Hakkin LGBTQ a Pakistan
 Hakkin LGBTQ a Pakistan | |
|---|---|
| Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki |
| Ƙasa | Pakistan |
Yin jima'i na jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Pakistan.[1] Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, da queer mutane a Pakistan suna fuskantar matsalolin shari'a da zamantakewa da tsanantawa idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba LGBTQ ba.
Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan ta 1860, wacce aka samo asali ne a karkashin mulkin Burtaniya, ta haramta sodomy tare da yiwuwar hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru biyu zuwa hukuncin rai da rai da tarar. Duk da haramtacciyar haramtacciya, ayyukan luwadi ne kawai hukumomi ke gurfanar da su a wasu lokuta, amma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don barazana da cin zarafin masu luwadi a karkashin barazanar gurfanar.[2][3] Ana amfani da wasu ka'idojin ɗabi'a da tsari na jama'a a cikin Dokar Shari'a don yin niyya ga 'yan Pakistan LGBTQ. Wani babbar matsala na iya zama 'yan sanda masu tsaro da kashe-kashen da kungiyoyin Islama da ta'addanci suka yi.[4] 'Yan sanda na iya yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma su kama mutane na LGBTQ duk da cewa doka ta bayyana akasin haka.[5]
Nuna bambanci da rashin amincewa da al'ummar LGBTQ da kuma lalacewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da ita, wanda zai iya haifar da tsangwama da tashin hankali, ya sa ya zama da wahala ga mutanen LGBTQ su sami dangantaka mai ɗorewa. Duk da haka, al'ummar LGBTQ har yanzu suna iya yin hulɗa, tsarawa, kwanan wata, har ma - a lokuta masu wuya - suna zaune tare a matsayin ma'aurata, idan an yi su galibi a asirce. Ba a ba da izinin auren jinsi ɗaya ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar yanzu kuma ba a taɓa kawo su cikin tattaunawar siyasa ba, tare da kama mutanen da suka shiga auren jinsi ɗaya kuma ana gurfanar da su.
Pakistan ba ta da dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama don hana nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi bisa ga yanayin Jima'i. A cikin wani hukunci na tarihi na shekara ta 2009, Kotun Koli ta Pakistan ta yanke hukunci a cikin goyon bayan 'yancin farar hula ga' yan asalin jinsi, kuma ƙarin hukunce-hukuncen kotu sun tabbatar da kara waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta zartar da Dokar Transgender Persons (Kariya ta Hakki), 2018, wanda ya kafa kariya mai zurfi ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi.
Aiwatar da doka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sashe na 377 na Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan (PPC) ya bayyana 'haɗin jiki game da tsari na yanayi', kamar yadda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar da / ko ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 2 zuwa rai. Wannan ba ya haifar da hukunci ko gurfanar da shi a kotunan shari'a, amma wani lokacin 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar cire cin hanci ko fa'idodi na jima'i a ƙarƙashin barazanar gurfanar, musamman a kan maza masu luwadi da mata masu canza launin fata, waɗanda kuma zasu iya fuskantar cin zarafi, wulakanci, da tashin hankali daga' yan sanda, gami da cin zarafin jima'i.[6] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura cewa an kama masu luwadi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata a cikin 2018, 2019 da 2022.[7][8][9]
Laifin Zina a cikin Dokar Hudood ya aikata laifuka a duk wani nau'i na shiga cikin jima'i a waje da aure. Shari'ar Shari'a tana ɗauke da hukunci mai tsanani ga luwadi daga ɗaurin kurkuku na shekaru 2-10 ko na rai, ko na bulala 100 ko dutse har zuwa mutuwa idan mutumin ya yi aure.[10] IRB ta lura cewa saboda bukatun hujja, hukunci a karkashin Shari'ar Shari'a ba su da yawa, amma tsoro ya kasance mai girma.[11] IGLA ta lura cewa kodayake hukuncin kisa ya kasance zaɓi, ba shi da wata shaida cewa an taɓa aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.[12]
Dokar 2018 Transgender Persons (Kariya ta Hakki) (Dokar TPPR) tana ba da izini ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi. Duk da haka mutane da yawa sun lura cewa ana ci gaba da kama mutanen da ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma waɗanda aka gano su a matsayin wani jinsi ana bi da su a matsayin masu adawa da jinsi.[11][13]
Saboda rashin kariya ta nuna bambanci da yaduwar homophobia tsakanin hukumomi, LGBTQ gabaɗaya ba sa son buɗewa game da jima'i saboda suna iya fuskantar cin zarafi kamar auren tilas, kisan girmamawa, wulakanci, nuna bambanci ga al'umma da cin zarafi. Suna damuwa cewa idan an san jima'i, ana iya fallasa su ga tashin hankali ko zamba.[6]
Mutumin da ke rayuwa a bayyane a matsayin LGBTQ na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin magani daga 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba kamar kungiyoyin Islama da kungiyoyin ta'addanci.[6]
Shari'a ta jima'i na jinsi ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Pakistan cakuda ne na Dokar Burtaniya da dokar Islama. Sashe na Dokar Shari'a wanda ke aikata laifuka na jima'i guda ɗaya ya gaji daga mulkin mallaka na Raj na Burtaniya; an kafa shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1860 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1862. Lord Macaulay ne ya rubuta shi, wanda ake kira Indian Penal Code 1860, ya sanya ayyukan jima'i na maza ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta "Unnatural Offences". Bayan da Pakistan ta sami 'yancin kai a 1947, Majalisar ta riƙe Dokar Shari'a, kawai ta canza taken zuwa Dokar Shari'ar Pakistan (Dokar XLV ta 1860). A cikin Dokar Shari'a, Mataki na 377 ("Laifuka marasa kyau") ya ce: "Duk wanda ya yi jima'i da son rai ba tare da tsari na yanayi ba tare da kowane mutum, mace ko dabba, za a hukunta shi da ɗaurin kurkuku ... na wa'adin da ba zai kasance ƙasa da shekaru biyu ko fiye da shekaru goma ba, kuma zai kasance da alhakin tarar".[14]
Wataƙila yankin da ke kunshe da Pakistan ya sami rinjaye daga dabi'un homophobic a wani lokaci da ya gabata fiye da sauran yankunan Asiya kamar Indosphere da Sinosphere. Shaida daga ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da zane-zane da suka shafi Zoroastrian, Buddha da Islama sun nuna cewa an raina jima'i ba tare da jima'i da jima'in ba ko kuma an hana shi tun aƙalla 250 BC. A tarihi a kusa da 250 BC, a lokacin Daular Parthian, an rubuta rubutun Zoroastarian Vendidad. Ya ƙunshi tanadi waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na ka'idar jima'i da ke inganta jima'i na haihuwa wanda aka fassara don hana jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin zunubi. Tsohon sharhin kan wannan nassi ya nuna cewa ana iya kashe wadanda ke yin sodomy ba tare da izini daga babban firist ba.[15][16][17]
Aiwatar da dokokin da ke adawa da luwadi ba a tilasta su ba amma har yanzu suna faruwa. A shekara ta 2014 wani mutumin Pakistan ya nemi mafaka a Ostiraliya saboda tsoron da za a ɗaure shi saboda luwadi a Pakistan.[18] A farkon 2023 an kama mutane da yawa saboda shiga cikin batsa na ɗan luwaɗi.[19] Matsalar da ta fi girma na iya zama sa ido kan 'yan sanda da kashe-kashen da kungiyoyin Islama da ta'addanci suka yi.[4]
A matsayin wani ɓangare na Musulunci a Pakistan a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, an kafa Dokokin Hudud a cikin 1979, suna ba da horo mai tsanani don zina, fasikanci, shan barasa da sodomy. Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2021 game da ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a Pakistan, ba a aiwatar da Dokokin Hudood ba "tun lokacin da aka ɗaga dokar soja a shekarar 1985", kuma babu sanannun shari'o'in da ake amfani da shi ga halayyar jima'i. Babu wani sanannen kisa da aka yi don aikin ɗan luwaɗi.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Pakistan | Outright International". outrightinternational.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-05.
- ↑ "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ↑ "Country profile: Pakistan". Human Dignity Trust. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- 1 2 "Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community". The Modesto Bee. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-19.
- 1 2 3 "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ HIV/AIDS, Joint United Nations Programme on; Pakistan, Government of (2018-01-01). "Country progress report - Pakistan Global AIDS Monitoring 2018". www.ecoi.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ↑ HIV/AIDS, Joint United Nations Programme on (2020-01-01). "Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020". www.ecoi.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ↑ HIV/AIDS, Joint United Nations Programme on (2019-01-01). "Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2019". www.coi.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ↑ HIV/AIDS, Joint United Nations Programme on (2020-01-01). "Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020". www.ecoi.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- 1 2 Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (2018-06-05). "Responses to Information Requests". www.irb-cisr.gc.ca (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Canada" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "State-Sponsored Homophobia report 2019". ILGA World (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ↑ Daudpota, Shazeya (2020-08-13). "Justice for Julie Khan: Arrested in an alleged fabricated case". INCPak (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ↑ "Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)". Pakistani Legislation. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ↑ Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda (1990). "The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion". tenets.zoroastrianism.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ↑ Ervad Marzban Hathiram. "Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad" (PDF). frashogard.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ↑ "Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands". heritageinstitute.com. Heritage Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ↑ "Gay man faces possible jail term in Pakistan after deportation". ABC listen (in Turanci). 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ↑ "Pakistan makes dozens of arrests over same-sex, pornographic activties [sic]". Daily Pakistan Global (in Turanci). 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2024-04-15.