Hakkin ɗan Adam a ƙasar Guinea

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Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Guinea, ƙasa mai kusan mutane 10,069,000 a Afirka ta Yamma, batu ne mai cike da cece-kuce. A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World a shekara ta 2012, Freedom House ta bayyana kasar Guinea a matsayin ‘yantacciyar ‘yanci a shekara ta biyu a jere, wani ci gaba a kan matsayinta na da a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi karancin ‘yanci a nahiyar Afirka. [1]

Ofishin dimokuradiyya da kare hakkin dan Adam da kwadago na Amurka, wanda ke fitar da rahotannin kare hakkin dan Adam na shekara-shekara kan kasar, ta yi ikirarin cewa batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali su ne yadda jami'an tsaro ke azabtar da su, da cin zarafin mata da kananan yara ta hanyar irin wadannan abubuwa kamar al'aurar mata.[2]

Halin tarihi da siyasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Guinea ta sami 'yencin kanta daga Faransa a shekara ta 1958. Alpha Condé ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2010 kuma a watan Disambar shekara ta 2010 ya zama zababben shugaban kasar na farko ta hanyar dimokradiyya. [2] Jadawalin da ke gaba yana Kuma nuna ƙimar Guinea tun shekarar 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". [3] 1

Sekou Touré (1954-1984)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin cewa Guinea na dauke da fursunoni a farkon rahotonta na shekarar 1969. A cikin shekarar 1968 an kama mutane sama da ɗari, kuma an yanke wa 13 hukuncin kisa, saboda rawar da suka taka a wani shiri na zargin gwamnati. Cikin wadanda aka kama har da ministocin gwamnati da manyan hafsoshin soji. [4] Bayan da kasar Portugal ta mamaye babban birnin kasar a shekarar 1970, gwamnatin kasar ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da 'yan adawar siyasa, kuma a karshen shekarar an yanke wa akalla mutane 85 hukuncin kisa. An kama dubban mutane, ciki har da Turawa 22, Jamusawa, Faransawa, da Italiyanci.

A cikin watan shekarar Disamba shekarar 1970, Archbishop na Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, aka yanke masa hukumcin aiki tukuru saboda ƙin karanta takardun gwamnati daga kan mimbari yana kira ga Kiristoci su goyi bayan gwamnati game da mulkin mallaka na kasashen waje. Shi da wasu fursunonin siyasa akalla dubu sun kasance a tsare a 1977. Wani rahoto da Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya ta buga a watan Yuni 1977 ya kiyasta adadin fursunonin siyasa sama da 3000, yana zargin fursunonin na fuskantar yunwa, azabtarwa, kisa, da kisa ba gaira ba dalili. Babban gidan yari mafi shahara shine Camp Boiro, wanda ya hada da cikin fursunonin Diallo Telli . [5]

A black and white photo of the subject looking down, surrounded by others.
Loffo Camara, tsohon minista ne wanda aka harbe a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1971.

Bayan suka mai tsanani game da halin da take ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama, da kuma hana taimakon da Amurka ta yi a karkashin dokar samar da zaman lafiya, gwamnati ta yi yunkurin kulla alaka da makwabtanta da kasashen Yamma, kuma ta yi ikirarin inganta halin da take ciki. A cikin watan shekarar Agusta da watan Oktoba shekarar 1977, duk da haka, gwamnati ta yi harbi a kan jerin zanga-zangar tattalin arziki tare da kashe mata da ba a san adadinsu ba. Daga nan suka fara tattara masu tunani. A shekara ta 1978 rahotanni sun yi kiyasin adadin fursunonin siyasa sun karu zuwa dubu hadu 4000. [6]

A ƙarshen 1978 Shugaba Sékou Touré ya yi shelar wa 'yan jarida cewa duk fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa a Boiro sun mutu. Ya ci gaba da bayanin cewa Amnesty International ta kasance "sharar gida". Ya zuwa shekarar 1979 rahotanni sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasa da 20 na ainihin waɗanda aka kama ana ci gaba da tsare a Boiro. Daruruwan da aka kama ba su sake bayyana ba, amma wasu majiyoyi sun ce adadin ya haura 4000. Sai dai an ci gaba da kama mutane.

Wani harin gurneti da aka kai kan Palais du Peuple a watan Mayun shekarar 1980 da kuma fashewar bam a cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 1981 a filin jirgin saman Conakry ya haifar da kame wasu daruruwa da suka shafi siyasa, tare da tsare daruruwan mutane da rahotannin mutuwa. An ci gaba da kashe mutane a Boiro ta hanyar abin da aka sani da "abincin baƙar fata" - cikakken rashin abinci da ruwa. Gwamnatin Guinea ta kuma cimma matsaya da gwamnatocin kasashen Laberiya da Cote d'Ivoire domin mayar da 'yan kasashen ketare da ke da hannu a ayyukan 'yan adawa da tilastawa komawa gida . Rahotannin da ke nuni da tsare su da duka da aka yi a lokacin da suka iso, ya bazu zuwa kasashen waje.

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1982, Touré ya gudanar da taron manema labarai cikin alfahari yana shelar cewa babu sauran fursunonin siyasa da ake tsare da su a ƙasar. Ya kasa bayyana makomar mutane kusan 2900 da aka kama tun shekarar 1969 wadanda ba a san inda suke ba. Rahotannin adadin fursunonin a Boiro sun ci gaba da zuwa daga daruruwa zuwa dubbai. Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ce an yi amfani da su a gidan yarin sun hada da bauta, kona sigari ta tilastawa, da wutar lantarki da aka shafa a kai da al'aura. Bayan mutuwar Touré a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1984, an sami manyan canje-canjen siyasa.

Gwamnatin Lansana (1984-2008)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1984 ne sojoji suka karbe ikon kasar, suka dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, suka rusa jam'iyyar Democratique de Guinée mai mulki, sannan suka kaddamar da kwamitin soja na kasa da kasa don gudanar da mulkin kasar a karkashin Lansana Conté . A sanarwar farko da sabbin sarakunan suka yi a bainar jama'a sun yi ikirarin cewa za su dauki hakkin bil'adama a matsayin fifiko tare da bayyana wadanda suka "rasa rayukansu kawai saboda suna son bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan makomar kasar a matsayin shahidai. [7] An rufe Camp Boiro kuma an saki dukkan fursunonin siyasa nan da nan. [7] Bayan mutuwar wani da ake zargi da aikata laifi a hannun 'yan sanda a watan Satumbar 1984, an yi zanga-zanga a Kamsar kuma an kama mutane sari biyu 200. [7]

An sanar da juyin mulkin sa'o'i shida bayan mutuwar Conté a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008. [8] A ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, 2009, ranar da aka shirya zanga-zangar Conakry, gwamnati ta ayyana zanga-zangar a matsayin haramtacce. Dubban masu zanga-zangar ne suka ki amincewa da dokar, inda suka taru a filin wasan kwallon kafa. Mutane 157 ne suka mutu bayan tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke amfani da su ya karu. [9]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun bukaci a yi adalci kan kisan da jami'an tsaron Guinea suka yi wa masu zanga-zangar lumana sama da 150 a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2009 a wani filin wasa. An fara gudanar da binciken cikin gida ne a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2017, inda aka gurfanar da mutane 13 da ake zargi, sannan aka tura 11 domin yi musu shari’a. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin wadanda ake zargin sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi mai tasiri. An dai shirya yin shari’ar ne a watan Yuli, amma ba a samu ci gaba a shari’ar ba. Ƙungiyar waɗanda aka zalunta, dangi da abokai na Satumba 28, 2009 (AVIPA), Daidaita Haƙƙin Duk (MDT), Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Ginin (OGDH), Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, Amnesty International, da Human Rights Watch sun sanya kiran adalci.

Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2010-yanzu)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A full colour photograph of a man in suit and tie.
Duk da ikirarin da shugaba Alpha Condé ya yi na cewa babu hukuncin kisa a Guinea, an yanke wa mutane goma sha shida hukuncin a shekarar 2011.

Tsarin doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yanke wa mutane 16 hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2011, wanda bisa ga dukkan alamu ya yi hannun riga da furucin da shugaba Condé ya yi na cewa Guinea ce ta kawar da kai. [10]

Kama da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da tsarin mulki ya haramta kamawa da tsare shi ba bisa ka'ida ba, al'adar sa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. [2] ‘Yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin da yi musu fyade. [2] Matakin da Kiristoci suka dauka na kawar da azabtarwa ya yi zargin cewa ‘yan sanda sun azabtar da wasu matasa hudu da ake zargi da sata a shekarar 2011. [2] An ce cin zarafin da aka yi a gidan yarin soja na tsibirin Kassa a shekarar 2009 ya hada da zubar da jini. [2] Amnesty na da rahotanni guda biyu na yadda aka yi amfani da azabtarwa a shekarar 2011: a watan Fabrairu an kai wani mutum a Mamou ofishin 'yan sanda bayan ya kafa shingayen hanya tare da dukan tsiya yayin da aka daure shi da hannu. [10] A watan Afrilu an kama wani mutum a Dixinn kuma an yi masa duka a wata tashar yankin. [10]

'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko da yake an kama mutane 50 da laifin fyade a shekarar 2011, ba a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba. [2] Wani bincike na shekarar 2003 ya nuna cewa fiye da kashi 20 cikin 100 na mata a asibitin gida suna can don cin zarafin jima'i. An bayyana cewa lamarin bai canza ba, kuma fiye da rabin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ‘yan mata ne tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 15. Yawan fyade yana faruwa a makaranta. [2]

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yi ikirarin cewa dubban 'yan mata da ke aiki a matsayin masu gadin gida ne masu aikinsu ke yi musu fyade. [1] Jami'an tsaro sun yi wa mata da dama fyade a fili a lokacin rikicin siyasa na shekarar 2007 da shekarar 2009. [1] Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kaciyar mata yana da yawa a duk kabilu: Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Lafiya na 2005 ya nuna cewa kashi 96 na mata sun yi aikin tiyata. Babu wani tuhumar da ake yi wa ma'aikatansa. [2]

Kasar ba ta da wata doka da ta haramta nuna wariya ga nakasassu . [2]

Guinea tana da kabilanci daban-daban, kuma mutane suna da alaƙa da ƙabilarsu sosai. Kalaman kabilanci yayin yakin neman zabe ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar akalla mutane biyu a shekarar ta 2011. [2]

Duk da cewa luwadi haramun ne, babu wanda aka tuhume shi a kalla shekaru goma. Ana ɗaukar dangantakar jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin haramtacciyar haramtacciyar hanya, kuma Firayim Minista ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 2010 cewa baya ɗaukar yanayin jima'i a matsayin halastaccen 'yancin ɗan adam. [2]

'Yancin magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da ‘yancin yada labarai. [1] Sai dai rahotanni na cewa jami’an tsaro na cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da ke sukar gwannatin kasar . [1]

'Yancin addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gabaɗaya ana mutunta haƙƙoƙin addini, kodayake ana ikirari ana nuna wa waɗanda ba musulmi ba ne wariya wajen rabon aikin gwamnati. Akwai takurawa adding musulmi 'yancin shiga wasu addinai. [1]

Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin Guinea game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  • Fataucin mutane a Guinea
  • Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Guinea

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga 1 ga Janairu.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Empty citation (help)
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  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AI 1969
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AI 1977
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AI 1978
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AI 1985
  8. ↑ "Military-led group announces coup in Guinea", Associated Press, 23 December 2008.
  9. ↑ Guinea military kills 157 in protest crackdown: rights group, CBC News
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Empty citation (help)
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