Hadarin muhalli
 hadarin muhalli | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | hazard (en)  |
| Fuskar | anthropogenic hazard (en) |
Akwai ma'anoni guda biyu da ake amfani da su don haɗarin Muhalli; daya shine cewa suna da haɗari ga yanayin halitta (biomes ko ecosystems), ɗayan kuma haɗari ne na yanayin da ke kasancewa a cikin takamaiman yanayi kuma yana da haɗari ga mutanen da ke cikin wannan yanayin.[1]
Sanannun misalan haɗari ga muhalli sun haɗa da yuwuwar malalar mai, gurɓataccen ruwa, sarewa da ƙona sare itatuwa, gurɓacewar iska, fissure ƙasa, da haɓakar iskar carbon dioxide. Suna iya yin amfani da wani yanki na muhalli (sshe da ƙone sare itatuwa) ko kuma ga muhallin gaba ɗaya (ƙarar carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi).
Hakazalika, haɗarin muhalli yana iya kasancewa a cikin wannan muhallin gaba ɗaya, kamar haɗarin nutsewa da ke tattare da yanayin ruwa na gaba ɗaya, ko kuma a keɓance shi, kamar yiwuwar harin shark haɗari ne na waɗannan sassan tekun inda kifin kifin da zai iya kaiwa mutane hari zai iya wanzuwa.[2]
Nau'ukan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya bayyana haɗari a matsayin "tushen haɗari", ko " yuwuwar faruwar wani lamari na zahiri ko na ɗan adam ko yanayin da zai iya haifar da asarar rayuka, rauni, ko wasu tasirin kiwon lafiya, gami da lalacewa da asarar dukiyoyi, ababen more rayuwa, rayuwa, samar da sabis, yanayin muhalli da albarkatun muhalli.": 2233
Idan ba tare da yuwuwar bayyanar ba babu wani haɗari, (kuma ba tare da yuwuwar haifar da cutarwa ba babu haɗari). Ana iya rarraba hatsarori na muhalli ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma babban bambance-bambancen shine tsakanin haɗari ga muhalli, da kuma haɗarin muhalli.
Hatsari ga muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hatsari ga mahalli yawanci suna nuna haɗari waɗanda ke da haɗari ga yanayin halitta na halittu ko tsarin halittu, amma mahallin wucin gadi na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari daga fallasa ga haɗari, waɗanda ƙila na halitta ne ko ɗan adam.
Wannan sashe yana buƙatar faɗaɗawa. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara zuwa gare shi. (Yuli 2025)
Hadarin yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hatsari na mahalli haɗari ne waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a cikin takamaiman yanayi kuma suna da haɗari ga mutane, wasu kwayoyin halitta ko dukiyoyin da ke cikin wannan muhallin. Yanayin yana iya zama na halitta ko ginawa, kuma yana iya zama wurin aiki ko na nishaɗi A wannan yanayin kuma, haɗarin na iya zama na halitta ko ɗan adam.
Wannan sashe yana buƙatar faɗaɗawa. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara zuwa gare shi. (Yuli 2025)
Rarraba ta nau'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma: Rarraba Hazard
Gabaɗaya, ana iya rarraba haɗarin muhalli azaman sinadarai, na zahiri, ilimin halitta, ko na tunani, ko haɗin waɗannan.
Haɗarin sinadarai abubuwa ne waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lahani ko lahani ga mutane, dabbobi, ko muhalli. Suna iya zama a cikin nau'i na daskararru, ruwa, gas, hazo, ƙura, tururi, da tururi. Bayyanawa na iya faruwa ta hanyar numfashi, shan fata, ciki, ko tuntuɓar kai tsaye. Haɗarin sinadarai sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar su magungunan kashe qwari, masu kaushi, acid, tushe, ƙarfe mai amsawa, da iskar gas mai guba. Fitar da waɗannan abubuwa na iya haifar da lahani ga lafiya kamar kumburin fata, matsalolin numfashi, lalacewar gaɓoɓi, illolin jijiya, da ciwon daji.
Hatsari na jiki abubuwa ne a cikin mahalli da za su iya cutar da jiki ba tare da an taɓa shi ba. Sun haɗa da abubuwa masu yawa na muhalli kamar su amo, girgiza, matsanancin yanayin zafi, radiation, da haɗarin ergonomic. Hadarin jiki na iya haifar da rauni kamar konewa, karaya, asarar ji, nakasar gani, ko wani lahani na jiki. Suna iya kasancewa a yawancin saitunan aiki kamar wuraren gine-gine, masana'anta, har ma da wuraren ofis.[3][4]
Hatsarin halittu, wanda kuma aka sani da biohazards, abubuwa ne na halitta waɗanda ke haifar da barazana ga lafiyar halittu masu rai, musamman mutane. Wannan na iya haɗawa da sharar asibiti, samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ko guba (daga tushen ilimin halitta) wanda zai iya tasiri lafiyar ɗan adam. Haɗarin halittu kuma na iya haɗawa da abubuwa masu cutar da dabbobi. Misalan hadurran halittu sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, sauran ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi masu alaƙa. Suna iya haifar da ɗimbin cututtuka, daga mura zuwa mafi muni da cututtuka masu haɗari.
Hatsari na zamantakewar al'umma (ko haɗari na tunani) wani bangare ne na aiki da yanayin aiki waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lahani na tunani ko rashin lafiyar hankali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar damuwa, cin zarafi a wurin aiki, gajiya, ƙonawa, da tashin hankali, da sauransu. Wadannan hatsarori na iya haifar da al'amurran da suka shafi tunanin mutum kamar damuwa, damuwa, da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali (PTSD). Hatsarin tunani na iya kasancewa a kowane nau'in wurin aiki, kuma gudanar da su wani muhimmin al'amari ne na lafiya da aminci na sana'a.[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Environmental Hazards & Health Effects" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
- ↑ Cruikshank, Craig. "3 Types of Environmental Hazards in the Workplace". safetydocs.safetyculture.com. Retrieved 6 July 2025
- ↑ Shi, Peijun (2019), "Hazards, Disasters, and Risks", Disaster Risk Science, IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series, Singapore: Springer Singapore: 1–48, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5_1, ISBN 978-981-13-6688-8, PMC 7123175
- ↑ Wisner, Ben; Gaillard, J.C.; Kelman, Ilan (2011). The Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. Routledge.
- ↑ US EPA, ORD (2013-09-26). "Risk Assessment". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-11-03