Hakkin LGBTQ a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
 Hakkin LGBTQ a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | |
|---|---|
| Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Taraiyar larabawa |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender da queer (LGBTQ) mutane a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suna fuskantar nuna bambanci da ƙalubalen shari'a. Yin luwadi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) kuma a karkashin tanadin aikata laifuka na tarayya, ana iya hukunta jima'i na jima'i ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku; yin jima'i tsakanin mutane da mata daban-daban ba bisa ka-daban ba ne. A lokuta biyu, za a gabatar da kara ne kawai idan miji ko mai kula da daya daga cikin mahalarta ya yi korafin aikata laifi. Hukuncin shine mafi ƙarancin watanni shida a kurkuku; ba a ba da iyakar hukunci ba, kuma kotun tana da cikakken iko don sanya kowane hukunci daidai da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.
Duk da yake babu wani sanannen kamawa ko gurfanar da shi don yin jima'i na jinsi ɗaya a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tun aƙalla 2015 (kamar yadda 2022), ba tare da iyaka ta sama ga hukuncin da aka tsara ba, hukuncin kisa sakamako ne na ka'ida ga mahalarta (mace). Duk wani hukunci da aka sanya ana dakatar da shi idan mai shigar da kara ya janye korafin ko kuma ya "gafarta" mai laifin.[1][2] Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokokin luwadi a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba su da tabbas, suna nufin fassarar Turanci mai rikitarwa na rubutun Larabci na dokar hukunci ta ƙasar.[3]
Bugu da ƙari, an gurfanar da mutane saboda laifuka da suka shafi jima'i da jinsi a ƙarƙashin dokokin mutunci na jama'a, don ayyukan kamar sumba a cikin jama'a.[2]
Tsarin shari'a da tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Shari'a ta Tarayya Larabawa ba ta maye gurbin tsarin shari'a na kowane masarauta ba, sai dai idan ya saba wa dokar tarayya. Ana iya tuhumar mutane a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Tarayya, ko kuma a ƙarƙashin dokar hukuntawa ta gida (emirate).[4]
Bin tsarin Shari'a da shari'a na kasar ga shari'a yana ba da damar hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukuncin shari'a ga wasu laifuka.[lower-alpha 1] Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi guda - kamar yadda yake tare da sauran ayyukan jima'i da ma'aurata suka yi a waje da aure - suna cikin rukunin laifuka da ke da alhakin Hukuncin kisa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a karkashin tanadin zina, aƙalla kafin gyare-gyaren da ke cikin sabuwar Dokar Laifuka da Hukuncin Tarayya ta 2021. Duk da haka, babu sanannun lokuta na tilasta hukuncin kisa, ko hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku, don irin waɗannan laifuka. [lower-alpha 2]
Tarihin tilasta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar kungiyar ba da riba ta Burtaniya, Human Dignity Trust, tun daga shekarar 2020, duk rahotanni na haƙƙin ɗan adam na shekara-shekara daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a kan Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan 2015, sun bayyana cewa babu rubuce-rubuce na kamawa ko gurfanar da shi ga ayyukan jima'i na jinsi ɗaya a kasar. [2]
"Jarabawar likita da ta hankali" ba tare da son rai ba, gami da gudanar da maganin hormonal, da tsare don tilasta maganin tunani, sun faru. Akwai rahotanni game da mummunar zalunci a tsare-tsare kamar duka, da kuma tilasta gwajin rectal, ::479 wanda ya kai ga azabtarwa, sun kasance sakamakon irin wannan zargi ko kafa jima'i na jinsi ɗaya.[7]
Matsayi na Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Janairun 2022, sabuwar dokar aikata laifuka da azabtarwa ta Tarayya ta 2021 ta fara aiki, ta sake kafa wasu tanadi na dokar dangantakar mutum da aka cire ta hanyar gyare-gyare a cikin 2020. An riƙe shi daga gyaran 2020 shine abin da ake buƙata cewa ayyukan aikata laifuka don halayyar jima'i ba tare da aure ba ne kawai a kan umarnin ma'aurata (maza) ko masu kula, maimakon 'yan sanda ko wasu hukumomin jihar. [1][8]
Dokar da ta yi adawa da "rashin amincewa da son rai", wanda aka fassara a cikin Turanci a matsayin 'harin lalata', 'rashin kunya', ko 'sanin jiki' : ana iya tilasta 82 akan ayyukan jima'i (da jima'i, idan a waje da aure ). [2][9] Tun daga shekara ta 2022, wannan tanadin, Mataki na 356, ana amfani da shi ne kawai a kan korafin miji ko mai kula da namiji na mai shiga cikin jima'i ko jima'i. Idan an gabatar da shari'ar aikata laifuka ta wannan hanyar, mafi ƙarancin hukuncin da za a iya ɗorawa akan hukunci shine watanni shida na ɗaurin kurkuku. Babu wani hukunci mai iyaka da aka tsara, don alƙalai su iya hukunta masu laifi zuwa duk wani hukunci da aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki. Sakamakon gyare-gyaren 2021 wanda ya sabunta Mataki na 1 zuwa: "Tsarin Shari'a na Musulunci zai shafi fansa da laifukan kudi na jini. Sauran laifuka da hukunce-hukuncen su za a samar da su daidai da tanadin wannan Dokar da sauran ka'idojin hukunci masu amfani", har yanzu ba a bayyane yake ba.[1] Kafin gyaran, hukuncin da aka yi a karkashin Mataki na 356 ya kasance ɗaurin kurkuku na akalla shekara guda har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyar. Har zuwa 2020, tuhumar aikata laifuka na iya ci gaba ba tare da matar ko mai kula da shi ya shigar da korafi ba.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 "UAE: Sweeping Legal 'Reforms' Deepen Repression". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 5 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
Under the 2021 law, if men and women have sex outside of marriage, the act carries a penalty of no less than six months' imprisonment. Sodomy with an adult male is also criminalized under the law. In both cases, the offenses can only be prosecuted on the basis of a complaint by a husband or male guardian. ... The law disproportionately affects women as it only allows men to complain about and forgive extramarital sex, and provides for only a minimum sentence allowing judges' discretion to provide harsher sentences.
Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "sweep hrw" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 "United Arab Emirates: Criminalisation - Enforcement 2020". humandignitytrust.org. (in Turanci). Human Dignity Trust. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "hdt" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Why would someone like me defend the UAE's position on gay rights? Let me explain". Independent.co.uk. 24 July 2017.
- ↑ "Sodomylaws.org". Sodomylaws.org. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- ↑ "Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020". Ministry of Justice. 27 September 2020. Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari'a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes". Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ↑ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: United Arab Emirates (Report). United States Department of State.
The law permits doctors to conduct sex reassignment surgery when there are "psychological" and "physiological" signs of gender and sex disparity. The penalty for performing an unwarranted "sex correction" surgery is three to 10 years in prison." ... "In November 2020 the penal code dropped a clause criminalizing wearing clothing deemed inappropriate for one's sex. The law now criminalizes only men who enter a place designated for women while disguised as a woman. The punishment for this infraction is up to one year in jail and a fine of up to Samfuri:Currency (Samfuri:Currency).
PDF download - ↑ "Dignity Debased: Forced Anal Examinations in Homosexuality Prosecutions". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 12 July 2016.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates: Events of 2022". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci, Larabci, and Faransanci). 12 January 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Article one of the Federal Penal Code was amended in 2020 to state "The provisions of the Islamic Shari'a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes."[5]
- ↑ No known instances of imposition of the death penalty, or sentences to life in prison have occurred, even under earlier versions of the law, according to Amnesty International, the ILGA, and the U.S. Department of State, whose 2021 report states:[6]
Both civil law and sharia criminalize consensual same-sex sexual conduct between adults. Under sharia individuals ... could be subject to the death penalty. Dubai's penal code allows for up to a 10-year prison sentence for conviction of such activity, while Abu Dhabi's penal code allows for up to a 14-year prison sentence. There were no known reports of arrests or prosecutions for consensual same-sex conduct [in 2021].
— U.S. Department of State, 2021 Report on Human Rights Practices: United Arab Emirates, pp. 35–36
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