Hakki na asali a Indiya
 Hakki na asali a Indiya | |
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| Hakki na asali |
Hakki na asali a Indiya wanda aka tsarkake a kashi na III (Mataki na 12-35) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar da ƴanci na farar hula don duk Indiyawa su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin salama da jituwa a matsayin' yan ƙasar Indiya.[1] Wadannan hakkoki an san su da "babban" saboda su ne mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya watau, na zahiri, na ilimi, na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya kuma an kare su da ka'idar ƙasa watau kundin tsarin mulki. Idan haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayar musamman haƙƙoƙi na asali sun keta, Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai na iya ba da takardu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 da 226 na Kundin Tsarin mulki, bi da bi, suna ba da umarnin Injin Jiha don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙini na asali.
Waɗannan sun hada da haƙƙin mutum na kowa ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yanci na tarayya da taron zaman lafiya, 'yancen yin addini da' yancin maganin tseren mulki don kare haƙƙin jama'a ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce kamar habeas corpus. Rashin bin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da azabtarwa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, bisa ga ikon shari'a. An bayyana Hakki na asali a matsayi 'yancin ɗan adam na asali inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya yana da' yancin jin daɗin ci gaban mutum da rayuwa mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki a duk duniya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, matsayi ko jinsi. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Hakkin sun samo asali ne daga tushe da yawa, gami da Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa.
Hakki guda shida sune:
- Hakkin daidaito (Mataki na 14-18)
- Hakkin samun 'yanci (Mataki na 19-22)
- Hakki game da cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24)
- Hakkin 'yancin addini (Mataki na 25-28)
- Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30)
- Hakkin magance tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32-35)
Hakki a zahiri yana nufin waɗancan 'yanci waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don amfanin mutum da kuma amfanin al'umma. Hakkin da aka tabbatar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka sanya su cikin Dokar Ƙasa kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a kotun doka. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa suna da cikakkiyar ko kuma ba su da kariya daga Gyaran Tsarin Mulki.[2]
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin lokaci mai zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari daga bangarorin da ke neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙin Indiyawa. INC ta yanke shawarar waɗannan buƙatun tsakanin 1917 da 1919 a cikin rahotanni da takardun kudi da yawa.
A cikin 1919, Dokar Rowlatt ta ba da iko mai yawa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kuma ta ba da izinin kamawa da tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, bincike da kwacewa ba, ƙuntatawa ga tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma tantancewa mai zurfi na kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen. Hamayya da jama'a ga wannan aikin ya haifar da kamfen na rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke neman tabbatar da 'yancin farar hula, da iyakancewa ga ikon gwamnati. Indiyawa, waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai da nasu gwamnati, sun sami rinjaye musamman daga' 'yancin kai na Ireland da ci gaban kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. Har ila yau, ka'idodin jagora na manufofin jihar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Irish mutanen Indiya sun kalli su a matsayin wahayi ga gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin al'umma da jama'a daban-daban.
Muhimmancin da halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haɗa haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki saboda an dauke su da mahimmanci don ci gaban halin kowane mutum da kuma adana mutuncin ɗan adam. Marubutan kundin tsarin mulki sun dauki Dimokuradiyya ba ta da amfani idan 'yanci na jama'a, kamar' yancin magana da addini, ba a amince da su ba kuma Gwamnati ta kare su. A cewar su, "dimokuradiyya" ita ce, a zahiri, gwamnati ta ra'ayi sabili da haka, ya kamata a tabbatar da hanyar tsara ra'ayin jama'a ga mutanen ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili, kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya' yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yanci daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan'ikan' yanci.[3]
Dukkanin mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, addini, matsayi ko jinsi, an ba su damar yin kira ga Kotun Koli ko Kotun Kolai don aiwatar da hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne cewa wanda ya yi wa rauni dole ne ya yi hakan. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci bazai da damar yin hakan sabili da haka, don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya fara shari'a a kotu a madadin su. Wannan an san shi da "ƙaddamar da jama'a".[4] A wasu lokuta, alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun yi suo motoci da kansu bisa ga rahotanni na jarida.
Wadannan hakkoki na asali suna taimakawa ba kawai a cikin kariya ba har ma da hana manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin kan Indiya ta hanyar tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ba. Wasu hakkoki na asali suna aiki ga mutanen kowace ƙasa yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkin rayuwa da 'yancin mutum yana samuwa ga dukkan mutane kuma haka ne haƙƙin' yancin addini. A gefe guda, 'yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin zama da zama a kowane bangare na ƙasar an tanada su ne ga' yan ƙasa kadai, gami da' yan ƙasar Indiya da ba mazauna ba.[2] Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya na ƙasashen waje ba[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Know your Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India". jobseek.buzz. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tayal & Jacob 2005.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty; 1995 ICHRL 69". www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2006. This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).
- ↑ "Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003" (PDF). rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.