Hakkin birni

Leszek Kolakowski da Henri Lefebvre a cikin 1971

Yara matalauta daga wani kauye na ma'aikatan gine-gine da aka rushe suna kallon maƙwabtansu masu arziki a Hyderabad

Haƙƙin Birni ra'ayi ne da taken da ke jaddada buƙatar haɗa kai, samun dama da dimokuradiyya a cikin birane.  Masanin falsafa dan kasar Faransa Henri Lefebvre ne ya fara bayyana ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa na 1968 Le Droit à la Ville,Le Droit à la Ville, inda ya yi jayayya cewa ba za a sarrafa sararin birane kawai ta hanyar ikon kasuwa ba, kamar cinikayya da jari-hujja, amma ya kamata 'yan ƙasa da ke zaune a ciki su tsara su kuma su mallake su.

Ma'anar 'Yancin Gari ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na zamantakewa da masu fafutuka na birane a duniya, waɗanda ke amfani da shi a matsayin kuɗaɗɗen kuɗaɗɗen adalci na zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya a cikin birane.  Haƙƙin Birni na iya haɗawa da buƙatu iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da buƙatun tallafin gidaje na gwamnati, samun damar shiga cikin jama'a, shiga cikin harkokin mulki na birni, da dokokin yaƙi da ƙaura da ƙaura, waɗanda duk suna da nufin magance rashin daidaiton sarari a cikin birane.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Gidan da aka yi da shi a Tokyo

A farkon farkon tunaninsa, Lefebvre ya ba da takamaiman jaddada tasirin da jari-hujja ke da shi a kan "birni", inda aka rage rayuwar birni zuwa kayan masarufi, hulɗar zamantakewa ta zama mai ƙara tsiro kuma sararin birni da shugabanci sun zama kayan musamman. A adawa da wannan yanayin, Lefebvre ya yi kira don "ceto ɗan ƙasa a matsayin babban abu da kuma mai gabatarwa na birnin da shi da kansa ya gina" da kuma canza sararin birni zuwa "maɓallin taro don gina rayuwar jama'a".

Saboda rashin daidaito da aka haifar ta hanyar saurin karuwar yawan mutanen birane na duniya a mafi yawan yankuna na duniya, an tunatar da manufar haƙƙin birni a lokuta da yawa tun lokacin da aka buga littafin Lefebvre a matsayin kiran aiki ta ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kungiyoyin ƙauyuka. A cikin roƙonsu na "dama ga birni", ƙungiyoyin gida a duniya yawanci suna nufin gwagwarmayarsu don adalci na zamantakewa da kuma samun damar rayuwa ta birni don fuskantar rashin daidaito na birane (musamman a manyan birane). Hakkin birni yana da tasiri na musamman a Latin Amurka da Turai, inda ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suka yi kira ga manufar a cikin ayyukansu kuma suka inganta kayan aikin gida don inganta fahimtar ta dangane da yin manufofi a cikin gida har ma da na ƙasa. Misali na yadda ra'ayin haƙƙin birni ya sami karbuwa ta duniya a cikin shekarun 2010 za'a iya gani a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na "Habitat III, da kuma yadda Sabon Tsarin Birni (2016) ya gane manufar a matsayin hangen nesa na "birane ga kowa".

Lefebvre ya taƙaita ra'ayin a matsayin "bukatar... sauyawa da sabuntawa ga rayuwar birni". [for] David Harvey ya bayyana shi kamar haka:

The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.

Shahararrun ƙungiyoyi na 2000s da 2010s

Taron Abahlali baseMjondolo

Kungiyar Talakawa a waje da Kotun Tsarin Mulki a Johannesburg a cikin 2009

Yawancin shahararrun ƙungiyoyi, kamar su ƙungiyar mazaunan shago Abahlali baseMjondolo a Afirka ta Kudu, 'Yancin Alliance City a Amurka, Recht auf Stadt, cibiyar sadarwa ta squatters, masu haya da masu zane-zane a Hamburg, da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Asiya da Latin Amurka, sun haɗa da ra'ayin haƙƙin birni a cikin gwagwarmayar su a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na karni na ashirin da ɗaya.

A Brazil Dokar Birni 2001 ta rubuta Hakkin Birnin a cikin dokar tarayya.

A cikin shekarun 2010, malamai sun ba da shawarar 'Hakkin Dijital ga Birnin', wanda ya haɗa da tunani game da birni ba kawai tubali da tururi ba, har ma da lambar dijital da bayanai.

'Yan gudun hijira da' yan gudun hijira zuwa birni

Gidajen 'yan gudun hijira da 'yan gudun mata a tsakiyar birane (kamar wuraren 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Athens da sauran biranen Turai) sun haifar da sabunta sha'awa kan dama ga birnin a cikin 2020. A nan mun ambaci Tsavdaroglou da Kaika (2021): a cikin yanayin Athens, "ayyukan 'yan gudun hijira' don samar da gidaje na gidaje (misali squats na ɓoye) suna da alaƙa da halaye da yawa tare da abin da Lefebvre ya gano kamar yadda yake da'awar haƙƙin birni: wato, 'yanci da zamantakewa, da zamantakewa sun sake amfani da dukiyar masu zaman kansu, sau da yawa suna karɓar wuraren zama tare da ake amfani da su a cikin birni masu zaman kansu.

Rashin amincewa

Daga baya sifofin ra'ayi sun soki tare da damuwa game da yadda ainihin hangen nesa na Henri Lefevbre ya rage zuwa "hangen zama dan kasa", mayar da hankali kawai kan aiwatar da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin birni, barin barin yanayin canji da kuma rawar da rikici na zamantakewa na asali na asali. Marcelo Lopes na Souza ya yi jayayya da cewa kamar yadda haƙƙin birni ya zama "mai kyau a kwanakin nan", "farashin wannan sau da yawa ya kasance rashin amfani da cin hanci da rashawa na ra'ayin Lefebvre" kuma ya yi kira ga aminci ga ainihin ma'anar ra'ayin.

Dubi kuma

• Birnin 'Yancin Dan Adam
• Ci gaba
• Rashin gyare-gyare

Ƙarin karantawa

• Samara, Tony Roshan (June 2007). "Grassroots organizing: Right to the city". Z Magazine. 20 (6). Archived from the original on 2007-11-06.

Haɗin waje

• Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Hakkin Birni (PDF) z
• Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Hakkin Birni (HTML)
• Shirin Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ga Birnin Archived 2010-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
• Shawarwari da Kwarewa ga Hakkin Birni, Ana Sugranyes da Charlotte Mathivet (masu gyara) 03-16-2010