Haɗin kai na addini
 Haɗin kai na addini | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Toleration |
| Fuskar | addini |
'Haɗin kai na addini' ko haƙuri na addini na iya nuna "ba komai ba sai haƙuri da izinin da mabiyan addinin da ya fi dacewa suka ba su wanzu, duk da cewa ana kallon waɗannan da rashin amincewa kamar yadda ba su da kyau, kuskure, ko kuma masu cutarwa".[1] A tarihi, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da rubuce-rubuce da suka shafi haƙuri sun haɗa da matsayin 'yan tsiraru da ra'ayoyi masu banbanci dangane da addinin jihar da ya fi rinjaye. Koyaya, addini ma ilimin zamantakewa ne, kuma aikin haƙuri koyaushe yana da bangare na siyasa.[2] : na uku:xiii
Bayani game da tarihin haƙuri da al'adu daban-daban waɗanda aka yi haƙuri, da kuma hanyoyin da irin wannan ra'ayi mai rikitarwa ya zama jagora, yana haskaka amfani da shi na zamani kamar siyasa, zamantakewa, addini, da kabilanci, yana amfani da mutane LGBT da sauran 'yan tsiraru, da sauran ra'ayoyin da suka haɗa kamar haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar "haƙuri" ta samo asali ne daga Latin tolerantia, ma'ana "haƙiri" ko "ikon ɗaukar nauyi. " [3] Ga Cicero, haƙuri yana da kyawawan halaye - ikon jimrewa da wahala, rashin adalci, ko masifa tare da kwanciyar hankali. A ƙarni na goma sha shida ra'ayin haƙuri ya fara ɗaukar ƙarin siyasa, wanda ke da alaƙa da kiyaye zaman lafiya da yarjejeniyar zamantakewa a cikin rikice-rikicen addini. Ana ganin wannan a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar Zaman Lafiya na Augsburg na 1555, duk da cewa ba a kira kalmar kanta a bayyane ba. A tsawon lokaci, ra'ayin ya samo asali ne daga jimrewa kawai - abin da John Horton ya bayyana a matsayin "bayyanawa da" imani da ba a yarda da shi ba - zuwa ga ƙaddamar da ganewa da girmama bambancin.
Ma'anar haƙuri tana da nau'o'i da yawa, wanda aka tsara ta fannoni daban-daban na ilimi ciki har da falsafar, ilimin zamantakewa, kimiyyar siyasa, nazarin addini, da doka. Binciken haƙuri ya nuna fassarori da yawa, kowannensu ya dogara da takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu. A zamanin d ̄ a, ra'ayin Cicero na haƙuri ya jaddada jimiri a fuskar wahala. Masu tunani na zamani na farko kamar Baruch Spinoza, Pierre Bayle, da John Locke sun binciki haƙuri da farko a cikin siyasa.
A karni na 18, Musa Mendelssohn ya ba da shawarar haƙuri na addini a matsayin muhimmiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam, matsayin da daga baya ya faɗaɗa ta hanyar mutane kamar John Rawls, wanda ya tsara haƙuri a matsayin nagarta ta adalci, da Michael Walzer, wanda ya haɗa shi da buƙatar pluralism.
Masana irin su John Horton, David Heyd, da Anna Galeotti sun ci gaba da muhawara ko haƙuri ya haɗa da rashin amincewa ko kuma za'a iya sake bayyana shi azaman sanarwa. Muhimman yanayi don fitowar haƙuri sun haɗa da ƙarfin iko, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da rashin jituwa. Kamar yadda Karl Popper ya shahara, haƙuri dole ne ya sami iyaka don hana hallaka kansa, musamman a fuskar rashin haƙuri. Binciken zamani ya jaddada cewa haƙuri ya haɗa da ƙin yarda da yarda, yana jaddada yanayin al'ada da rikitarwa. Don haka, rashin tabbas da mahallin haƙuri suna gabatar da manyan ƙalubale wajen isa ga ma'anar haɗin kai.
A zamanin d ̄ a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An bayyana haƙuri na addini a matsayin "wani abu mai ban mamaki" na Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa. Cyrus the Great ya taimaka wajen maido da wurare masu tsarki na birane daban-daban.[4] A cikin Tsohon Alkawari, an ce Cyrus ya saki Yahudawa daga Bautar Babila a 539-530 KZ, kuma ya ba da izinin komawa ƙasarsu.[5]
Birnin Hellenistic na Iskandariya, wanda aka kafa 331 KZ, ya ƙunshi babban al'ummar Yahudawa waɗanda ke zaune cikin salama tare da yawan mutanen Girka da Masar daidai. A cewar Michael Walzer, birnin ya ba da "misali mai amfani na abin da za mu iya tunani a matsayin tsarin mulkin mallaka na al'adu da yawa".
Kafin Kiristanci ya zama cocin jihar na Daular Roma, ya ƙarfafa mutanen da aka ci nasara su ci gaba da bauta wa alloli na kansu. "Wani muhimmin bangare na farfaganda na Romawa shine gayyatar da ta yi wa alloli na yankunan da aka ci nasara don jin daɗin fa'idodin bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka. " [6] An ware Kiristoci don tsanantawa saboda kin amincewarsu da Roman pantheism da kin girmama sarki a matsayin allah. [7] Akwai wasu kungiyoyi da suka sami kansu a matsayin banbanci ga haƙuri na Romawa, kamar Druids, mabiyan farko na addinin Isis, Bacchanals, Manichaens da firistocin Cybele, kuma an kuma hana Addinin Yahudanci na Haikali.
Addinin Buddha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga karni na 19, masu ilimi na Yammacin Turai da masu sihiri sun kalli addinin Buddha a matsayin bangaskiya mai haƙuri. James Freeman Clarke ya ce a cikin Ten Great Religions (1871) cewa "Buddha ba su kafa wani Inquisition ba; sun haɗu da himma wanda ya canza mulkoki tare da haƙuri kusan ba za a iya bayyanawa ga kwarewarmu ta Yamma ba. " Bhikkhu Bodhi, ɗan Buddha da aka haifa a Amurka, ya ce:[8]
Kiristanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littattafan Fitowa, Leviticus da Kubawar Shari'a sun yi irin wannan maganganu game da yadda ake bi da baƙi. Alal misali, Fitowa 22:21 ya ce: "Ba za ku dame baƙo ba, kuma ku zalunta shi ba: domin ku baƙi ne a ƙasar Masar". Ana amfani da waɗannan matani akai-akai a cikin wa'azi don roƙo ga tausayi da haƙuri ga waɗanda suka bambanta da mu kuma marasa ƙarfi. Julia Kristeva ta bayyana falsafar siyasa da haƙuri na addini wanda ya dogara da duk asalinmu na juna a matsayin baƙi.
Misali na Sabon Alkawari na Tares, wanda ke magana game da wahalar rarrabe alkama daga ciyawa kafin lokacin girbi, an kuma kira shi don tallafawa haƙuri na addini. A cikin "Littafinsa ga Bishop Roger na Chalons", Bishop Wazo na Liege (c. 985-1048) ya dogara da almarar [9] don jayayya cewa "cocin ya kamata ya bar rashin amincewa ta girma tare da orthodoxy har sai Ubangiji ya zo ya raba su kuma ya yi musu hukunci".
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Anekantavada
- Wani zargi game da haƙuri mai tsarki
- 'Yanci Daga Gidauniyar Addini
- 'Yanci na addini
- 'Yanci na addini ta ƙasa
- Tarihin tunanin Kirista game da tsanantawa da haƙuri
- Haɗuwa da mutane
- Kiristanci da sauran addinai
- Musulunci da sauran addinai
- Ranar Duniya ta 'Yan Adam
- Yankin addinai da yawa
- Masu ba da shawara na Ontario kan haƙuri na addini
- Nuna bambanci na addini
- Rashin haƙuri da addini
- Tsanantawa ta addini
- Addinai da yawa
- Yanayin duniya
- Rabuwa da coci da jihar
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Perez Zagorin, How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2003) ISBN 0691092702, pp. 5–6, quoting D.D. Raphael et al.
- ↑ (Michael ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Toleration - Etymology, Origin & Meaning". etymonline (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-30.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Cambridge". - ↑ "Book of Ezra | King James Bible". Kingjamesbibletrust.org. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ↑ Witte, John Jr. and Johan D. van de Vyver, Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective (The Hague: Kluwer 1996) p. 74 ISBN 9041101764
- ↑ Logan, Donald F., A history of the church in the Middle Ages (New York:Routledge, 2002) ISBN 0415132894, p. 8
- ↑ Tweed, Thomas, The American Encounter with Buddhism, 1844–1912 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2000) p. 101 ISBN 0807849065
- ↑ Richard Landes (2000). "The Birth of Heresy: A Millennial Phenomenon". Journal of Religious History. 24 (1): 26–43. doi:10.1111/1467-9809.00099. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2021-04-18.