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Hakkin LGBTQ a Ghana

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBTQ) mutane a Ghana suna fuskantar kalubale masu tsanani waɗanda ba mazaunan LGBTQ ba su fuskanta ba.[1] Ayyukan jima'i tsakanin maza sun kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin "sanin jiki mara kyau" a Ghana tun zamanin mulkin mallaka. Yawancin mutanen Ghana suna da ra'ayoyin adawa da LGBTQ.[2][1] Hare-haren homophobic na jiki da tashin hankali a kan mutanen LGBTQ suna faruwa, kuma sau da yawa kafofin watsa labarai da shugabannin addini da siyasa suna ƙarfafa su.[3] A wasu lokuta, jami'an gwamnati, kamar 'yan sanda, suna shiga cikin irin wannan tashin hankali. An san matasa masu luwadi da iyalansu da al'ummominsu da kuma korar su daga gidajensu. Iyalai galibi suna neman maganin juyowa daga kungiyoyin addinai lokacin da aka bayyana ma'anar jinsi ɗaya ko kuma asalin jinsi mara daidaituwa; ana ba da rahoton irin wannan "warkewa" a cikin saiti na zalunci da rashin mutunci.[4][5]

Duk da kundin tsarin mulki da ke tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, faɗar ra'ayi da taro ga' yan ƙasar Ghana, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin asali ga mutanen LGBTQ. Harkokin kare LGBTQ sun wanzu a Ghana, amma gwamnatin Ghana sau da yawa tana hana irin wannan kokarin. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2016 halayen da ke Ghana game da luwaɗi suna tasowa kuma suna zama masu haƙuri da karɓar haƙƙin LGBTQ. Wannan halin ya kara muni sosai a shekarar 2021.[6]

A watan Fabrairun 2024, tare da goyon bayan manyan jam'iyyun siyasar kasar biyu, Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta amince da kudurin dokar kare hakkin dan Adam da dabi'un iyali don hukunta masu bayyana sunan LGBTQ a Ghana, tare da yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari. Ba da kuɗi ko kafa ƙungiyar masu alaƙa da LGBT za a hukunta shi har zuwa shekaru biyar a gidan yari. An mika kudirin dokar ga shugaban kasar Nana Akufo-Addo, wanda ya ce idan akasarin ‘yan Ghana na son kafa dokar, ba zai yi adawa da ita ba. Koyaya, ya jinkirta sanya hannu yayin da Kotun Koli ta ɗauki ƙalubalen shari'a guda biyu. A watan Disamba, Kotun Koli ta ki amincewa da shari'o'in biyu.[7]

Tarihi

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Kafin mulkin mallaka ya shigo cikin al'ummar Ghana, ana ɗaukar batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da jima'i a matsayin mafi rikitarwa fiye da abin da ake la'akari a yau. Yawancin matsayin jinsi da alaƙar da suka wanzu an samo su a cikin gado tare da al'adu, al'adu da hulɗar gida. Alal misali a ƙarni na 18 da na 19, kotunan Asante, bayi maza sun zama ƙwaraƙwarai kuma an kashe su sa’ad da ubangijinsu ya mutu.[8] Wani lokaci, an yi amfani da waɗannan ƴan rakiya maza don ƙetare ta ’yan gidan sarauta don ƙirƙirar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu girma. An yi la'akari da asantes saboda wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin nau'ikansu da rakiyar maza wadanda galibi daga yankin arewacin kasar Ghana ne a yau.

Mutanen Nzema suna da al'adar manya maza da ke auren juna, yawanci tare da bambancin shekaru 10. Wadannan auren ana kiransu agyale, [9] "auren abokantaka". Ma'auratan za su kiyaye duk daidaitattun zamantakewar auren jinsi, an biya farashin amarya kuma an gudanar da bikin auren gargajiya.[10] Daga cikin Nankani, an yi auren mata don ci gaba da ci gaba da zuriyar. Rose Mary Amenga-Etego ta bayyana cewa waɗannan auren da ba na jima'i ba ne na mace-mace shine "aikin addini-al'adu na ƙarshe da aka yi amfani da shi don dawowa da sake dawo da tsarin asalin maza na mutane".[11]

Mutanen Fante za su yi imani cewa waɗanda, na ko dai jima'i, da "nauyi masu nauyi" suna sha'awar mata, yayin da waɗanda ke da "rai masu haske" suna sha'awar maza.[12]

Luwadi a Ghana an hukunta shi a shekara ta 1892. A wannan lokacin, Ghana ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Laifukan da suka shafi dokar mutum ta 1861, dokar Birtaniyya da ta haramta yin luwadi, an aiwatar da ita a duk yankunan Birtaniyya.

Matsayi na Shari'a

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Sashe na 104(1)(b) na kundin laifuffuka na Ghana na 1960 ya haramta "ilimin jiki marar dabi'a" tare da izinin manya, yana rarraba shi a matsayin laifi. Sashi na 104(2) ya kara bayyana "ilimin jiki marar dabi'a" a matsayin "jima'i da mutum ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba ko da dabba." Dangane da fassarar da Sashe na 99 ya bayar, wanda ya ayyana shiga, a tarihi an fahimci “hanyar da ba ta dace ba” tana nufin saduwa ta dubura tsakanin mazaje, ko da yake lafazin shari’a ya ba da damar yin fa’ida mai fa’ida, gami da jima’i ta baki tsakanin kowane jinsi. Ana daure masu aikata laifuka a Ghana hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari a karkashin sashe na 296(4) na kundin tsarin shari'a.[13]

Kodayake gurfanar da ake yi a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sassan sun zama da wuya a cikin karni na 21 (Human Rights Watch, 2018), dokar ta ci gaba da zama tushen nuna bambanci, tsangwama, da cin zarafin mutane na LGBTQ +. Ko da ba tare da hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi ba, 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da kasancewar dokokin adawa da LGBTQ + don tabbatar da kamawa, tsare-tsare ba tare da shari'a ba, da tsoratarwa.[14] Rahotanni game da hare-haren 'yan sanda a kan tarurruka masu zaman kansu, cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQ +, da kuma kin amincewa da kariya ta shari'a lokacin da wadanda abin ya shafa ya ba da rahoton laifuka an rubuta su sosai.[15]

Babban yanayin zamantakewar jama'a a Ghana ya kasance mai tsananin ƙiyayya ga daidaikun LGBTQ+, tasirin al'adu, addini, da ƙa'idodin gargajiya waɗanda ke ɗaukar liwadi a matsayin fasikanci ko "marasa ɗan Afirka." Jami’an gwamnati da shugabannin addini akai-akai suna yin kalamai masu karfafa kyama. Wani bincike na Afrobarometer na 2020 ya gano cewa sama da kashi 90% na 'yan Ghana sun bayyana ra'ayi mara kyau ga 'yan luwadi, yana nuna goyon bayan al'umma don ci gaba da aikata laifuka.

Jagorancin siyasa ya ci gaba da adawa da kiraye-kirayen yin gyara ko soke dokokin da ake da su. A shekara ta 2011, shugaban kasar na lokacin John Evans Atta Mills ya fito fili ya yi watsi da shawarwarin da firaministan Burtaniya David Cameron ya bayar na cewa kasashen da suka aikata laifin luwadi da madigo na iya fuskantar yanke tallafin da suke samu daga kasashen waje. Mills ya tabbatar da cewa, "a matsayina na shugaban kasa, ba zan taba farawa ko goyi bayan duk wani yunkuri na halatta luwadi a Ghana ba," yana mai jaddada ikon mallakar kasa da kyawawan dabi'u (Mendos, 2020). Matsayinsa ya nuna babban juriya tsakanin 'yan siyasar Ghana ga matsin lamba na waje game da 'yancin LGBTQ+.[16]

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tattaunawa game da yanke hukunci na faruwa lokaci-lokaci, wanda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil'adama na duniya ke jagoranta. Duk da haka, waɗannan tattaunawa sau da yawa sun fuskanci koma baya daga sassa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'umma da kuma jiga-jigan siyasa. Maimakon matsawa zuwa ga yanke hukunci, majalisar dokokin Ghana ta matsa don ƙarfafa matakan hana LGBTQ+. A cikin 2021, an gabatar da "Ƙaddamar da Haƙƙin Jima'i da Ya dace da Dokar Ƙimar Iyali ta Ghana" a Majalisa. Kudirin yana neman ba wai kawai a ci gaba da aikata laifukan alaƙar jinsi ɗaya ba har ma don aikata laifin nunin LGBTQ+ na jama'a, shawarwari, da tallafi. Yana ba da shawarar hukunci mai tsanani, gami da ɗaurin shekaru goma ga mutane ko ƙungiyoyin da aka samu suna haɓaka haƙƙin LGBTQ+.

Kudirin doka na 2021 ya janyo kakkausar suka daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa, da suka hada da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Amnesty International, da Human Rights Watch, wadanda ke jayayya da cewa ya keta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi, da kuma sirrin da aka bayar a karkashin dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa. Masu sukar sun yi gargadin cewa dokar da aka gabatar za ta halasta ci gaba da cin zarafin mutane LGBTQ+ tare da dakile ayyukan masu kare hakkin bil adama a Ghana.[17]

Duk da wannan suka na kasa da kasa, kudirin ya samu goyon baya sosai a cikin gida, gami da amincewa daga cibiyoyin addini da yawa da kuma shugabannin gargajiya.

A watan Fabrairun 2024, majalisar dokokin Ghana ta amince da kudirin, amma ta bukaci amincewar shugaban kasa don zama doka. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya jinkirta rattaba hannu, bisa la’akari da kalubalen shari’a da kuma illar tattalin arziki, ciki har da kasadar asarar dala biliyan 3.8 na tallafin bankin duniya. Kudirin ya ci tura ne bayan da aka rusa majalisar kafin babban zaben shekarar 2024.

Ci gaba a cikin Maris 2025, gungun 'yan majalisa sun sake gabatar da kudirin a matsayin lissafin memba mai zaman kansa. Shugaba John Dramani Mahama ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga ka'idojin kudirin amma ya gwammace a gabatar da shi a matsayin kudirin dokar gwamnati tare da tuntubar wasu shugabannin addinai da na gargajiya.[18]

Aikace-aikacen ga masu jima'i

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Yayin da dokar laifuffuka ta Ghana ta haramta “ilimin jiki wanda bai dace ba” a ƙarƙashin sashe na 104, wanda galibi ana fassara shi da haɗawa da jima’i ta dubura da ta baki, dokar ba ta shafi masu jinsi ɗaya kaɗai ba. A fasaha, dokar kuma ta shafi ma'auratan da ke yin waɗannan ayyukan. Koyaya, a aikace, aiwatar da aiwatarwa yana wuce gona da iri akan mutane LGBTQ. Ma'auratan da ke yin jima'i iri ɗaya na jima'i ba a cika yin shari'a ba a ƙarƙashin wannan doka.[1]

Bugu da ƙari, Cibiyar Ci gaban Demokraɗiyya ta Ghana (CDD-Ghana) ta lura cewa galibi ana amfani da irin waɗannan dokoki azaman kayan aikin aikin ɗabi'a maimakon hanyoyin tabbatar da laifuka na gaskiya. Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna yana haifar da damuwa game da haƙƙin keɓantawa da daidaitawa a ƙarƙashin doka.

Har ila yau, dokar ta shafi ayyukan jima'i na dubura ko na baki da wasu mutane na jinsi daban-daban suka yi. Sai dai jihar ba ta damu da hakan ba, domin rayuwarsu ce ta sirri, lamarin da ya janyo zargin munafunci.

Masu sukar doka sun tabbatar da cewa wannan rashin daidaito ba munafunci ba ne kawai amma yana ƙarfafa kyama da fallasa mutanen LGBTQ ga cin zarafi na shari'a, tozarta jama'a, da cin zarafi. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2021 kan Ghana ya nuna cewa "an yi amfani da dokar a matsayin makamin kula da jama'a fiye da yadda ake kiyaye mutuncin jama'a".[2]

Dangantaka da manufofin iyali

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Ghana ba ta amince da auren jinsi ɗaya ko haɗin kai na jama'a a ƙarƙashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana na 1992 ya bayyana aure a matsayin haɗin kai tsakanin namiji da mace, kuma babu wani tanadi a cikin dokar Ghana da ke ba da izinin amincewa da dangantakar jinsi guda. Mataki na 39 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kara jaddada rawar da dabi'un gargajiya da cibiyoyin al'adu ke takawa, wanda sau da yawa ke ƙarfafa tsarin heteronormative kuma an yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da cire haɗin gwiwar LGBTQ daga amincewar doka.[3] Ma'aurata masu jinsi guda an cire su a bayyane daga tsarin tallafi, saboda ba a san dangantakarsu ba, kuma tsarin tallafi ba ya tallafawa aikace-aikacen hadin gwiwa daga haɗin gwiwar da ba na jima'i ba.[19] Wannan rashin amincewa ya bar mutane na LGBTQ a cikin matsayi na shari'a da zamantakewa, musamman a lokuta na dangantaka ta dogon lokaci ko dukiyar da aka raba.

Dangane da binciken Afrobarometer na 2019, sama da kashi 90% na 'yan Ghana sun nuna rashin haƙuri ga masu luwadi, suna ƙarfafa iyakantaccen niyyar siyasa don inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ, gami da iyali. [4] Wadannan manufofi da warewar doka sun ci gaba da zama abin damuwa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, waɗanda ke jayayya cewa tsarin Ghana ya saba wa ka'idodin rashin nuna bambanci da rayuwar iyali kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta duniya, gami da Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Tsaro na nuna bambanci

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Dokar Kariyar Bayanai ta Ghana ta 2012 ta ƙunshi yanayin jima'i a ƙarƙashin nau'in "bayanan sirri na musamman," wanda ke tsara yadda za'a iya tattarawa da sarrafa irin waɗannan bayanai. Koyaya, wannan nadi yana aiki ne kawai ga kariyar bayanan dijital da na hukuma kuma baya zama kariya ta doka daga wariya. A cewar Human Dignity Trust, Ghana ba ta da wasu dokoki da ke kare mutanen LGBT daga nuna bambanci a aikin yi, gidaje, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ko rayuwar jama'a.[20]

Bugu da ƙari, yin jima'i tsakanin jinsi ɗaya ya kasance mai laifi a ƙarƙashin sashe na 104 (1) (b) na kundin laifuffuka na Ghana. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa, mutanen LGBT a Ghana suna fuskantar wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma, kuma dokar ba ta ba da kariya daga tsangwama, wariya, ko tashin hankali dangane da yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi.[21] A cikin 2013, Amurka ta ba da gudummawa don taimakawa Ghana haɓaka doka don kare haƙƙin mutanen LGBTQ.

Yanayin rayuwa

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Mutanen Ghana da ke nuna bambanci LGBT suna fuskantar nuna bambanci da yawa a cikin al'ummar Ghana. A Filin jirgin saman Kotoka, alamar ta ce, "Ghana ba ta maraba da masu lalata da yara da masu karkatar da jima'i ba".[./LGBTQ_rights_in_Ghana#cite_note-welcome-42 [1]] Duk da yake ba a bayyana al'ummar LGBTQ ba, mutanen Ghana suna danganta karkatar da jima'i da al'ummar LGBTQ.[1] Halin mutanen LGBTQ ya tabarbare a cikin 2021. A watan Fabrairu, shugabannin addini da na siyasa sun tilasta wa Cibiyar LGBTQ rufe a Accra. A watan Mayun 2021, 'yan sanda sun kama mutane 21 da ke halartar taron kare hakkin bil'adama a garin Ho, yankin Volta. Daga baya waccan shekarar, 'yan majalisa sun ba da shawarar wani kudirin doka mai kunshe da tsauraran matakan da suka hada da haramta duk wani furci na jinsin da ba na binary ko kuma wanda ba na madigo ba. Waɗannan za su iya zama abin dogaro ga hukunce-hukuncen laifi a ƙarƙashin tanadin. Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton karuwar maganganun adawa da LGBTQ da ke da alaƙa da tallan da ke kewaye da dokokin da aka tsara, a cikin "yanayin da nuna wariya da tashin hankali ya riga ya zama ruwan dare". Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2023, har yanzu ba a san sakamakon nazarin da majalisar ta yi a kan kudirin ba.[22]

A cewar wani rahoto na 19 ga Agusta 2004 Afrol News, Prince MacDonald, shugaban wata kungiya ta 'yan luwadi, 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, da masu jima'i a Ghana, ya yi tsokaci cewa "akwai mutane da yawa a gidan yarinmu da wannan doka ta rashin aminci ta kama". Ya ce ‘’yan sanda sun lakada wa mutanen da aka samu da laifin yin luwadi da duka".

Cin zarafi da cin zarafi

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A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, Paul Evans Aidoo, Ministan Yammacin Yamma, ya umarci a tattara dukkan 'yan luwadi a yammacin kasar da a kama su kuma a yi kira ga masu gida da masu zama da su sanar da mutanen da suke zargin su ɗan luwadi ne.[23] Maganganun da shugabannin jama'a da jami'ai suka yi suna da tasiri, kuma galibi ana bin su da Ayyukan tashin hankali ga al'ummar LGBTQ.

Pearl, wata mace mai shekaru 30 daga Ghana, ta ba da labarin cewa 'yan Ghana suna daukar mataki a hannunsu yayin da suke hulɗa da al'ummar LGBTQ. Pearl ta bayyana cewa a watan Satumbar 2009, an kai ta ɗakin taro a ƙauyensu, tsakanin wasu mazauna ƙauyen 50. A cikin wannan dakin, an tambayi Pearl akai-akai idan ita 'yar luwaɗi ce, kuma lokacin da ta bayyana cewa ba ta kasance ba, 'yan ƙauyen sun doke ta.[4] Daga cikin wadannan mazauna ƙauyen akwai wani saurayi wanda yake so ya ƙone ta da rai.[4]

Sauran 'yan Ghana LGBTQ suna raba irin wannan kwarewa. Ana kallon shi azaman abin kunya kuma abin kunya ga mutane su sami 'yan uwa waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin LGBTQ. Emelia, wata mace mai shekaru talatin, ta ba da labarin cewa lokacin da mahaifinta ya gano cewa ita 'yar luwaɗi ce, sai ya doke ta da hannunsa da kwalban giya da ya karye.[24] Hakazalika, Agnes, mai shekaru 26, ta ba da labarin cewa lokacin da mahaifinta ya gano jima'i, sai ya kore ta daga gidanta da wuka, kuma ya yi barazanar kashe ta idan ta dawo. Irin tashin hankali da ke nuna LGBT da ke fuskanta a Ghana ba kawai a cikin saitunan al'umma ba, har ma a cikin saituna da aka saba da su, kamar dangin mutum.

Hare-haren masu tayar da kayar baya da aka kaiwa mutanen LGBTQ na faruwa a Ghana. A shekara ta 2012, wasu ’yan daba sun katse bikin ranar haihuwa da ƙarfi, waɗanda suka ce bikin auren jinsi ne. Rundunar ‘yan sandan ta ki kamo maharan, kuma ta kama wasu daga cikin wadanda harin ya rutsa da su. A shekarar 2013, an fara farautar wani dan luwadi, bayan da jami'an musulmi suka yi barazanar kona shi ko kuma a binne shi da rai saboda shi dan luwadi ne. A cikin 2015, gungun mata 'yan madigo sun kasance "bam-bamai" kuma "an jefe su da duwatsu" saboda 'yan luwadi ne.

A saman fuskantar tashin hankali a cikin al'ummominsu da gidajensu, akwai kungiyoyin masu adawa da luwadi waɗanda ke da niyyar gano mutanen LGBTQ da ke gano mutane a cikin al-al'ummomansu. Wani rukuni na mutane 10 suna sa ido kan wani mutum, Ebenezer Okang, kuma wata dare sun ziyarci gidansa don doke shi, tare da niyyar ƙone shi da rai. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi idan ya ba da rahoton lamarin, Okang ya ba da labarin cewa yana da wahala a nemi kariya a irin wannan yanayi, saboda dokokin Ghana na adawa da LGBTQ da kuma halin 'yan sanda.[25] A cewar Human Rights Watch, nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBTQ ya zama ruwan dare a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, yana mai da wuya a gare su nemi taimako.[25]

A cikin wani abin da ya faru a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, 'yan sanda a Accra sun kama maza biyu wadanda suka yi wa ɗan luwaɗi, suka karkatar da kuma cin zarafin wani ɗan luwaɗi. 'Yan sanda sun kama mutanen kuma sun hada kai da wanda aka azabtar wajen gano su.[26] Cire 76 Crimes, shafin yanar gizon LGBTQ, ya lakafta kamawar "wani abu mai ban sha'awa" kamar yadda 'yan sanda ba sa shiga tsakani don kare mutanen LGBTQ daga tashin hankali, nuna bambanci, da cin zarafi.

Rahotanni sun fito ne a watan Agustan 2018 na masu shirye-shiryen maganin juyawa da shugabannin addinai ke gudanarwa don "warkar" mutanen LGBTQ daga luwadi. Babu tabbacin tabbacin cewa za'a iya canza yanayin Jima'i, kuma hukumomin kiwon lafiya suna gargadi cewa ayyukan maganin juyawa ba su da tasiri kuma suna iya cutarwa.

Ayyukan 'yan sanda

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Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Ghana wani lokacin tana kare membobin al'ummar LGBTQ. Misali, a garin Tamale, sun taimaka wa maza masu luwadi da ake zaluntawa. A gefe guda, an rubuta tashin hankali na 'yan sanda a kan mutanen da ke nuna LGBT. Wata mace ta ba da rahoton cewa, ba wai kawai 'yan al'ummarta suka buge ta ba lokacin da suka gano jima'i, amma kuma wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya buge ta a baki.[4]

Dokokin Ghana na hana luwadi na iya buƙatar 'yan sanda su tsananta wa 'yan LGBTQ. A cikin 2016, 'yan sanda sun kama wasu ma'aurata, da ake zargi da yin aure. Wasu kungiyoyin LGBTQ, irin su Solace Initiative, suna ba wa 'yan LGBTQ horar da 'yan sandan kare hakkin bil'adama wadanda za su taimaka wajen kare su a kotu.[27][28]

A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2021 'yan sandan Ghana a Ho, a yankin Volta, tare da taimakon jami'an tsaro, sun kai samame tare da kama mutane 21 ba bisa ka'ida ba, ciki har da wani masanin fasaha, yayin wani taron horar da 'yan sanda kan yadda ake rubutawa da bayar da rahoton take hakin bil'adama ga mutanen LGBTQ. An tsare su na tsawon kwanaki 22, sannan aka bayar da belinsu, aka kuma tuhume su da gudanar da taro ba bisa ka’ida ba, wani laifi. Daga baya an yi watsi da karar saboda rashin shaidar wani laifi.[29] Masu fafutuka sun ce jami’an ‘yan sanda takwas, tare da rakiyar ‘yan jarida uku ne suka tirsasa shiga dakin taron, tare da cin zarafin wasu mahalarta taron.

Rahotanni na 'yancin Dan Adam

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Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2011 ya gano cewa, [30]

Mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar wariya sosai [a cikin 2010], da kuma cin zarafin 'yan sanda da yunƙurin kwace. An sha yi wa mazan luwadi da ke gidan yari cin zarafi da lalata da su. A watan Yunin 2010 ... sama da masu zanga-zanga 1,000 a Takoradi, yankin Yamma, sun halarci wani gangamin lumana don nuna adawa da rahotannin ayyukan 'yan luwadi da madigo a garinsu. Rahotanni sun ce wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar da irin wannan zanga-zangar a kasar. A watan Mayun 2010 ... an gudanar da taron horas da cutar kanjamau a Takoradi don ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Bayan taron, jaridar Daily Graphic ta sanar da cewa, an yi wa ‘yan luwadi 8,000 rajista a yankunan Yamma da Tsakiya. Sai dai masana a fannin sun musanta cewa ba a taba yin irin wannan “rejista ba”. Bayan bitar... an sami rahotanni mara kyau a kafafen yada labarai game da luwadi. A wata hira da yayi da jaridar Daily Graphic a watan Yuni 2010, ministan yankin Yamma ya yi kira ga gwamnati da ta dauki matakin yaki da luwadi. Ya hada da yiwuwar kai farmakin ‘yan sanda a yankunan da ‘yan luwadi da madigo ke yawan zuwa, da kokarin da shugabannin al’umma ke yi na ‘yantar da matasa’ daga luwadi, da kuma yin Allah wadai da gwamnati. Sai dai har zuwa karshen shekara ba a kama wani da aka kama dangane da kalaman nasa ba, kuma bai sake kiransa ba. An bayar da rahoton cewa an kama wasu maza hudu da ke aiki a cikin al’ummar mazan luwadi a watan Mayun 2010 bisa zarginsu da yin lalata da su kuma daga baya aka tuhume su da laifin luwadi. An fara gabatar da karar a Kotun Gundumar Takoradi a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta; duk da haka, ba a saurare ta ba a ƙarshen shekara.   

Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2012 ya gano haka, [31]

Mutanen LGBT sun fuskanci wariya sosai, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan sanda da yunkurin karbar kudi. An sha yi wa mazan luwadi da ke gidan yari cin zarafi da lalata da su. A cikin watan Maris ne wasu gungun mutane suka far wa wasu mutane tara da ake kyautata zaton 'yan LGBT ne a Jamestown, wata unguwa a birnin Accra, inda suka tilasta musu barin gidajensu tare da kai musu hari da sanduna. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun shigar da kara ga wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta doka. Sun ce an yi wa gidajensu fashi yayin da aka kore su. Har zuwa karshen shekara ba a kama wani mutum a lamarin ba. A watan Mayu wasu gungun yara maza sun far wa wani malamin makaranta da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yi aiki don koyar da ilimin jima'i a wata makaranta a yankin Volta. Harin ya faru ne bayan da suka gano yana dauke da kayan gabatar da jima'i mai aminci kamar su kwaroron roba, kwafin jikin jima'i na katako, mai mai, da ƙasidu. Jami’an ‘yan sanda ne suka tsare malamin, amma daga baya suka sake shi. Ba a tuhumi yaran ba.

Rahoton Mai ba da rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2018 ya gano cewa, [3]

Yayin da Ghana ke cim ma burin dimokuradiyya da ci gaba, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar ƙasar suna rayuwa cikin talauci tare da gano mutanen da suka fi fuskantar irin wannan talauci. Idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin jima'i, yana da wuya su sami ayyukan yi. Bugu da ƙari, tun da yawancin iyalai sun yi musun dangin LGBT, wannan na iya barin su marasa gida. Wakilin dan jaridar ya ba da shawarar cewa Ghana ta soke dokar da ta kafa game da manya-manyan ayyukan jima'i na jima'i, da kuma cewa gwamnati ta kaddamar da yakin neman ilmantar da jama'a game da hakkoki da ayyukan shari'a da zamantakewa na wadanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata.

Shawarwarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Oktoban 2012 ya kammala nazari na lokaci-lokaci na duniya game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Ghana. An ba da shawarwari masu zuwa ga Ghana (ƙasashen da suka ƙaddamar da shawarwarin an jera su a cikin baka): [32]

  • Cire laifuka tsakanin jima'i tsakanin manya masu yarda (Faransa, Slovenia da Jamhuriyar Czech) [32]
  • Inganta haƙuri game da dangantakar jinsi ɗaya (Jamhuriyar Czech) [32] da kuma yaki da homophobia (Slovenia da Belgium) [32]
  • Yaki da tashin hankali, nuna bambanci, da nuna bambanci ga mutane bisa ga yanayin Jima'i (Portugal) [32]
  • Cire laifin "dangantaka mara kyau" da kuma daukar matakai don kawar da nuna bambanci da ke haifar da Jima'i da jinsi (Spain) [32]
  • Tabbatar da cewa tabbacin kundin Tsarin Mulki na daidaito da mutunci ana amfani da shi ga mutanen LGBTQ. Tabbatar da cikakken bincike da rashin son kai game da duk zarge-zargen hare-hare da barazanar da aka yi wa mutanen da aka yi niyya saboda yanayin jima'i ko jinsi (Norway) [32]
  • Ka yi la'akari da waɗanne shawarwari na Babban Kwamishinan game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi za a iya la'akari a cikin ƙarin bayani game da manufofin gwamnati (Netherlands) [32]
  • 'Yan sanda na jirgin kasa, Masu amsawa na farko, tsarin adalci, da jami'an ayyukan zamantakewa don girmamawa da cikakkiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutanen LGBTQ (Amurka) [32]

Ghana ta ki amincewa da duk waɗannan shawarwari.[32]

Ra'ayin jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017 da kungiyar ‘yan madigo ta kasa da kasa, ‘yan luwadi, ‘yan luwadi, ‘yan luwadi, da madigo da kuma masu alaka da juna (ILGA) suka gudanar, kashi 60 cikin 100 na ‘yan kasar Ghana sun amince cewa ‘yan luwadi da madigo da madigo su samu ‘yancinsu iri daya da na mutane na gaskiya, yayin da kashi 30 cikin 100 suka nuna rashin amincewa. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 59 cikin 100 sun yarda cewa a kiyaye su daga nuna wariya a wurin aiki. Kashi 51 cikin 100 na 'yan Ghana, sun ce ya kamata a tuhumi mutanen da ke da alaka da jinsi a matsayin masu aikata laifuka, yayin da kashi 34 cikin 100 suka ki amincewa. Dangane da masu canza jinsi, kashi 64 cikin 100 sun yarda cewa ya kamata su kasance masu hakki iri ɗaya, kashi 62 cikin 100 sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a kare su daga nuna wariya ga ayyukan yi, kashi 55 kuma sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a bar su su canza jinsi na doka.[33]

A cewar Afro-barometer, Ghana ta kasance cikin kasashe ashirin da ba a yarda da su ba.[2] Lokacin da aka tambaye su idan za su damu idan sun kasance makwabta ga masu luwadi (s), kashi 11 cikin 100 ne kawai na masu amsawa a Ghana suka ba da rahoton cewa za su yi kyau da wannan.[2] Matsakaicin nahiyar ga Kasashen Afirka shine kashi 21.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, kamar su mutane na kabilanci daban-daban, Addini daban-daban، Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, ko mutanen da suka kamu da cutar HIV / AIDS, har yanzu 'yan ƙasar Ghana sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da mummunar jin dadi ga waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Al'ummar LGBTQ.: The important role of education"},"publisher":{"wt":"Afrobarometer"},"date":{"wt":"January 2020"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 May 2021"},"url":{"wt":"http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Documents%20de%20travail/afropaperno184_curbing_intolerance_for_same_sex_relationships_in_ghana.pdf&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;25 February 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225072322/https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Documents%20de%20travail/afropaperno184_curbing_intolerance_for_same_sex_relationships_in_ghana.pdf&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBuQ\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt204\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFArmah-Attoh2020\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Armah-Attoh, Daniel (January 2020). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Documents%20de%20travail/afropaperno184_curbing_intolerance_for_same_sex_relationships_in_ghana.pdf\" id=\"mwBuU\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Curbing intolerance of persons in same-sex relationships in Ghana: The important role of education\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwBuY\">(PDF)</span>. Afrobarometer. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225072322/https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Documents%20de%20travail/afropaperno184_curbing_intolerance_for_same_sex_relationships_in_ghana.pdf\" id=\"mwBuc\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwBug\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBuk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBuo\">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-curb_58-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./LGBTQ_rights_in_Ghana#cite_note-curb-58 [1]] Tare da kashi 89 cikin dari na mutanen Ghana suna raba cewa suna da karfi / kadan ba sa son mutanen LGBTQ, wannan ya sa su zama ƙungiyar da ba a so a ƙasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka bincika game da wanda ake tuhuma, duk ƙididdigar jama'a daban-daban waɗanda ke da shekaru daban-daban, ilimi, addini, salon rayuwa (ƙauye ko birane,) jinsi ya ba da rahoton cewa suna da ƙiyayya ga masu luwadi na kashi 80 ko fiye.[34] Koyaya, lokacin da mutane suka fi hulɗa da waɗanda ke da asalin LGBTQ, suna iya zama masu haƙuri.[34]

Darektan Cibiyar Diversity Network of West Africa (IDNOWA), Davis Mac-Iyalla ya bayyana a wani taron jin ra'ayin jama'a game da kudurin dokar yaki da LGBTQ da aka gabatar a Ghana cewa zartar da kudurin dokar Anti-LGBTQI a matsayin doka zai daidaita ruhin ayyukan gungun mutane, tashe-tashen hankula da kuma taka tsantsan da ake samu a sassa da dama na kasar.[35]

Kusan kashi 90 cikin dari na mutanen Ghana sun raba cewa za su ba da rahoton 'yar, dangi, aboki, ko abokin aiki ga' yan sanda idan sun san cewa suna shiga cikin irin wannan hali.[34] Bugu da ƙari, kashi 86 cikin 100 na mutanen Ghana sun bayyana cewa za su goyi bayan doka don aikata laifuka ga waɗanda ke cikin dangantakar jinsi ɗaya.[34]

Magana daga jami'an gwamnati

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shugabannin addini da Jami'an gwamnati suna kallon haƙƙin LGBTQ da kuma bayar da shawarwari a matsayin sabon bayyanar Mulkin mallaka na Yamma.[36] Shugabannin addinai sun yi amfani da wurare daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kamar Leviticus 18:22 da Leviticus 20:13, don tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa suka hukunta luwadi.[36]

Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Ghana, marigayi John Evans Atta Mills ya yi rantsuwa a 2011 cewa ba zai halatta luwadi ba duk da barazanar Firayim Minista na Burtaniya David Cameron na yanke taimako ga Ghana saboda rikodin ta game da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga yawan 'yan luwadi.[37] A watan Fabrairun 2017, Kakakin Majalisar, Aaron Mike Oquaye ya yi kira ga a yi gyare-gyare ga dokokin Ghana don hana luwadi gaba ɗaya.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya ba da shawarar cewa halatta luwadi a Ghana ba za a iya gujewa ba kuma ya ce zai iya hango canji a cikin doka.[38] Akufo-Addo, wanda ya girma a Ingila, ya ce haƙƙin LGBTQ zai samo asali a Ghana kamar yadda yake a Ingila, amma ya tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin LGBT Q ba ɓangare ne na ajanda na gwamnati a lokacin ba. A mayar da martani, masu gwagwarmayar LGBTQ sun sanar da cewa za su gudanar da tafiya ta zaman lafiya a Accra a watan Disamba.[39]

A watan Agustan 2018, Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Ghana ba za ta halatta auren jinsi ko kuma haramta luwadi ba.[40]

Jami'ai da yawa daga gwamnati da kungiyoyin coci suna adawa da al'ummar LGBTQ a fili. A watan Maris na 2020, Mai shirya Mata na Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kashe masu luwadi.[41] fastoci da yawa suna magana game da al'ummar LGBTQ, kamar Kofi Tawiah, Babban Fasto na Ikilisiyar Osu ta Kristi, wanda ya yi kira ga Kiristoci na Ghana da su kai farmaki ga mutanen LGBTQ. A cikin sanarwa, Tawiah ya kuma bayyana cewa ya kamata a bi da luwadi da hukuncin kisa.[11]

Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2018 ya lura cewa ire-iren maganganun da gwamnati da jami'an gwamnati suka yi na karfafa ayyukan tashin hankali da nuna wariya ga al'ummar LGBTQ.

A watan Janairun 2025 lokacin da John Mahama ya dawo a matsayin shugaban kasar Ghana, ya bayyana cewa ya fi son koyar da dabi'un iyali ta hanyar tsarin ilimi na Ghana maimakon samar da dokokin yaki da LGBTQ.

Lafiyar Zuciya da Stigma na Jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalubalen lafiyar tabin hankali da mutane LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta a Ghana ya kasance batun da ba a ba da rahoto sosai ba kuma ba a magance shi ba. Ƙimar jama'a, wariya, da ƙetare doka suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ciki har da yawan damuwa, damuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa. Laifin da Ghana ta yi wa dangantakar jinsi ɗaya, haɗe da la'antar al'adu da addini, ya haifar da yanayi na tsoro, keɓewa, da ƙiyayya ga yawancin mutanen LGBTQ+.

A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, mutane LGBTQ+ a Ghana akai-akai suna fuskantar tsangwama, kin dangi, da wulakanci jama'a, wanda ke kara yawan damuwa na tunani. Rahoton ya lura cewa yawancin 'yan LGBTQ+ na Ghana "suna zaune cikin tsoro akai-akai," kuma wasu an kori su kashe kansu saboda raunin da ya shafi korar da aka tilastawa, baƙar fata, da tashin hankali na jiki.[5][permanent dead link]

Wasu mutanen LGBTQ+ suma suna fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙalubalen lafiyar tabin hankali saboda kyama da wariya a wurin aiki da ke haifar da keɓancewa tsakanin jama'a. Wani bincike kan cutar kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQ+ a Ghana ya gano cewa suna cikin haɗarin kashe kansu da cutar da kansu idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na maza da mata.[42]

Bincike ya kuma nuna ƙarancin wadatar amintattun sabis na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kwararrun lafiyar kwakwalwa a Ghana galibi ba a horar da su don yin aiki tare da al'ummar LGBTQ+ kuma suna iya ɗaukar ra'ayi na son zuciya da kansu. Hukumar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Ghana, duk da ci gabanta na 2012 Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Hankali, har yanzu ba ta aiwatar da ingantattun manufofin da suka fahimci takamaiman raunin jima'i da 'yan tsirarun jinsi ba.[43]

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun yi kira ga Ghana da ta sanya kariyar lafiyar kwakwalwa cikin faffadan kokarin kare hakkin bil'adama ga mutane LGBTQ+. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (OHCHR) ya ba da shawarar cewa jihohi su dauki kwararan matakai don rage hadarin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mutanen LGBTQ+ ta hanyar kawar da dokokin nuna wariya, ba da sabis na tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa, da haɓaka yakin neman ilimi na jama'a don rage kyama.[6]

Saboda tsoron tsanantawa, mutane da yawa na LGBTQ + suna guje wa neman sabis na kiwon lafiya, wanda ke haifar da shingen samun damar lafiyar kwakwalwa da tallafin lafiyar jima'i.[44] Rahotanni sun kuma nuna cewa zalunci na 'yan sanda da kuma kama mutane na LGBTQ + suna taimakawa ga damuwa ta hankali da karuwar rauni.

Ƙungiyoyin LGBTQ+ da dama, irin su LGBT+ Rights Ghana, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wurare masu aminci da tsarin tallafi ga mutanen da abin ya shafa. Koyaya, a cikin Fabrairu 2021, hukumomin Ghana sun rufe wata cibiyar al'umma ta LGBTQ+ a Accra, sakamakon barazanar da kungiyoyin addini da na siyasa suka yi.

Yunkurin fafutuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

LGBTQ activism had largely been anonymous in Ghana. However, in the year 1998, a young man named Cobbina MacDarling, who uses the pseudonym Prince Kweku MacDonald, became one of its voices. Prince works with the Gay and Lesbian Association of Ghana (GALAG) which was later transformed into a human rights organization known as the Centre for Popular Education and Human Rights (CEPEHRG). In recent years, there have been several grassroot LGBTQ groups which have come together to form a bigger movement under the name Coalition Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia in Ghana. These groups operate underground. There are a few LGBTQ groups in Ghana, most of whom operate secretly online. One such group is FOTHA-Ghana (Friends of the Heart Alliance - Ghana).[45] Members of the group operate through the dark web. To be seen supporting the views and interest of gays, lesbians and bisexuals can easily result in the attack or probable lynching of its members. One of the groups that is public in its advocacy efforts is the Gay and Lesbian Association of Ghana (GLAG). Some of their work involves demystifying issues with the HIV/AIDS crisis.[46] Despite Ghana having a low infection rate, the government's public campaign efforts on this health crisis typically present it as an issue for straight individuals.[46] Most gay men acknowledged that they understood that HIV can be transmitted sexually, but they were unaware that it can be transmitted through anal sex as well.[46] Ghana receives funding to combat HIV/AIDS, but they discount the health risk presented for LGBTQ individuals.[46] The Gay and Lesbian Association of Ghana, along with other LGBTQ advocacy groups, counteract the government's misinformation by specifically addressing it to the LGBTQ community, and by distributing and teaching of the usefulness of condoms and lube in preventing infection.[46] In January 2021, LGBT+ Rights Ghana, a Pro-LGBTQ rights organization opened its office in Accra amidst opposition from anti-LGBTQ rights groups.[47] The office was raided and closed by National Security in late February 2021 due to opposition from locals, religions institutions, and politicians.

Wani batu tare da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka da yawa shi ne cewa gwamnati ta hana ayyukansu kai tsaye. A watan Satumbar 2006, BBC ta ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Ghana ta haramta wani taron kare hakkin LGBTQ wanda ake zargin za a gudanar a ranar 4 ga Satumba a Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Accra . Ministan Bayanai da Asalin Kasa Kwamena Bartels ya ce, "Gwamnati ba ta amince da irin wannan aikin da ke cin zarafin al'adu, ɗabi'a ... da al'adun dukan mutanen Ghana ba".[48] 

A watan Maris na 2020, za a gudanar da taron tarihi a Accra. Pan Africa ILGA tana da niyyar gudanar da taron farko a Afirka ta Yamma don haɓaka dabarun inganta haƙƙin LGBTQ, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan LGBTQ, da kuma kare matasa masu zaman kansu a Afirka. Bayan Ghana ta fuskanci tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin addinai, Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya haramta taron, yana mai cewa za a dauke shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don gudanar da irin wannan taron a Ghana, tunda sun hukunta da kuma aikata laifuka tsakanin manya.[49]

A watan Yunin 2022, masu fafutukar kare hakkin LGBTQ na Ghana sun shigar da kara a gaban gwamnati kan matakin da gwamnati ta dauka a kan 'yancin LGBTQ da kuma zargin cin zarafi.[50]

Rashin gwagwarmaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sau da yawa gwamnati tana adawa da kokarin bayar da shawarwari na LGBTQ kuma ta sa ta zama haramtacciya, amma ana rungumar kungiyoyin masu adawa da LGBTQ. A watan Oktoba na 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Iyalai, ƙungiyar adawa da LGBTQ ta Amurka, ta gudanar da taro a Accra, [51] a lokacin da suka ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka su karɓi aikin maganin juyawa. Wadannan nau'ikan tarurruka ba su ne kawai nau'ikan ra'ayoyin adawa da LGBTQ da ake raba da kuma rungumar a Ghana ba. Har ila yau, an rubuta cewa ƙungiyoyin masu tsaro suna bin Al'ummar LGBTQ a Ghana. Irin waɗannan kungiyoyin leken asiri, zamba, da kuma shirya hare-hare kan 'yan LGBTQ, ko waɗanda suke zargin su ne LGBT. Tsaro Empire yana daya daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyin masu tsaro, kuma a watan Agustan 2015, sun doke wani saurayi da ake zargi da zama ɗan luwaɗi a wani gari kusa da babban birnin.

A cikin 2018, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ghana, ta gudanar da wani taro a lokacin da suka tabbatar da cewa kimanin mutane 400 ne suka yi rajista don shirye-shiryen farfadowa. Kungiyar ta yi adawa da cikakkiyar ilimin jima'i tare da goyan bayan dokar anti-LGBTQ, tana mai da'awar cewa mutanen LGBTQ da suka ƙi maganin juyowa yakamata su fuskanci ɗauri.[52]

A gaban kasa da kasa, yawancin hukumomin waje, kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kasashe, suna magana don goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBTQ. Kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBTQ suna kallon waɗannan maganganun ƙasa da ƙasa ba tare da jin daɗi ba, tunda galibi ana kallon su a matsayin maganganun da ba sa tallafawa shawarwarin su ko ƙoƙarin su, kuma kawai suna sake kunna ƙiyayya da nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBTQ.[53] Misali na wannan shine tsohon Shugaba Atta Mills wanda ya yi rantsuwa da cewa ba zai taba halatta luwadi ba lokacin da Ingila ta bukaci shi.[53] Wannan ya kawo batun luwadi zuwa gaba na kasa, amma ba a cikin matsayi mai kyau ba.

Sabunta Dokar Anti-LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan 'yan watanni da bude cibiyar da koma bayan gwamnati da 'yan kasar da suka biyo baya, an baje wani daftarin wani sabon kudiri a yanar gizo. ‘Yan majalisar dokokin Ghana ne suka gabatar da wannan kudiri, mai suna Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights da Bill Values Bill of Ghana wanda ke da nufin hukunta mutanen LGBTQ+ da mutanen da ke fafutukar kare hakkin LGBTQ+ a Ghana. Kudirin ya ƙunshi hukunci da yawa waɗanda aka gabatar. Don alaƙar jima'i iri ɗaya, nunin soyayya ga jama'a da goyan bayan haƙƙin LGBTQ+. Har ila yau, dokar tana neman dakatar da kiwon lafiyar transgender da kuma rushe kungiyoyin LGBTQ+

‘Yan majalisar sun ce an tsara wannan kudirin ne a matsayin martani ga bude cibiyar al’umma ta LGBTQ+ ta farko a Ghana a Accra, babban birnin kasar a watan Janairun 2021. Sai dai ‘yan sanda sun rufe cibiyar bayan an yi zanga-zanga da yawa a cikin jama’a, da kuma matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin addini, jam’iyyu, da shugabannin gargajiya, musamman a addinin Kirista.

A karkashin wannan lissafin, za a hukunta nunawar jama'a game da soyayya da jima'i da kuma yin ado da kurkuku, LGBTQ community"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/08/africa/ghana-lgbtq-crackdown-intl-cmd/index.html&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20230621124840/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/08/africa/ghana-lgbtq-crackdown-intl-cmd/index.html&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;21 June 2023"},"access-date":{"wt":"2021-10-08"},"work":{"wt":"CNN"}},"i":0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCCo\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt305\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFMcKenziePrincewill2021\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">McKenzie, David; Princewill, Nimi (8 October 2021). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20230621124840/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/08/africa/ghana-lgbtq-crackdown-intl-cmd/index.html\" id=\"mwCCs\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"How a US group with links to the far-right may have influenced a crackdown on Ghana's LGBTQ community\"</a>. <i id=\"mwCCw\">CNN</i>. Archived from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/08/africa/ghana-lgbtq-crackdown-intl-cmd/index.html\" id=\"mwCC0\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a> on 21 June 2023<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCC4\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCC8\">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-McK_Prince_85-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./LGBTQ_rights_in_Ghana#cite_note-McK_Prince-85 [1]] zai zama ba bisa ka'ida ba don kafa kungiyoyin LGBTQ [54] ko kuma yada bayanan da aka ɗauka suna tallafawa mutane ko hakkoki na LGBTQ, [55] za a dakatar da wasu nau'ikan kiwon lafiya, [55] kuma za a iya ba da umarnin "maganiyar juyawa". Zai zama ba bisa ka'ida ba har ma da ganowa a matsayin LGBTQ, kuma bayar da shawarwari ga haƙƙin LGBTQ na iya haifar da shekaru 5-10 a kurkuku. [54] Za a kuma haramta auren jinsi guda da tallafi ta ma'aurata masu jinsi guda.[54][54]

Takardar shaidar lissafin ta yi iƙirarin cewa Ghana, gwamnati, yawancin 'yan ƙasa, al'adunta, da tarihinta gaba ɗaya ba su yarda da Al'ummar LGBTQ ba.[54] An gabatar da lissafin a gaban majalisa a farkon watan Agusta 2021. Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta shirya kuma ta sake buɗe shi a ƙarshen Oktoba 2021, bayan haka za a iya gudanar da zabe.

Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana sun yi ta tofa albarkacin bakinsu game da goyon bayansu ga sabon kudurin dokar Anti-LGBTQ+ da ke gaban majalisar dokokin Ghana a halin yanzu.[56]

A cikin Fabrairun 2023, Babban Lauyan Janar kuma Ministan Shari'a ya amince da kudirin kuma ya bayyana cewa za a aika da kudirin da rahoton da ya biyo baya ga majalisar don muhawara "da fatan kafin karshen Maris".

A watan Maris din shekarar 2023, shugaban Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo ya sanar da cewa "an gyara wasu muhimman abubuwa" na dokar Anti-LGBTQ+ da majalisar dokokin kasar ta yi la'akari da su" bayan shiga tsakani da gwamnati ta yi.

A watan Fabrairun 2024, majalisar dokokin Ghana ta amince da kudirin, amma ta bukaci amincewar shugaban kasa don zama doka. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya jinkirta rattaba hannu, bisa la’akari da kalubalen shari’a da kuma illar tattalin arziki, ciki har da kasadar asarar dala biliyan 3.8 na tallafin bankin duniya. Kudirin ya ci tura ne bayan da aka rusa majalisar kafin babban zaben shekarar 2024.

Ci gaba a cikin Maris 2025, gungun 'yan majalisa sun sake gabatar da kudirin a matsayin lissafin memba mai zaman kansa. Shugaba John Dramani Mahama ya nuna goyon bayansa ga ka'idojin kudirin amma ya gwammace a gabatar da shi a matsayin kudirin gwamnati tare da yin shawarwari da shugabannin addinai da na gargajiya.[57]

Bayani na tebur

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi guda doka (Hotuna: har zuwa shekaru 3 a kurkuku) No
Daidaitawar shekarun yarda No
Dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci a cikin aiki kawai No
Dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci a cikin samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka No
Dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci a duk sauran yankuna (Ciki har da nuna bambancin kai tsaye, maganganun ƙiyayya) No
Aure na jinsi ɗaya No
Sanar da ma'aurata na jinsi ɗaya No
Amincewa da 'yan mata masu jima'i No
Samun tallafi ta ma'aurata masu jinsi guda No
An ba wa mutanen LGBTQ damar yin aiki a bayyane a cikin soja No
Hakkin canza jinsi na doka No
Samun damar IVF ga 'yan mata No
Magungunan juyawa sun zama haramtacce No
Kasuwanci na maye gurbin maza da maza No
MSM an ba da izinin ba da gudummawar jini No

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • "Video: Discrimination, Violence against LGBT People in Ghana". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ghana". Human Dignity Trust. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dionne, Kim Yi; Dulani, Boniface; Sambo, Gift (1 March 2016). "Good neighbours? Africans express high levels of tolerance for many, but not for all" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Statement on Visit to Ghana, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named no choice
  5. ↑ Acquah, Francis; Botchwey, Charles Owusu-Aduomi; Adoma, Prince Owusu; Kumah, Emmanuel (7 July 2023). "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and its legalisation in Africa: Insights from tertiary-level students in Ghana". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0287726. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1887726A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287726. PMC 10328334 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37418361 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ "How scientific conferences are responding to abortion bans and anti-LGBTQ+ laws". 2023-06-20. doi:10.1126/science.adj3365. Retrieved 2025-04-26. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ "Ghana Supreme Court rejects legal challenges to anti-LGBT bill". CNN (in Turanci). Reuters. 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
  8. ↑ africanactivities (2021-02-11). "Ghana's Hidden History Explored for LGBTQ+ History Month". African Activities for Schools workshops, Events and Team Building (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  9. ↑ Signorini, Italo (1973). "Agɔnwole agyalɛ : The marriage between two persons of the same sex among the Nzema of southwestern Ghana" (PDF). Journal des Africanistes. 43 (2): 221–234. doi:10.3406/jafr.1973.1713.[dead link]
  10. ↑ "Boy-Wives and Female Husbands". www.willsworld.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Amenga-Etego, Rosemary (4 December 2012). "Marriage without Sex? Same-Sex Marriages and Female Identity among the Nakani of Northern Ghana". Ghana Bulletin of Theology. 4: 12. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  12. ↑ Falcone, John P.; Mac-Iyalla, Davis (2024-02-06). "Drinking from our own wells in Ghana: interfaith education, civic engagement, and resisting the anti-LGBT agenda". British Journal of Religious Education. 47 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1080/01416200.2024.2305859. ISSN 0141-6200.
  13. ↑ Tweneboah, Seth (2018). "Religion, International Human Rights Standards, and the Politicisation of Homosexuality in Ghana". African Journal of Gender and Religion. 24 (2). doi:10.14426/ajgr.v24i2.49. ISSN 2707-2991.
  14. ↑ "Home | Outright International". outrightinternational.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-26.
  15. ↑ Berer, Marge (2009–2010). "Criminalisation, sexual and reproductive rights, public health — and justice". Reproductive Health Matters. 17 (34): 4–9. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(09)34492-4. ISSN 0968-8080.
  16. ↑ Martin-Sackey, H. (2023). Minority Rights Matter: A Critical Discourse Analysis into Which Major Factors Led to the Proposed anti-LGBTQ+ Bill in Ghana (Master's thesis, UiT Norges arktiske universitet). "Minority Rights Matter: A Critical Discourse Analysis into Which Major Factors Led to the Proposed anti-LGBTQ+ Bill in Ghana (Master's thesis". Minority Rights Matter: A Critical Discourse Analysis into Which Major Factors Led to the Proposed Anti-LGBTQ+ Bill in Ghana (Master's Thesis.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ "Human Rights".
  18. ↑ "Ghanaian MPs reintroduce controversial anti-LGBT bill". www.bbc.com (in Turanci). 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-04-26.
  19. ↑ "Intercountry Adoption: Ghana, Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State, October 2010". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012.
  20. ↑ "Ghana". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
  21. ↑ "2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
  22. ↑ Graeme Reid (22 June 2022). "Progress and Setbacks on LGBT rights in Africa". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  23. ↑ Potts, Andrew M. (21 July 2011). "Ghana cracks down on gays". Star Observer. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  24. ↑ "Ghana Should Resist World Congress of Families' Anti-LGBT Message". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2019-10-31. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named escape
  26. ↑ Stewart, Colin (6 April 2017). "Ghana: Police make rare arrests in anti-gay blackmail case". Erasing 76 Crimes. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  27. ↑ "Home page: Our areas of focus|Who we are|What we do". Solace Initiative. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named guard 2016
  29. ↑ "Ghana: LGBT Activists Face Hardships After Detention". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2021-09-20. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  30. ↑ "2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  31. ↑ "2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ghana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Ghana". U.N. Human Rights Council. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  33. ↑ "ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey". ILGA. October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Armah-Attoh, Daniel (January 2020). "Curbing intolerance of persons in same-sex relationships in Ghana: The important role of education" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.Armah-Attoh, Daniel (January 2020). "Curbing intolerance of persons in same-sex relationships in Ghana: The important role of education" (PDF). Afrobarometer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  35. ↑ "Anti-LGBTQI bill is trying to codify into law spirit of mob action, violence and vigilantism – Davis Mac-Iyalla". MyJoyOnline (in Turanci). 2022-02-17. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Essien, Kwame; Aderinto, Saheed (September 2009). "'CUTTING THE HEAD OF THE ROARING MONSTER': HOMOSEXUALITY AND REPRESSION IN AFRICA". African Study Monographs. 30 (3): 121–135. doi:10.14989/85284. ISSN 0285-1601. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  37. ↑ "Mills replies David Cameron: you can't threaten us with gay aid!". MyJoyOnline. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  38. ↑ "Homosexuality: Legalization in Ghana is bound to happen - Akufo-Addo". Graphic Online. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  39. ↑ "Association of gays, lesbians in Ghana to embark on historic peace march in Accra". GhanaWeb. 27 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  40. ↑ "'I'll never legalize homosexuality' – Akufo-Addo". GhanaWeb. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  41. ↑ "Welcome to Ghana, but not if you're gay". Mamba Online (in Turanci). 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  42. ↑ Quarshie, Emmanuel N.-B.; Waterman, Mitch G.; House, Allan O. (2020-06-03). "Prevalence of self-harm among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents: a comparison of personal and social adversity with a heterosexual sample in Ghana". BMC Research Notes. 13 (1): 271. doi:10.1186/s13104-020-05111-4. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 7271418. PMID 32493429.
  43. ↑ Ralston, Allura L.; Holt, Natalie R.; Hope, Debra A. (2020). "Tele-mental health with marginalized communities in rural locales: Trainee and supervisor perspectives". Journal of Rural Mental Health. 44 (4): 268–273. doi:10.1037/rmh0000142. ISSN 2163-8969 – via journal.
  44. ↑ "US: LGBT People Face Healthcare Barriers | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2025-04-26.
  45. ↑ "Fotha Ghana". Facebook (in Turanci). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 Luckie, Mark. "Mixed Messages". UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism: Ghana, Somewhere Over the Rainbow. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  47. ↑ Adjetey, Elvis (13 February 2021). "Uproar over establishment of LGBT office in Ghana". Africa Feeds. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  48. ↑ Luckie, Mark S. "Somewhere over the rainbow". Ghana Golden Anniversary. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  49. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  50. ↑ "LGBTI Activists in Ghana Sue Over Abusive Arrest and Detention". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2022-06-22. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  51. ↑ "Anti-LGBTQ U.S. Activists Organize Conference in Ghana". Human Rights Campaign. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  52. ↑ "Fighting LGBTQI+ propaganda: Coalition extends advocacy to senior high schools". Graphic Online (in Turanci). 2023-12-19. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Quartey, Kwei (13 December 2011). "Can The West "Export" Gay Rights?". Foreign Policy In Focus. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 "Promotion of Proper Human Sexual Rights and Ghanaian Family Values Bill, 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named McK Prince
  56. ↑ "LGBTQIA+ activities are inimical to the existence of human race – Presbyterian Church". MyJoyOnline (in Turanci). 2022-03-10. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  57. ↑ "Ghana lawmakers reintroduce anti-LGBTQ+ bill imposing harsh restrictions". www.jurist.org (in Turanci). 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakkin_LGBTQ_a_Ghana&oldid=700886"