Hakim Jamal
 Hakim Jamal | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Roxbury (en)  , 28 ga Maris, 1931 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa | Boston, 1 Mayu 1973 |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | autobiographer (en) |
| Imani | |
| Addini | Musulunci |
Hakim Abdullah Jamal (an haife shi Allen Donaldson; Maris 28, 1931 - Mayu 1, 1973) ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance abokin Michael X kuma ya rubuta Daga Matattu, tarihin rayuwarsa da tunanin Malcolm X. A lokacin rayuwarsa, Jamal yana da alaƙa da mata masu yawa, musamman Jean Seberg, Diana Athill, da Gale Benson.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Donaldson a Roxbury, Boston, a cikin 1931. Mahaifinsa mashayi ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta watsar da shi lokacin da yake da shekaru 6. Donaldson ya fara shan barasa a kai a kai lokacin da yake da shekaru 10 kuma ya zama mai amfani da heroin yana da shekaru 14. A farkon shekarunsa na 20 ya yi shekaru hudu a kurkuku.[1]
Kafa Ƙungiyar Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan mutuwar Malcolm X, Jamal ya haɗu da Maulana Karenga da sauransu don kafa "US", ƙungiyar don inganta hadin kan al'adun Afirka da Amurka. Ya riga ya rarraba mujallar da ya samar da kansa mai taken "US", wani abu ne da aka yi amfani da shi a kan kalmar "mu da su" da kuma raguwar "Amurka". Wannan ya inganta ra'ayin hadin kan al'adun baƙar fata a matsayin bambancin asalin ƙasa. Jamal da Karenga sun buga mujallar Message to the Grassroot a shekarar 1966, inda aka lissafa Karenga a matsayin shugaban kuma Jamal a matsayin wanda ya kafa sabuwar kungiyar.[2] Jamal ya yi jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin Malcolm X ya kamata su zama babban tsarin akida ga kungiyar.[2]
Koyaya, ra'ayoyin Jamal sun bambanta da na Karenga. Jamal ya ci gaba da jaddada siyasar dan uwansa, yayin da Karenga ya so ya kafa baƙar fata a cikin al'adun Afirka. Jamal bai ga wani abu ba a cikin ayyukan kamar koyar da Swahili da inganta al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Ya bar "Amurka" don kafa Gidauniyar Malcolm X, wanda ke zaune a Compton, California.
Dangantaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ko da yake ya auri abokin gwagwarmaya Dorothy Jamal, Jamal yana da muhimman al'amuran da yawa. Yana da ɗan gajeren dangantaka da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Jean Seberg . [1] Matarsa ta kira mahaifin Seberg don kokarin kawo karshen lamarin.
Jamal ya koma Landan a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, inda ya sadu da Gale Benson, 'yar dan majalisa na Burtaniya Leonard Plugge . Marubucin V. S. Naipaul ya bayyana Benson a matsayin "bautar fari" Jamal [3]Jamal da Benson sun yi tafiya a Amurka suna neman kudade don aikin ƙirƙirar Makarantar Montessori don yara baƙi. Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba na kafa wani gari a Guyana tare da matashi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Jamus Herbert Girardet, ma'auratan daga baya sun shiga jagoran Black Power na Yammacin Indiya Michael X a garin da yake a Trinidad, inda Jamal ya rubuta labarai don tallafawa ayyukan Michael.[4]
Kisan Gale Benson
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Benson ya sake tafiya zuwa Amurka don tara kudade don makarantar amma bai yi nasara ba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta dawo Trinidad a 1972, Michael X da abokan aikinsa sun kashe ta. Jamal ba wanda ake zargi ba ne, amma an yi zargin cewa Michael X ya ba da umarnin mutuwarta saboda tana haifar da "matsalar hankali" ga Jamal.[4]
A shekara ta 1971, Jamal ya rubuta tarihin kansa, Daga Matattu: Malcolm X da Ni. André Deutsch ne ya buga shi a Burtaniya, kuma a wannan lokacin, Jamal ya shiga cikin dangantaka da editansa na London, Diana Athill . Daga baya ta rubuta game da soyayyarsu a cikin littafinta mai suna Make Believe, inda ta yi rikodin karuwar rashin kwanciyar hankali da kuma zargin cewa ya yi ikirarin cewa shi Allah ne.[5]
Jamal daga ƙarshe ya koma ga matarsa kuma ya koma Boston, inda ya farfado da matsayinsa na darektan Gidauniyar Malcolm X . [6]
Mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1973, an kashe Jamal lokacin da maza hudu suka fashe cikin gidansa a Boston kuma suka harbe shi akai-akai. 'Yan sanda sun danganta laifin ga rikici na bangare, wanda ke da alaƙa da hare-haren Jamal akan Elijah Muhammad . [1] Shaidu sun zargi wata kungiya da ake kira De Mau Mau da kisan.[2] Antar Jamal, ɗan Jamal, ya yi jayayya cewa De Mau Mau bai shiga ba, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa mambobin da aka kama sun kasance wadanda aka azabtar. Matar Jamal, Dorothy Donaldson Jamal, da tsohuwar matarsa Dessaline El Shabbaz suma sun yi shelar cewa mambobin De Mau Mau ba su da laifi.[3] An yanke wa mambobi biyar na kungiyar hukunci da hannu a kisan.[4]
A cikin al'adun gargajiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jamal wani hali ne a cikin fim din 2008 The Bank Job, wanda Colin Salmon ya buga shi.
A cikin fim din Jean Seberg Seberg daga 2019, Anthony Mackie ne ya buga shi.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Gussow, Mel (November 30, 1980). "The Seberg Tragedy". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
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- 1 2 "Two Will Hang for Burial Murder". The Age. July 18, 1973. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Muslim feud seen behind Boston death". The Washington Afro-American. May 8, 1973. Retrieved July 22, 2011.