattaunawa tare da membobin Majalisar Gundumar, Majalisar Dokoki da Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Birni.[21][22]

A matakin cikar, jama'a sun shiga cikin jerin ayyukan shawarwari don manufar samun ra'ayoyi game da shirin da aka tsara.[23] Misali, an shirya zaman biyu na Community Workshops da Harbour Walks a cikin 2006 bi da bi. Gwamnati, kuma, ta gayyaci ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga 'yan ƙasa da jam'iyyun da suka dace ta hanyar gabatar da shawarwari da tsokaci. Abin da ya fi haka, an shirya taron Gidan Gida na Gidauniyar Gidauniya kuma an shirya shi don yiwuwar ingantawa da kimantawa ga Shirin Ma'ana.

A cikin cikakken shirin, an tsara Shirin Ci Gaban da aka Ba da shawarar ("RODP"), kuma an yi gyare-gyare ga OZPs bisa ga maganganun jama'a da yarjejeniyar da aka samu a matakai da suka gabata. Ya cancanci a ambaci cewa an gudanar da wani bayani na jama'a a cikin 2007 don jama'a su gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu game da RODP da OZPs.[24]

A ƙarshe, HEC ta yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen ƙarfafa ƙarin shiga jama'a a cikin shirin tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma ta motsa tsarin buɗewa da bayyane don shiga dukkan jam'iyyun da suka dace.[25]

Kafa ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa

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A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ayyuka kan Tsarin Gudanarwa don Harbourfront don gabatar da shawarar game da tsarin ma'aikata.[12] Dangane da shawarwarin Task Group, an kafa Hukumar Harbourfront a matsayin mai ba da shawara.[12]

Ƙarfi da raunin

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Nasarorin da aka samu

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Wakilin membobin HEC

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Babban farfesa na injiniya da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban HEC ne ke jagorantar HKU. Shugaban HEC ya yi nasarar samun hadin kai da tallafi daga gwamnati, yana ba da gudummawa ga nasarar sake dubawa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsakiya da Wanchai. Yana nuna wa jama'a cewa gwamnati tana ba da izinin shigar da ƙwarewa maimakon sarrafa ajanda. Membobin da ba na hukuma ba sun haɗa da 'yan ƙasa daga asali daban-daban, kamar farfesa na ilimin ƙasa da masu ba da shawara kan dukiya.[8] Bayan haka, HEC tana ba da wakilcin kamfanoni. Wannan yana nufin yana gayyatar kungiyoyi don nada wakilan su zuwa HEC. Misali, Citizen Envisioning@Harbour, Majalisar Muhalli ta Kasuwanci da Abokai na Duniya. Wakilan kamfanoni na iya samun karin ikon ciniki game da manufofin gwamnati saboda wakilan suna wakiltar jiki gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, duka SPH da CE@H suna da wakilci a cikin Kwamitin, kodayake galibi suna fuskantar su a kan shirin farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa na gwamnati.[26]

Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da jama'a

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Gwamnati ta ba da izinin HEC don gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwar jama'a. Wannan na iya gina amincewa da amincewa tsakanin mahalarta kuma ya ɗaga halattaccen Shirin Zoning na karshe na Wanchai North Reclamation. Babban matsayi na nuna gaskiya yana ba da damar sa ido kan jama'a. Dukkanin tarurruka suna buɗewa ga jama'a kuma jama'a na iya samun damar duk minti da takardun da suka danganci.[8] Bayan haka, shiga cikin jama'a yana inganta shiga jama'a da ilmantarwa na zamantakewa a bangarorin jami'an gwamnati saboda ayyukan daban-daban, kamar hira, bita da nune-nunen, ana shirya su don shiga cikin jama-a. Wannan yana inganta hadin gwiwar jama'a da musayar ra'ayoyi tsakanin gwamnati da jama'a.[27]

Sauran abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga nasara

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Na farko, akwai wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi. Jama'ar farar hula sun kasance karkashin jagorancin kwararru da ƙwararru waɗanda suka ba da maganganu masu ƙarfi da ilimi don magance manufofin da gwamnati ta tsara. Sun ba da wata manufa ta daban wacce za ta iya samun karancin farfadowa. Haɗin jama'a ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye na tattara jama'a da kuma gwagwarmayar jama'a ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tsarin shiga. Misali, manufofin gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda sake dubawa na shari'a sun tilasta wa gwamnati shiga cikin jama'a. Har ila yau, SPH ta shirya "Blue Ribbon Movement" a shekara ta 2004 wanda ya ja hankalin 'yan ƙasa sama da 10,000 don shiga. Wannan ya nuna wa gwamnati cewa 'yan ƙasa sun ƙuduri aniyar kare tashar jiragen ruwa. Amfani da alamomin al'adu da kuma asalin jama'a sun burge jama'a su shiga cikin yunkurin kare tashar jiragen ruwa kuma su canza batun zuwa siyasa mafi rinjaye.[28] CE@H ta gabatar da manufar shiga cikin jama'a ga gwamnati. Daga baya, tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da CE@H ya karɓa ya zama tsari don tsarin haɗin gwiwoyin jama'a na gaba.[28]

Na biyu, an bude ajanda na gwamnati ga jama'a. Jama'a na iya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu ga gwamnati. Shugaban da yake shi masanin kimiyya ne ya kuma nuna wa jama'a cewa gwamnati ba za ta so ta mamaye tsarin yin manufofi ba. Wannan yana ba 'yan ƙasa damar yin la'akari da cewa sun sami damar yin tasiri ga tsarin yin manufofi, wanda ke inganta ingancin aikin jama'a.[29]

Na uku, ci gaba ne da gwamnati ta samu a cikin shirin amfani da sararin jama'a. Tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a ya wuce tsohuwar hanyar tuntuɓar zuwa tsarin haɗin gwiwar Jama'a. Wannan na iya rage rikice-rikicen gwamnati da jama'a na gaba da kuma sauƙaƙe aiwatar da manufofi. Jama'a sun ji an yi la'akari da ra'ayoyinsu, wannan na iya sa gwamnati ta amsa kuma ta ba da lissafi.[29]

Ƙuntatawa

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HEC ta fuskanci matsaloli a cikin tsara ajanda

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Kodayake HEC tana da niyyar rufe manyan yankuna game da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa, ajanda ta gwamnati tana da sha'awar farfado da tashar jiragen kasa ta Tsakiya da Wan Chai. Har ila yau, jami'ai har yanzu suna riƙe da ikon ƙarshe don cire wani abu daga tattaunawar. Bayan haka, HEC kwamitin ba da shawara ne kawai wanda ba na doka ba, shawarwarinsa ba su da doka, don haka gwamnati bazai aiwatar da shawarwarin a ƙarshe.[30]

Halin amfani da gwamnati

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Gwamnati ta tuntubi jama'a galibi saboda tana son a zartar da shirin farfadowa na gaba. Tun daga farko, babu amincewar juna tsakanin gwamnati da masu ruwa da tsaki. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun koka cewa suna buƙatar ƙara ƙoƙari wajen ba da shawara ga jami'an gwamnati saboda jami'ai galibi ba za su bi shawarwarinsu ba. Misali, wasu 'yan kasuwa da masu tambayoyin kwararru sun ji cewa gwamnati ta yi la'akari da shawarwarinsu da gaske.[31]

Mulkin gwamnati

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Kodayake gwamnati ta sake buɗe shirin Wanchai Reclamation Phase II, Central Reclamation Mataki na III an rufe shi ga shigar jama'a. Wataƙila saboda sake farfadowa ta tsakiya tana da ƙimar kasuwanci mai girma, saboda haka gwamnati na son riƙe iko a yankin. Har ila yau, tunda ba a soke shirin farfadowa na tsakiya a cikin bita na shari'a ba, gwamnati za ta yi la'akari da cewa ba lallai ba ne don shiga cikin jama'a.[32]

Dubi kuma

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  • Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Wan Chai
  • Kare Dokar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa
  • Kungiyar Kare Tashar Jirgin Ruwa
  • Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Victoria

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 Ho, S. Y.; Kwong, J. H.; Lai, J. W.; Lam, K. S.; Lau, K. Y. (2014). "The protection of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong: An analysis of civic engagement strategies": 23–38. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  2. ↑ HKSAR Lands and Planning Department. "HKSAR Lands and Planning Department". Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  3. ↑ HKSAR Lands and Planning Department. "Protection of the Harbour Ordinance and Court Judgements". Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  4. ↑ Society for Protection Of The Harbour Ltd. "History -- Project Undertaken". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  5. ↑ "Our Harbour Front". www.harbourfront.org.hk. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  6. ↑ "Harbourfront enhancement review launched". archive.news.gov.hk. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  7. ↑ "Membership of Harbour-front Enhancement Committee". www.info.gov.hk. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  8. 1 2 3 "Eliza W.Y. Lee et al. 2013. Public Policymaking in Hong Kong: Civic Engagement and State-society Relations in a Semi-democracy. London and New York: Routledge".
  9. ↑ "Our Harbour Front". www.harbourfront.org.hk. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  10. ↑ Development Bureau (October 2013). "Proposed Establishment of a Harbourfront Authority Phase I Public Engagement Exercise" (PDF).
  11. ↑ Harbour-front Enhancement Committee (April 2006). "Harbour Planning Principles" (PDF).
  12. 1 2 3 Task Group on Management Model for the Harbourfront, Harbour-front Enhancement Committee (January 2010). "Recommendation Report on Management Model for the Harbourfront" (PDF).
  13. ↑ Ng, Mee Kam (2006). "World-city formation under an executive-led government:The politics of harbour reclamation in Hong Kong". Town Planning Review. 77 (3): 311–337. doi:10.3828/tpr.77.3.4. ISSN 0041-0020.
  14. ↑ Kam Ng, Mee (2008). "From Government to Governance? Politics of Planning in the First Decade of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Planning Theory & Practice. 9 (2): 165–185. doi:10.1080/14649350802041480. ISSN 1464-9357.
  15. ↑ Civil Engineering and Development Department (2012). "Wan Chai Development Phase II - Public Consultation - Envisioning Stage". Retrieved December 2, 2016.[dead link]
  16. ↑ Thomas Ng, S.; Skitmore, Martin; Tam, Ka Yan; Li, Terry H. Y. (2014). "Public engagement in major projects: the Hong Kong experience" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer. 167 (1): 22–31. doi:10.1680/muen.13.00009. ISSN 0965-0903.
  17. ↑ Harbourfront Enhancement Committee. "Public invited to take part in forums and charrettes for Harbour-front Enhancement Review, Wan Chai, Causeway Bay and Adjoining Areas". Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  18. ↑ Cheung, Peter T. Y. (2011-05-01). "Civic engagement in the policy process in Hong Kong: Change and continuity". Public Administration and Development (in Turanci). 31 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1002/pad.597. ISSN 1099-162X.
  19. ↑ Public Policy Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (December 2008). "Final Report of Urban Design Study for the New Central Harbourfront Stage 2 Public Engagement Public Opinion Collection Exercise" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-16. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  20. ↑ Development Bureau, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (January 6, 2006). "Government responds to Legco subcommittee's Phase II study report on WKCD". Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  21. ↑ Harbour-front Enhancement Committee (March 2006). "Harbour-front Enhancement Review - Wan Chai, Causeway Bay and Adjoining Areas" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  22. ↑ Maunsell Consultants Asia Ltd. (April 2006). "Consolidation of Harbour-front and Trunk Road Iseas" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  23. ↑ King Penny Wan, Yim; Har Rebecca Chiu, Lai (2008). "Transforming the governance of plan-making in Hong Kong". Journal of Place Management and Development. 1 (3): 256–271. doi:10.1108/17538330810911253. ISSN 1753-8335.
  24. ↑ EDAW City Planning Consultants Limited (June 2007). "Report on Public Briefing held on 23.6.2007" (PDF).
  25. ↑ Tang, W.-S.; Lee, J. W. Y.; Ng, M. K. (2011). "Public Engagement as a Tool of Hegemony: The Case of Designing the New Central Harbourfront in Hong Kong". Critical Sociology. 38 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1177/0896920511408363. ISSN 0896-9205. S2CID 143935099.
  26. ↑ "Harbour panel takes activists on board". 29 April 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  27. ↑ "HEC members get first-hand information on the harbour". 12 May 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  28. 1 2 "Eliza W.Y. Lee et al. 2013. Public Policymaking in Hong Kong: Civic Engagement and State-society Relations in a Semi-democracy. London and New York: Routledge".
  29. 1 2 "From consultation to civic engagement : The road to better policy-making and governance in Hong Kong (Rep.). (2007). Hong Kong: Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre".
  30. ↑ 6 July 2004. "Officials main culprit in harbour ruin". Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  31. ↑ "We'll listen to the public: Lam". 10 March 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  32. ↑ "An Uphill Battle for Quality of Life". 28 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
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