Haɗin kai daga nesa
 Haɗin kai daga nesa | |
|---|---|
meteorological phenomenon (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | yankin sararin samaniya |
Rarrabawar sadarwa a cikin kimiyyar yanayi tana nufin yanayin yanayi wanda ke da alaƙa da juna a nesa mai nisa (yawanci dubban kilomita). Mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai shine wanda ke haɗa matsin lamba a Tahiti da Darwin, Ostiraliya, wanda ke bayyana Kudancin Oscillation. Wani sanannen haɗin kai yana danganta matsin lamba na teku a kan Iceland tare da wanda ke kan Azores, wanda ke bayyana Arewacin Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) . [1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin yanayin yanayi na Burtaniya Sir Gilbert Walker ne ya fara lura da haɗin kai a ƙarshen karni na 19, ta hanyar lissafin daidaituwa tsakanin jerin lokuta na Matsin yanayi, zafin jiki da ruwan sama. Sun yi aiki a matsayin ginin gini don fahimtar Canjin yanayi, ta hanyar nuna cewa ƙarshen ba kawai bazuwar ba ne.
Lalle ne, kalmar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wata sanarwa ce da ke nuna cewa abin da ya faru ya haifar da bambancin wurare da yawa a lokaci guda. Daga baya an lura cewa haɗin kai ya faru a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, kamar yadda Tsarin haɗin kai na Pacific-North American ya nuna.
A cikin shekarun 1980s, ingantaccen lura ya ba da damar gano haɗin kai a mafi girma a duk faɗin troposphere.[2] A lokaci guda, ka'idar ta fito ne cewa ana iya fahimtar irin waɗannan alamu ta hanyar warwatsewar raƙuman Ruwa na Rossby saboda yanayin ƙirar duniya.[3] Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa "model-model".[4]
Ka'idar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara fahimtar haɗin kai a cikin wurare masu zafi na Pacific saboda godiya ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na A.E. Gill [5] kuma daga baya ta hanyar samfuran da suka fi rikitarwa.
Gina a kan "model-model", yawancin ka'idar farko ta haɗin kai sun shafi barotropic, tsarin layi na kwararar yanayi game da yanayin ma'ana na yau da kullun. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba aka soke samfurin lokacin da aka gano cewa ainihin tsarin haɗin kai kusan ba su da hankali ga wurin tilasta, a cikin saɓani kai tsaye da tsinkayen da wannan hoto mai sauƙi ya bayar. Simmons da abokan aiki [1] sun nuna cewa idan an tsara yanayin da ya fi dacewa, zai zama mara daidaituwa, yana haifar da irin wannan tsari ba tare da la'akari da wurin tilasta ba, daidai da abubuwan lura. Wannan "modal" dukiya ta zama kayan tarihi na barotropicity na samfurin, kodayake ya bayyana don dalilai masu mahimmanci a cikin samfuran da suka fi dacewa.
Ayyukan kwanan nan sun nuna cewa yawancin haɗin kai daga wurare masu zafi zuwa extratropics za a iya fahimtar daidaito mai ban mamaki ta hanyar yaduwar layi, raƙuman duniya a kan yanayin yanayi mai canzawa na yanayi.[6] Saboda alamu suna ci gaba da kasancewa a tsawon lokaci kuma suna da ɗan "ƙuntata" ga siffofin ƙasa kamar tsaunuka, ana kiran waɗannan raƙuman ruwa masu tsayawa.
Wani tsari na haɗin kai tsakanin tekuna masu zafi da yankuna na tsakiya yana da daidaituwa tare da da'irorin latitude (watau "zonal") da kuma tsakanin hemispheres, ba kamar tsarin raƙuman ruwa ba. Ya dogara da hulɗar tsakanin rikice-rikice na ɗan lokaci da matsakaicin yanayin da ke ƙarfafa juna (watau ba layi ba). An nuna shi don bayyana wasu fannoni na ENSO teleconnections a cikin zafin jiki [7] da ruwan sama. [8] Sauran marubutan sun ba da shawarar, kuma, alaƙa tsakanin alamu da yawa na haɗin kai da abubuwan canjin yanayi na gida.[9]
Aikace-aikacen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Since tropical sea surface temperatures are predictable up to two years ahead of time,[10] knowledge of teleconnection patterns gives some amount of predictability in remote locations with an outlook sometimes as long as a few seasons. For instance, predicting El Niño enables prediction of North American rainfall, snowfall, droughts or temperature patterns with a few weeks to months lead time. In Sir Gilbert Walker's time, a strong El Niño usually meant a weaker Indian monsoon, but this anticorrelation has weakened in the 1980s and 1990s, for controversial reasons.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span>] For Western Europe, knowledge of the NAO can aid the predictability of patterns of temperature and precipitation. For instance, wintertime NAO+ is associated with stronger westerlies and increased precipitation over Northern Europe, whereas NAO- often corresponds to dry and cold periods over Northern Europe and increased storminess over Southern Europe.[11][12]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kyakkyawan zafi na stratosphere
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Lamb, Peter J.; Peppler, Randy A. (1987-10-01). "North Atlantic Oscillation: Concept and an Application". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (in Turanci). 68 (10): 1218–1225. Bibcode:1987BAMS...68.1218L. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<1218:NAOCAA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0477.
- ↑ Wallace, John M.; Gutzler, David S. (1981). "Teleconnections in the Geopotential Height Field during the Northern Hemisphere Winter". Monthly Weather Review. 109 (4): 784. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109..784W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0784:TITGHF>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Hoskins, Brian J.; Karoly, David J. (1981). "The Steady Linear Response of a Spherical Atmosphere to Thermal and Orographic Forcing". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 38 (6): 1179. Bibcode:1981JAtS...38.1179H. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Trenberth, Kevin E.; Branstator, Grant W.; Karoly, David; Kumar, Arun; Lau, Ngar-Cheung; Ropelewski, Chester (1998). "Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (C7): 14291–14324. Bibcode:1998JGR...10314291T. doi:10.1029/97JC01444.
- ↑ Gill, A. E. (1980). "Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 106 (449): 447–462. Bibcode:1980QJRMS.106..447G. doi:10.1002/qj.49710644905.
- ↑ Held, Isaac M.; Ting, Mingfang; Wang, Hailan (2002). "Northern Winter Stationary Waves: Theory and Modeling". Journal of Climate. 15 (16): 2125. Bibcode:2002JCli...15.2125H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.140.5658. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2125:NWSWTA>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Seager, Richard; Harnik, Nili; Kushnir, Yochanan; Robinson, Walter; Miller, Jennifer (2003). "Mechanisms of Hemispherically Symmetric Climate Variability*". Journal of Climate. 16 (18): 2960. Bibcode:2003JCli...16.2960S. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2960:MOHSCV>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Seager, R.; Harnik, N.; Robinson, W. A.; Kushnir, Y.; Ting, M.; Huang, H.-P.; Velez, J. (2005). "Mechanisms of ENSO-forcing of hemispherically symmetric precipitation variability". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 131 (608): 1501. Bibcode:2005QJRMS.131.1501S. doi:10.1256/qj.04.96. S2CID 16702649.
- ↑ Ramadan, H. H.; Ramamurthy, A. S.; Beighley, R. E. (2011). "Inter-annual temperature and precipitation variations over the Litani Basin in response to atmospheric circulation patterns". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 108 (3–4): 563. Bibcode:2012ThApC.108..563R. doi:10.1007/s00704-011-0554-1. S2CID 122209745.
- ↑ Chen, Dake; Cane, Mark A.; Kaplan, Alexey; Zebiak, Stephen E.; Huang, Daji (2004). "Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years". Nature. 428 (6984): 733–6. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..733C. doi:10.1038/nature02439. PMID 15085127. S2CID 4372358.
- ↑ Wanner, Heinz; Brönnimann, Stefan; Casty, Carlo; Gyalistras, Dimitrios; Luterbacher, Jürg; Schmutz, Christoph; Stephenson, David B.; Xoplaki, Eleni (2001-07-01). "North Atlantic Oscillation – Concepts And Studies". Surveys in Geophysics (in Turanci). 22 (4): 321–381. Bibcode:2001SGeo...22..321W. doi:10.1023/A:1014217317898. ISSN 1573-0956. S2CID 17661504.
- ↑ "North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". www.ncei.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-05.