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Hakki na waje

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Hakki na waje
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A cikin dokar kasa da kasa, extraterritoriality ko exterritoriality shine yanayin da aka keɓe shi daga iko dokar gida, yawanci sakamakon tattaunawar diflomasiyya.

A tarihi, wannan ya shafi mutane da farko, kamar yadda yawanci ana da'awar iko a kan mutane maimakon a kan ƙasashe.[1] Hakanan ana iya amfani da extraterritoriality a wani bangare ga wurare na zahiri. Misali, irin wannan shine kariya da aka ba wa Ayyukan diflomasiyya, sansanonin soja na kasashen waje, ko ofisoshin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Abubuwa uku da aka fi sani da su a yau a duniya sun danganta da mutane da kayan shugabannin kasashen waje da gwamnati, mutane da kayan jakadun da sauran jami'an diflomasiyya, da jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa na duniya.

Alamar a kan bango na waje na Basilica na Saint Paul A waje da Walls (Roma) yana nuna matsayinta na waje

Hanyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A baya, jihohin da suka gabata sun yi ikirarin ikon mallakar mutane, suna samar da wani abu da aka sani da ikon mutum.[1] Yayin da mutane ke motsawa tsakanin iyakoki, wannan ya haifar, a cikin tsarin ikon yanki, ga wasu mutane suna ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasashen da ba su zauna ba. Extraterritoriality, a wannan ma'anar, ya fito ne daga hulɗar waɗannan ra'ayoyin biyu na iko, na mutum da na yanki, lokacin da ake amfani da dokoki bisa ga wanda mutum yake maimakon inda yake.

Extraterritoriality yanzu na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban. Mafi shahararrun misalai ne na diflomasiyya, inda diflomasiyyar da kayansu ba sa aiki a karkashin dokokin kasashe masu karbar bakuncin su, amma a maimakon haka, a karkashin dokokin al'ummar diflomasiyar.

Hakazalika, kasashe da yawa suna da'awar haƙƙin gurfanar da mayakan kasashen waje da masu keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin koyarwar ikon duniya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin waɗancan mutane ba ko kuma wurin da ake zargin laifuka.[1] Wannan ya kai ga ka'idojin aikata laifuka na cikin gida: alal misali, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙin gurfanar da 'yan kasar Sin saboda laifuka da aka aikata a kasashen waje [2] kuma Kanada za ta gurfanar na cin zarafin yara ta Kanada a ko'ina cikin duniya.[1]

A wasu yarjejeniyoyin soja da kasuwanci, kasashe suna ba da ikon doka ga sansanonin kasashen waje ko tashar jiragen ruwa ga wasu ƙasashe. Misali, Japan ta ba da iko a kan sansanonin soja na Amurka a ƙasarsu a Okinawa ga Kotunan soja na Amurka bisa ga yarjejeniyar matsayi na biyu na sojojin.[1]

The A cikin Dokar teku, jirgi a cikin ruwa na kasa da kasa ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar dokokin ikon da aka yi rajistar wannan jirgi. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin nau'i na extraterritoriality, inda ikon al'umma ya wuce iyakarta.

Tarihin tarihi

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Karni na 14

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin ƙarni na 13 da 14, Jamhuriyoyin teku na Italiya na Genoa, Venice da Pisa sun sami ikon mallakar 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke aiki a wuraren da aka tsara (Pera da Galata) a babban birnin Byzantine, Constantinople, da kuma Misira da jihohin Barbary.

Daular Ottoman

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi Jerin capitulations a cikin yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin Sublime Porte da kasashen Yamma, daga karni na sha shida zuwa farkon karni na sha tara.[1] Rashin shiga cikin doka na dokar Ottoman da aka kirkira a zamanin Tanzimat ya fara raunana ta hanyar yaduwar daular Turai da yaduwar shari'a.

Dokoki da ka'idojin da aka kirkira don talakawan Ottoman su bi sau da yawa ba su shafi 'yan ƙasar Turai da ke gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci a lardunan daular ba, kuma ta haka ne aka gabatar da capitulations daban-daban dangane da ikon kasashen waje da yawa. Dokokin gwamnati daban-daban da suka haɗu sun haifar da tsarin shari'a wanda sau da yawa ana barin iko ga manyan iko don kafawa da tsara tsarin shari'ar su don wakiltar 'yan ƙasa a kasashen waje.[3]

An daina yin tasiri a Turkiyya a shekara ta 1923, ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Lausanne, kuma a Misira an soke su ta Yarjejeniyar Montreux a shekara ta 1949.

Indiya ta Burtaniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ma'aikatan soja na sojojin Allied a cikin Birtaniya Raj suna ƙarƙashin ikon su ta hanyar Dokokin Sojojin Allied, a shekara ta 1942 kuma membobin Sojojin Amurka suna ƙarƙashin ikon nasu dokoki, har ma a cikin laifuka.

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, Amurka ta sami yarjejeniyar extraterritoriality tare da kasashe 15 tare da tsarin shari'a na Yamma: Aljeriya, Borneo, China, Masar, Iran, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco, Samoa, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisiya, da Daular Ottoman. Amurkawa a cikin soja ko fararen hula da ke aiki a sansanonin soja na Amurka a kasashen waje gabaɗaya suna da extraterritoriality, don haka sojojin Amurka ne kawai za su iya gwada su. Wannan ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar dakarun.

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Princess Margriet na Netherlands a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1943 a asibitin Ottawa Civic a Ottawa, Ontario, yayin da dangin ke zaune a Kanada tun watan Yunin shekara ta 1940 bayan da Nazi Jamus ta mamaye Netherlands. Gidan haihuwa na Asibitin Civic na Ottawa wanda aka haifi Princess Margriet an ayyana shi na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai ba da izini ta gwamnatin Kanada. Yin unguwar haihuwa a waje da yankin Kanada ya sa ba ta da alaƙa da kowane iko da kuma Yankin duniya. An yi wannan ne don tabbatar da cewa jaririn zai sami 'yancin zama daga mahaifiyarta kawai, don haka ya sa ta zama yaren Holland kawai, wanda zai iya zama da muhimmanci sosai idan yaron ya kasance namiji, kuma saboda haka, magajin Gimbiya Juliana.[4]

Gabashin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mafi shahararrun lokuta na extraterritoriality a Gabashin Asiya sune na karni na 19 na China, Japan, da Siam, suna fitowa daga abin da ake kira "yarjejeniyar rashin daidaito". Ayyukan extraterritoriality, duk da haka, ba a iyakance su ba a karni na 19 ko waɗannan ƙasashe, [5] kamar yadda sarakuna da gwamnatocin Gabashin Asiya na zamani da farko suka yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka a kan mutane maimakon yankunan ƙasa.[1]

China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A hearing of the International Mixed Court at Shanghai, c. 1905

Halitta na extraterritoriality ga al'ummomin yarjejeniya "ba a gabatar da shi a Gabashin Asiya ba, amma an gina shi a kan wani gini na doka mai tsawo".[6] Ikon iko a Qing China, tare da bambancin kulawa ga batutuwan Han da Manchu, ba a ƙaddara shi ta hanyar yanayin ƙasa ba, amma, ta hanyar asalin batutuwan.[6] Misali, masu mulki na Manchu suna da damar shari'a wanda ya sanya su a waje da ikon masu gudanar da kabilanci na kasar Sin.[1]

Kafin Yarjejeniyar Nanking ta shekarar 1842, wacce ta kawo karshen Yaƙin Opium na farko, 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje ba su gamsu da yanayin tsarin shari'ar Qing ba. Kafin Yarjejeniyar, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun iya kasuwanci ne kawai a yankin Canton, kawai tare da' yan kasuwa na kasar Sin da ake kira Cohongs.[7] 'Yan kasuwa na kasar Sin sun amfana sosai daga yarjejeniyar, suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa da Birtaniya da Sinawa. 'Yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun kasance "masu tuhuma da abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin hali a cikin tsarin shari'ar Qing don sanya alhakin hadin gwiwa; sun kuma yi fushi da aikin Qing na aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a lokuta na kisan kai".[1] Bayan al'Labarin <i id="mwzg">Lady Hughes</i>, wani abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1784 inda aka kashe wani matukin jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya saboda ya ji wa 'yan kasar Sin biyu rauni yayin da yake harba bindiga, jami'an Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya gabaɗaya sun kori 'yan Burtaniya kafin jami'an Qing su iya amsawa.[1]

Gudummawar extraterritoriality ta kasance a kai a kai a kasar Sin. A cikin shekarun 1830, lokacin da gwamnatin Qing ta kammala yarjejeniya tare da Uzbek khanate na Khoqand, ta ba da dama ga 'yan kasuwa. Kuma a cikin ma'amala da 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje a cikin ƙarni, gwamnatin Qing ba ta yi ƙoƙari ta tilasta ikon da ya danganci ikon mallakar ƙasa, a maimakon haka ta ba da hukuncin baƙi ga ikon da ya dace a kusan dukkanin shari'o'i sai dai kisan kai.[1]

A tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Nanjing, masu tattaunawar Qing sun ba da tallafin ba da izini. Cassel ya rubuta cewa "kwamishinan mulkin mallaka da kuma dan majalisa na Manchu Qiying ya ba da dama ga Birtaniya a cikin musayar bayanan tare da Pottinger [mai ba da izini na Burtaniya] a lokacin kammala yarjejeniyar".[1] Wannan ya kasance daidai da ayyukan Qing a lokacin, inda mutane ke riƙe da ikon mallaka maimakon sanyawa a ƙasashe.[1]

An kammala wata sanarwa ta musamman game da extraterritoriality a cikin Shekara ta 1843 Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa "za a hukunta 'Britons bisa ga dokar Ingila kuma za a 'yi gwaji da hukuntawa da nasu dokoki'".[1] Wadannan tanadi sun shafi tashar jiragen ruwa ne kawai, tunda an hana baƙi shiga cikin kasar Sin.[1]

A karkashin umarnin mulkin mallaka a farkon shekarar, an ba da waɗannan gata ga yawancin ƙasashen yamma. Sauran kasashe suna son tabbaci da tabbaci. Misali, Amurka ta tattauna Yarjejeniyar Wanghia ta a shekarar 1844, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Mataki na 21:

Subjects of China who may be guilty of any criminal act towards citizens of the United States shall be arrested and punished by the Chinese authorities according to the laws of China, and citizens of the United states who may commit any crime in China shall be subject to be tried and punished only by the Consul or other public functionary of the United States thereto authorised according to the laws of the United States.[8]

Yarjejeniyar Wanghia ta haɗa da banbanci ga kasuwancin Amurka a cikin opium kuma ta kuma sanya jiragen Amurka da ke kasuwanci a waje da tashar jiragen ruwa na yarjejeniya ga kwacewa ta gwamnatin kasar Sin a cikin sashi na 33 da 3.[1] Hakazalika, Faransanci sun kuma bi kariya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Huangpu, wanda ya kara gabatar da bambanci tsakanin masu aikata laifuka da ikon farar hula (wanda ba ya cikin dokar daular Qing) kuma ya ba Faransanci cikakken kariya ga dokar kasar Sin a waje da yankunan da aka ba da izini.[1]

Yarjejeniyar Sino-British ta shekarar 1858 ta Tientsin, wacce ta kawo karshen Yaƙin Opium na Biyu, ta fadada haƙƙin baƙi na yamma. An ba su izinin shiga cikin kasar Sin bayan fasfo. Koyaya, ba a ba da haƙƙin ƙasashen waje a waje da tashar jiragen ruwa ba.[1] An ba da irin wannan haƙƙin ga masu sha'awar yammacin iko saboda sashi na "ƙasa mafi kyau": duk gata da daular Qing ta ba da ɗaya iko an ba da ita ta atomatik ga wasu. A cikin Shekara ta 1868, lokacin da aka sake tattauna Yarjejeniyar Tientsin, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun yi ihu don ɗaga ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye a cikin kasar Sin. Matsayin Qing ya yi tsayayya da shi, sai dai idan an soke extraterritoriality. Ba a cimma matsaya ba; kuma gwamnatin Qing ta yi nasara wajen hana baƙi ziyartar cikin kasar Sin tare da gata na waje.[1]

Hakkin kasashen waje ba a iyakance su ga kasashen Yamma ba. A karkashin Japan_Friendship_and_Trade_Treaty" id="mwAQ8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty">Yarjejeniyar Abokantaka da Ciniki ta Sin da Japan ta Shekarar1871, Japan da China sun ba da dama ga juna.[1] Kasar Sin kanta ta sanya haƙƙin mallaka ga 'yan ƙasa a Joseon Koriya. [9] [1] Koyaya, a cikin Shekara ta 1895, a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki bayan Yaƙin Sin da Japan na farko, China ta ba da haƙƙinta na waje a Japan, ba tare da musayar ba.[1]

Kotun Ƙungiya ta Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa yanzu mafi mahimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa da aka kafa bayan shekarar 1842 shine Shanghai, inda aka aiwatar da tanadin da ba a fahimta ba na yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban. Manyan kotuna biyu da ke yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in waje sune Kotun Shanghai Mixed da Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya don China.[1] An kafa irin waɗannan kotuna don ƙasashen yarjejeniya, misali Kotun Amurka don China.[10] Wadannan suna da iko a kan yankunan izini, wanda a hukumance ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Qing.[1] Da farko, mutanen kasar Sin da suka aikata laifuka a yankin Burtaniya, an tura su ga hukumomin kasar Sin.[1]

Ƙarshen extraterritoriality a kasar Sin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon karni na 20, wasu iko na Yammacin Turai sun yarda su bar haƙƙin ƙasashen waje saboda ingantaccen yanayin sake fasalin shari'ar kasar Sin.[1] Misali, labarin 12 na Yarjejeniyar Mackay ta Shekarar 1902 ta Sino-British ya karanta:

China having expressed a strong desire to reform her judicial system ... [the United Kingdom] will ... be pretreated to relinquish her extra-territorial rights when she is satisfied that the state of the Chinese laws, the arrangement for her administration, and other considerations warrant her in so doing.[11]

Dokar Qing ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin aikata laifuka da dokar farar hula ba.[1] Duk da yake an yi ƙoƙari a sake fasalin shari'a da gaske a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na daular Qing, abin da aka cimma ya kasa magance wannan rashin doka a fannonin kwangila, kasuwanci, ko kasuwanci.[1][1]

Bayan faduwar gwamnatin kasar Sin a shekarar 1911 da kuma rikice-rikicen gudanarwa da ya biyo baya, daga baya kasashen Yamma ne suka nada mambobin Kotun Mixed, inda duk mazaunan sasantawar kasa da kasa suka kasance a karkashin ikon kasashen waje.[1] Nasarar Arewacin Expedition wajen karfafa ikon jamhuriyar kasar Sin a tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ya jagoranci gwamnatoci da yawa su bar ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa ba tare da yaƙi ba.[1] Koyaya, ikon yarjejeniyar ba su da niyyar barin Shanghai, ko kuma hakkinsu a ciki, wanda ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki mafi girma da tashar yarjejeniya. Sai kawai bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda na Shanghai da masu zanga-zangar Nationalist a 1925 ne hukumomin kasar Sin suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin Kotun Mixed; wannan ya haifar da rushewa a 1927 da maye gurbinsa da kotun yankin da ke gudanar da kasar Sin.[1]

A cikin Shekara ta 1921, a Taron kan iyakokin makamai a Washington, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci Tara wanda ya nuna shirye-shiryen bangarorin don kawo karshen extraterritoriality a China da zarar China ta kafa tsarin shari'a mai ƙwarewa.[12][13] A sakamakon haka, an kafa kwamiti a shekara ta 1926 wanda ya buga cikakken rahoto wanda ya ƙunshi binciken da shawarwari ga tsarin shari'ar kasar Sin.[14]

Extraterritoriality a kasar Sin ga ma'aikatan da ba na diflomasiyya ba sun ƙare a lokuta daban-daban a karni na 20. Jamus da Austria-Hungary sun rasa hakkinsu a kasar Sin a shekarar 1917 bayan kasar Sin ta ayyana yaki da su.[1] Tarayyar Soviet ta yi yarjejeniyar sirri wacce ta ci gaba da haƙƙinta har zuwa shekara ta 1960, kodayake ta bayyana a fili cewa ta ba da su a shekara ta 1924. [15]

A cikin Shekara ta 1937, matsayin kasashe daban-daban na kasashen waje ya kasance kamar haka: [16]

Matsayi na extraterritoriality dangane da China (1937)
Ya daina tasiri Babu 'yancin waje Zai mika gata "lokacin da duk sauran iko suka yi haka" Hakki ya ci gaba da tasiri
  • {{country data German Empire}}
  • {{country data Austria-Hungary}}
  • HungaryHungary
  • SpainSpain
  • (ya rushe a 1928)  Mexico

A cikin Shekara ta1929 gwamnatin Nationalist ta sanar da burinta na kawo karshen extraterritoriality gaba daya. Tattaunawa da Burtaniya, babban mai riƙe da irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, ya tafi sannu a hankali. Sun ƙare tare da mamayewar Japan ta Shekarar 1937 lokacin da Japan ta kwace Shanghai da manyan tashar jiragen ruwa inda extraterritoriality ke aiki. Lokacin da kasashen biyu suka ayyana yaki da Japan a ƙarshen shekarar 1941, sun zama abokan hulɗa na China kuma sun sanya kawo ƙarshen extraterritoriality burin gaggawa wanda duka Amurka da Burtaniya suka cika tare da yarjejeniyar da suka sanya hannu tare da China a shekara ta 1943. [17][1]

Kyauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kyautar wannan don iko na iko ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Cassel ya rubuta, "extraterritoriality ya bar masu tsara manufofi da yawa a cikin kasar Sin tare da gado na zurfin shakku ga dokar kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. "[1] Tare da wani ɓangare na halayensa da ke dogara da da'awar karfafa ikon mallakar ƙasa da amincin yanki, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ya bayyana a bayyane cewa dole ne baƙi su bi Dokar PRC.[1] Kuma Gwamnatin PRC ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙin, a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 10 na dokar aikata laifuka, don gurfanar da 'Yan kasar Sin saboda laifuka game da dokar aikata laphida da aka aikata a kasashen waje, koda kuwa an riga an hukunta su saboda laifin.[1] Wadannan sun fito ne daga muhimman da'awar muhimmancin ikon mallakar ƙasa, martani ga raguwa a baya, inda kusan babu wata al'umma da ta jaddada muhimmancin ikon mallaka fiye da yadda China ke yi a yau.[1]

Japan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Japan ta amince da ƙetare a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla da Amurka, da Burtaniya, da Faransa, da Netherlands, da kuma Rasha a shekara ta 1858, dangane da manufar "ƙasar da aka fi so".[1] Yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasuwanci sun ba da kariya ta waje a Japan tare da bangarori daban-daban, gami da Peru, a cikin 1873.[1] Yawancin ƙasashe sun yi amfani da ikon ketare ta hanyar kotunan ƙaramar hukuma. Biritaniya ta kafa Kotun Burtaniya don Japan a cikin 1879. [ana maganar

A shekara ta 1887, 'yan kasashen waje 2,389 ne kawai wadanda ba 'yan kasar Sin ba suka zauna a Japan, tare da tsauraran iyakoki kan' 'yancin motsi.[1] Wadannan iyakoki suna nufin cewa baƙi a Japan ba su iya aikata laifi ba tare da hukuntawa ba, sabanin China, inda aka ba ba baƙi damar tafiya zuwa cikin gida bayan fasfo.[1] Maimakon haka, ya kasance a cikin mahallin sha'awar jihar Japan ta kawar da duk hukunce-hukuncen da ke fafatawa da kuma kira ga sake fasalin shari'a bisa ga samfuran waɗancan hukunce-hincen da gwamnatin Japan ta so ta soke kotunan kasashen waje.[1]

Bayan ya shawo kan ikon Yammacin Turai cewa tsarin shari'arta "ya isa ya zama na zamani", Japan ta yi nasarar sake fasalin matsayinta na rashin daidaito tare da Burtaniya ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci da Kewayawa ta Anglo-Japan ta 1894, wanda London za ta bar haƙƙinta na waje na Japan a cikin shekaru biyar. [1][1] An sanya hannu kan irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da wasu iko na waje a lokaci guda. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi duk sun fara aiki a cikin 1899, suna kawo karshen extraterritoriality a Japan. [1]

Bayan nasarar Allied a 1945, Yarjejeniyar Taimako ta Tsaro, da yarjejeniyar magajinta, tsakanin Amurka, har zuwa yau, suna ba da ma'aikatan soja na Amurka a kan sansanonin Amurka a Okinawa.[1]

Siam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sarki Mongkut (Rama IV) na Siam ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Bowring da ke ba da haƙƙin ƙetare ga Biritaniya a cikin 1855. Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk, Babban Jami'in Jakadancin Burtaniya daga 1859 zuwa 1864, ya ba da labarin horar da shari'a da alhakinsa a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga dan uwansa mai kwanan wata 6 Satumba 1860. Daga baya aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba tare da wasu kasashen Turai 12 da kuma Japan. Ƙarshen yanki ya ƙare a cikin 1917 game da Daular Jamus da Austria-Hungary.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

A cikin Shekara ta 1925 da' shekarar 1926, an sake fasalin yarjejeniyoyin don samar da ikon kwastam da za a dakatar da shi, kuma 'yan ƙasa na bangarorin yarjejeniyar za su zo ƙarƙashin ikon kotunan Thai bayan gabatar da dukkan ka'idojin shari'ar Thai da kuma tsawon shekaru 5 bayan haka.[18] A shekara ta 1930, ba a sake yin amfani da extraterritoriality ba. Bayan da aka maye gurbin Cikakken mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki a cikin juyin juya halin Siamese mara jini na Shekarar 1932, gwamnatin tsarin mulki ta gabatar da tsarin ka'idojin doka, ta shirya mataki don sabbin yarjejeniyoyi da aka sanya hannu a shekara ta 1937 da' shekarar 1938 wanda ya soke haƙƙin waje gaba ɗaya.[19]

Cirewar extraterritoriality dangane da Siam
An soke shi a cikin 1909 An soke shi a shekara ta 1917 An soke shi a cikin 1937-38
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Misalan yanzu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashen da ke ba da iko amma ba ikon mallaka ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashen da suka ba da iko a kan yankinsu (alal misali, haƙƙin shiga da son rai don tilasta bin doka) ba tare da ba da ikon mallaka ba sun haɗa da:

  • Gidajen waje na Babban Birni a Italiya
  • Hedikwatar Sojojin Malta a Roma
  • Fort St. Angelo a Malta [20] (kawai ɓangare)
  • Hedikwatar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a Brussels, Belgium (kazalika da ginin Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyar a can)
  • Gidan majalisar dokokin Turai a Strasbourg, Faransa
  • Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York, ofisoshin Majalisar Dinkinobho a Geneva, Vienna, Bonn, Nairobi, The Hague (Kotu ta Duniya), Hamburg (Tribunal na Duniya don Dokar Tekun), Copenhagen da sauran wurare.
  • CERN (Kungiyar Turai don Binciken Nukiliya) - don saukakawa, wasu wuraren da ke ƙetare zuwa Faransa suna ƙarƙashin ikon Switzerland
  • Ofishin Patent na Turai a Munich, Berlin, da The Hague
  • Yankin ƙasar Faransa a Ƙasar Mai Tsarki
  • Hedikwatar Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a London
  • Juxtaposed sarrafawa don Channel Tunnel. Ƙasar Ingila tana da binciken fasfo na farko a Faransa da Belgium, kuma Faransa ko Belgium suna gudanar da binciken faspo a Burtaniya.
  • Pays Quint yana kan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya amma Faransa ta hayar tun daga yarjejeniyar 1856
  • Saimaa Canal yana cikin Rasha, amma Finland ta hayar ɓangaren Rasha
  • A cikin Svalbard, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Norway, wasu ƙasashe suna da 'yancin cire wasu albarkatun ƙasa da gina cibiyoyi don wannan
  • Yarjejeniyar Sojoji ta Japan da Djibouti[21][22]
  • Babban hedikwatar Allied Powers Turai, hedikwatar soja ta Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic, a Belgium
  • An ba da hayar sansanin jirgin sama na Khmeimim a Siriya ga Sojojin Sama na Rasha na tsawon shekaru 49, tare da Tarayyar Rasha da ke da iko a kan sansanin jirgin saman da ma'aikatanta.[23]
  • Kabarin Suleyman Shah na Turkiyya a Siriya
  • Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban a waje da babban yankin kwastam na ƙasar da suka karɓi bakinsu.
  • Gidajen kasa na Venice Biennale [24]
  • Tarayyar Rasha tana riƙe da hayar har zuwa 2050 a Filin jirgin saman Baikonur a Kazakhstan a birnin Baikonur

Canjin mallakar ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
José Martí Park in Tampa, Florida, was donated to Cuba in 1956.

Irin wannan lamari shine Yankunan Faransa na St Helena: Gwamnatin Faransa ta sayi dukiya a tsibirin St. Helena don tunawa da gudun hijira na Napoleon Bonaparte a can. mallakar José Martí Park a Tampa, Florida an ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatin Cuban ta masu mallakarta na baya a shekarar 1956. [25] Gwamnatin shugaban kasar Cuban Fulgencio Batista ta karɓi dukiyar kuma Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Havana ya tabbatar da gudummawarta.[25][26]

Yanayi na ciki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shari'o'in cikin gida (duka bangarorin biyu suna cikin ɓangaren ƙasa ɗaya mai zaman kanta amma suna da iko da tsarin shari'a daban-daban):

  • Shenzhen_Bay_Port" id="mwA0E" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shenzhen Bay Port">Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Shenzhen Bay a Shenzhen, Guangdong inda Shenzhen ta ba da hayar wani yanki a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ga Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong kuma Dokar Hong Kong ta shafi. Kodayake duka hukunce-hukuncen biyu, Shenzhen da Hong Kong, suna cikin ƙasa ɗaya, Hong Kong tana riƙe da tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun daban da tsarin dokar farar hula a Mainland China. Dokar Hong Kong yanzu tana aiki a yankin tashar jiragen ruwa.[27]
  • Hengqin Campus na Jami'ar Macau a Zhuhai, Guangdong, wanda Macau SAR ke gudanarwa a cikin halin da ake ciki kamar yadda yake a sama [28]
  • Rabin Macau na Hengqin Border Crossing, kusa da sama [29]

Ayyuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Page 'Extraterritorial Obligations' not found

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Akmal Shaikh
  • Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Antarctic
  • Babban Basilica
  • Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya don China da Japan
  • Kotun Burtaniya don Japan
  • Yankin da aka kashe
  • Tsaro na diflomasiyya
  • Cocin ofishin jakadancin
  • Ƙungiya da ƙauye
  • Filin jirgin saman Turai Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg
  • Ikon Ƙasashen waje
  • Ayyukan waje
  • Yarjejeniyar Harris
  • Daular a Asiya
  • Ruwa na kasa da kasa
  • Yankin Duniya
  • Dokar Tekun
  • Yarjejeniyar Wata
  • Yankin da ba shi da tsayayya
  • Yarjejeniyar sararin samaniya
  • Hakki
  • Rasul da Bush
  • Matsayin yarjejeniyar sojojin
  • Ƙasar da ba ta da amfani
  • Yarjejeniyar Matsayin Sojoji ta Amurka da Japan
  • Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
  • Jerin yankunan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke mulki

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 Cassel 2012.
  2. ↑ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs (16 November 2012). "Child Sex Tourism : It's a Crime". Travel.gc.ca.
  3. ↑ Curley, T. M. (2011). "Legal Imperialism: Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China". Journal of Politics. 73 (2): 622–624. doi:10.1017/S0022381611000235.
  4. ↑ "Netherlands' Princess Margriet born in Ottawa". CBC Archives. Canada Broadcasting Corporation.
  5. ↑ Cassel, Pär (2004). "Excavating Extraterritoriality: The "Judicial Sub-Prefect" as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai". Late Imperial China. 24 (2): 156–82. doi:10.1353/late.2004.0003. S2CID 144313731.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Thai, Philip (May 2015). "Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan. By Pär Kristoffer Cassel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. xi, 260 pp. $41.95 (cloth)". The Journal of Asian Studies (in Turanci). 74 (2): 459–460. doi:10.1017/S0021911815000133. ISSN 0021-9118.
  7. ↑ "Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842". US-China Institute. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2025-08-12.
  8. ↑ Cassel 2012, p. 53.
  9. ↑ Kim, Marie Seong-Hak (2013-11-29). "Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan by Pär Kristoffer Cassel (review)". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (in Turanci). 73 (2): 382–392. doi:10.1353/jas.2013.0022. ISSN 1944-6454. S2CID 191484811.
  10. ↑ Helmick, Milton J. (12 September 1945). "United States Court for China". Far Eastern Survey. Institute of Pacific Relations. 14 (18): 252Samfuri:Endash255. doi:10.2307/3021415. JSTOR 3021415.
  11. ↑ Cassel 2012, p. 175.
  12. ↑ Fenwick, C. G. (1937). "The Nine Power Treaty and the Present Crisis in China". American Journal of International Law. 31 (4): 671–674. doi:10.2307/2190677. JSTOR 2190677.
  13. ↑ "Resolution Regarding Extraterritoriality in China" (PDF). Library of Congress. US Government Printing Office. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  14. ↑ "Report of the Commission on Extraterritoriality in China, Peking, September 16, 1926". Hathi Trust Digital Library. Commission on Extraterritoriality in China. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  15. ↑ Elleman, Bruce A. (1996). "The End of Extraterritoriality in China: The Case of the Soviet Union, 1917–1960". Republican China. 21 (2): 65–89.
  16. ↑ Wan, Ching-Chun (July 1937). "China Still Waits the End of Extraterritoriality". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations.
  17. ↑ Chan, K. C. (1977). "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942–43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (2): 257–291. JSTOR 311551.
  18. ↑ "The Elimination of Extraterritoriality". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand). Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  19. ↑ "Complete Independence". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand). Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  20. ↑ "After Two Centuries, The Order of Malta Flag Flies Over Fort St. Angelo, Beside The Maltese Flag". Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  21. ↑ "自衛隊派遣支える「地位協定」 ジブチの法令適用されず". 日本経済新聞 (in Japananci). 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  22. ↑ 志葉玲 (2019-03-06). "日本は、自衛隊が駐留するジブチに「占領軍」のような不平等協定を強いている". 日刊SPA! (in Japananci). Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  23. ↑ "Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic on the deployment of an aviation group of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic (Russian)". docs.cntd.ru.
  24. ↑ "Il Giornale dell'Arte". www.ilgiornaledellarte.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Cuban Territory in Tampa? The curious case of the Friends of José Martí Park". Retrieved 10 August 2025.
  26. ↑ John Sellers (1977). "Does Cuba Own Jose Marti Park?". Sunland Tribune. 3.
  27. ↑ "Shenzhen Bay Port Hong Kong Port Area Ordinance". www.hklii.hk.
  28. ↑ "University of Macau webpage". Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  29. ↑ "New Hengqin border checkpoint opens for public use | Macau Business". 18 August 2020.

Ƙarin karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Bickers, Robert, da Isabella Jackson, eds. Tashoshin Yarjejeniya a China ta zamani: Dokar, Ƙasa da Ikon (Routledge, 2016).
  •  
  • [Hasiya] "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942-43: Nazarin Dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da Sin. " Nazarin Asiya na zamani 11.2 (1977): 257-291 a kan layi.
  • [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] Gunboat Justice: Kotunan Shari'a na Burtaniya da Amurka a China da Japan (1842-1943). Hong Kong: Littattafan Earnshaw. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1:  ; Vol. 2:  ; Vol. 3:  ISBN 978-988-82730-8-9ISBN 978-988-82730-9-6ISBN 978-988-82731-9-5
  • Davids, Jules, da Jonathan M. Nielson. "Extraterritoriality." a cikin Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ed. by Alexander DeConde et al. (2002) 2:81-92.
  • "Ci gaba a cikin Dokar: Extraterritoriality". Harvard Law Review, vol. 124, No. 5, 2011, shafi na 1226-1304. www.jstor.org/stable/25800158 kan layi 
  • Fenwick, C. G. "Yarjejeniyar Ikon Tara da Rikicin Yanzu a China". American Journal of International Law 31.4 (1937): 671-674. kan layi
  • Kayaoglu, Turan. Daular doka: ikon mallaka da kuma extraterritoriality a Japan, Daular Ottoman, da China (Cambridge UP, 2010).
  • Keeton, George W. Ci gaban extraterritoriality a kasar Sin (2 vol 1928). Cikakken bayani game da kasar Sin da kuma taƙaitaccen bayani a duk faɗin duniya a cikin kundi na 2 shafi na 155-172. jirgin sama na 2 a kan layi
  • Liu, Shih Shun. Extraterritoriality, Its Rise and Its Decline (1925) kan layi; cikakken tarihin ilimi a cikin tarihin duniya.
  • Scully, Eileen P. "Historical Wrongs and Human Rights in Sino-Foreign Relations: The Legacy of Extraterritoriality. " Jaridar Dangantakar Amurka da Gabashin Asiya 9.1-2 (2000): 129-146.
  • Thomson, Janice E. Mercenaries, Pirates, da Sovereigns: Gine-gine na Jiha da Rikicin Ƙasashen waje a farkon Turai ta zamani (Princeton UP, 1994) kan layi

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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