Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya

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Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara

A shekara ta 2011, shugaban Aljeriya na wancan lokacin Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya ɗaga dokar ta baci wacce ta kasance tun bayan karshen yakin basasar Aljeriya a shekara ta 2002,[1] sakamakon zanga-zangar Larabawa da ta faru a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa.[2][3]

Babban kalubalen ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a Aljeriya sun haɗa da ƙuntatawa mai yawa na 'yancin tarayya, taro da motsi, tare da ikon gwamnati kan' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na manema labarai, cin hanci da rashawa mai yawa, rashin hukunci na hukuma, yawan amfani da tsare-tsare kafin shari'a, rashin daidaito na kurkuku, cin zarafin fursunoni, tashin hankali da nuna bambanci ga mata, iyakance haƙƙin ma'aikata, da kisan da jami'an gwamnati suka yi.[4] A cikin 2017, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta kara yin shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, 'yan jarida, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai don magana ta zaman lafiya, ta hanyar labarai a cikin dokar azabtarwa ta kasar da ke aikata laifukan "ƙaryata shugaban kasa", "tsaryata jami'an gwamnati" da "ƙaryatãwa ga Islama", ban da korar zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a matsayin "taro da ba tare da izini ba".[5]

Bouteflika ya yi murabus a shekarar 2019 bayan watanni na zanga-zangar bayan da ya bayyana niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a karo na biyar a matsayin shugaban kasa. Bayan wani lokaci na wucin gadi, an zabi Abdelmadjid Tebboune a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ya yi magana don goyon bayan masu zanga-zangar. [6] Duk da wannan, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin 2021 cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta ci gaba da kamawa da kuma ɗaure masu zanga-zangar, masu gwagwarmaya, da 'yan jarida daga ƙungiyar Hirak, tare da yin gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar don ƙuntata' yancin magana da ci gaba da rage' yancin shari'a.[7]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Freedom House ta rarraba Aljeriya a matsayin "ba kyauta ba" tun lokacin da ta fara buga irin wannan ƙididdigar a cikin 1972, ban da 1989, 1990, da 1991, lokacin da aka lakafta ƙasar "a wani ɓangare kyauta".[8] Har zuwa inda akwai dimokuradiyya a Aljeriya ta yau, an kafa shi a cikin dokoki uku:

  • Dokar Jam'iyyun Siyasa (1989, an gyara 1997), wanda ya ba da izinin jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa
  • Dokar Ƙungiyoyi (1987, an yi gyare-gyare 1990), wanda ya ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyi
  • Dokar Bayanai (1990), wanda ya shirya hanya ga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu

An gudanar da zabubbuka na kyauta a kasar tun daga shekarar 1988, amma nasarar da kungiyar 'yancin Islama (FIS) ta samu a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1991 ya haifar da juyin mulkin soja da kuma sanyawa, a watan Fabrairun 1992, na dokar ta baci wanda aka dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. An hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya, da taro sosai, kuma an kama mutane da yawa ba tare da tuhuma ba kuma an tsare su ba tare da shari'a ba. Yaƙin basasa ya ɓarke daga 1991 zuwa 1999, kuma tun lokacin da ya ƙare babu wani bincike na hukuma game da manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka faru a lokacin rikici.[9]

Babbar abokiyar hamayyar gwamnati a cikin yakin shine Armed Islamic Group (GIA), kungiyar ta'addanci ta Islama da kuma ƙungiyar Al Qaeda wacce John R. Schindler ya bayyana a cikin The National Interest a watan Yulin 2012 a matsayin "mai yawan tashin hankali" kuma a matsayin mai aikata "tsarin bama-bamai a Paris a lokacin rani na 1995" wanda shine "harin farko na Al Qaeda a Yamma". Schindler ya lura cewa "shekaru masu ban tsoro na Aljeriya na 1993-191997 sun kasance abin da al'ummar kare hakkin dan adam na duniya suka mayar da hankali ga al'ummar 'yancin dan adam na kasa da kasa" amma "mummunar kisan gillar da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ya sami karamin ɗaukar hoto a kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, duk da cewa mai yiwuwa ya yi ikirarin sau biyu fiye da rikicin Bosnian, wanda ya gudana a lokaci guda kuma ya sami kulawa ta Yamma ba tare da tsayawa ba. " Schindler ya kara da cewa "yaƙin basasar Aljeriya, wanda ya fara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, bai ƙare ba".[10]

Disamba 2010 ta nuna farkon lokacin zanga-zangar da ake yi akai-akai da na kasa da kasa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira "Arab Spring" kuma ya haifar da fushin da ya yadu game da rashin aikin yi, ƙarancin gidaje, farashin abinci mai yawa, cin hanci da rashawa mai yawa, da kuma ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yancin ɗan adam.

Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa domin Canji da Dimokuradiyya (CNCD) kungiya ce ta jam'iyyun adawa, kungiyoyi, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a watan Janairun 2011 bayan tashin hankali na zanga-zangar da aka kashe mutane da yawa kuma ɗaruruwan suka ji rauni ko aka kama su.

CNCD ta shirya tafiya a Algiers a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2011, don neman kawo karshen dokar ta baci da maido da dimokuradiyya da 'yanci. Gwamnati ta nemi hana zanga-zangar ta hanyar toshe hanyoyi zuwa Algiers, dakatar da jiragen kasa zuwa Algièrs, kafa wuraren dubawa da shingen a cikin Algiers، kin amincewa da biza ga wakilan kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, tsare abokan adawar gwamnati da 'yan jarida, da rufe Intanet. Duk da haka, zanga-zangar ta ci gaba, tare da hukumomi suna kimanta yawan mahalarta a 800 kuma masu shirya suna kimanta adadin a 2000. An yi wa masu zanga-zangar da yawa duka kuma an kwace kyamarori.

An ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, amma ƙuntatawa mai yawa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, shugaban kasar Abdelaziz Bouteflika, wanda ya kasance a cikin mukamin tun 1999, ya yi murabus bayan zanga-zangar jama'a bayan ya sanar da niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a karo na biyar. Abdelmadjid Tebboune ne ya gaje Bouteflika, wanda ya yi magana da yardar rai ga masu zanga-zangar.

A lokacin annobar COVID-19 ta 2020 a Aljeriya, gwamnati ta yi amfani da lafiyar jama'a don tabbatar da warwatsewar zanga-zangar Hirak ta hanyar aiwatar da kulle-kulle. Lokacin da aka ɗaga kulle-kulle a watan Yunin 2020, an dakatar da zanga-zangar a manyan biranen Aljeriya, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a Béjaïa.[11]

Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Aljeriya tun 1972 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".1[12]

A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Aljeriya a matsayin 32 daga cikin 100 (ba kyauta ba).[16]

Hakki na asali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nuna bambanci bisa ga haihuwa, kabilanci, jinsi, da sauran halaye da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kodayake mata, musamman, suna fuskantar nuna bambanci mai yawa da tsarin. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, gwamnati tana sa ido kan sadarwa na abokan adawar siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da masu zargin ta'addanci. Ana bincika gidaje ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, amma tare da gargadi daban-daban. Magana ta jama'a game da halin da sojojin gwamnati ke yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kamar yadda zargi da Islama, jawabin da ke zagi shugabannin gwamnati, ko duk abin da ke barazanar "haɗin kan kasa" ko kuma ya ɓata wa "girman mutum".

Gwamnati tana matsa lamba a kan kafofin watsa labarai, galibi ta hanyar kama 'yan jarida don ɓata suna, wanda aka bayyana shi sosai kuma aka hukunta shi da tsanani a karkashin dokar Aljeriya. Censorship na kai da wasu 'yan jarida suka yi ya zama ruwan dare, kodayake wasu' yan jarida ba sa jinkirin sukar gwamnati a bayyane. Rediyo da Talabijin, waɗanda gaba ɗaya mallakar gwamnati ne, suna ba da ɗaukar hoto mai laushi kuma suna hana samun dama ga abokan adawar gwamnatin. Yawancin jaridu ana buga su a na'urorin buga littattafai na gwamnati, kuma gwamnatin tana amfani da wannan gaskiyar don yin tasiri ga editoci da manema labarai. Har ila yau, yana nuna tasiri ta hanyar amfani da ikon kamfanin talla na gwamnati don sanya ko a sanya tallace-tallace a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban.

Samun damar yanar gizo yawanci ba matsala ba ce, kodayake gwamnati tana sa ido kan asusun imel da ɗakunan tattaunawa. Taron ilimi da makamantansu wani lokacin suna ƙarƙashin tsangwama na gwamnati, tare da biza wani lokacin ana hana su ga malaman kasashen waje waɗanda aka gayyace su shiga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan. Masana ilimin Aljeriya suna buƙatar amincewar hukuma kafin su halarci tarurruka a kasashen waje, kuma galibi ana hana su wannan amincewar.[17]

Kodayake kundin tsarin mulkin Aljeriya ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin ibada, ya kuma ayyana Islama addinin jihar kuma ya haramta ayyukan da ba su dace da dabi'un Islama ba, kuma a zahiri 'yancin addini ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba an iyakance shi da dokoki da ayyuka da yawa. Yin rajistar kungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba yana da wahala, ana iya hukunta masu tuba har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku, kuma kungiyoyin Kirista galibi suna da matsala wajen samun biza, kodayake wannan matsala ta ƙarshe a bayyane ta ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Cocin Protestant na Aljeriya an yi niyya musamman, tare da goma sha takwas daga cikin majami'unsu rufe tsakanin Nuwamba, 2017 da Oktoba, 2019. Wannan ya sanya shakku game da yanayin 'yancin addini a Aljeriya. Gabaɗaya, waɗanda ba Musulmai ba ana jure su a cikin al'umma, amma akwai wasu nuna bambanci da cin zarafi, kuma Kiristoci da yawa suna da ƙarancin matsayi.

Kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da haƙƙin taro da na ƙungiya, an rage su sosai a aikace. An dakatar da zanga-zangar a Algiers tun shekara ta 2000. Ana buƙatar izini don tarurrukan jama'a, kuma sau da yawa suna da wuyar samun su. Ana buƙatar amincewar hukuma don kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da sauran kungiyoyi da yawa, kamar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Yayinda yake taya Aljeriya murna don ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun 2011, Human Rights Watch ta bukaci gwamnati har yanzu tana buƙatar "maido da 'yanci na asali" ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na "dokoki masu yawa da kuma kawo karshen ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ba su da tushe na doka". Sarah Leah Whitson ta HRW ta ce ɗaga dokar ta baci ya yi "ƙananan tasiri ga 'yancin farar hula saboda dukkan dokoki suna kan littattafan da za su iya zama masu zalunci, ko kuma a yi amfani da su a hanyar zalunci". 'Yancin taro, HRW ya lura, "har yanzu an hana shi a Algiers, kuma ba tare da daidaituwa ba kuma an zaɓi shi a larduna".

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, HRW ta koka cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya tana amfani da "kama da sauran dabaru don hana mutane yin zanga-zanga a babban birnin a lokacin da ya kai ga zaben 10 ga Mayu, 2012". Ana tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a Algiers, ciki har da akalla dan takara daya don zaben, kuma an hana wasu mutane shiga birnin. HRW ta lura cewa yayin da aka ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun 2011, jami'an tsaro har yanzu suna aiwatar da "dokokin zalunci kan tarurrukan jama'a, gami da haramtacciyar tarurruka a Algiers". HRW ta bayyana wadannan dokoki a matsayin "sun saba wa Aljeriya ta tilasta wa'adin kare hakkin dan adam a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa" kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnatin kasar da ta "kawar da takunkumin da ba daidai ba game da 'yancin taro a Algiers".

Hakazalika, kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da motsi na 'yanci, wannan ma, an ƙuntata shi a aikace. Akwai iyakoki kan tafiya zuwa da kuma ta lardunan kudancin kasar. Ministan cikin gida yana da ikon sanya mutane a tsare gida. Matasa da har yanzu suna bin aikin soja na kasar ba za su iya barin kasar ba tare da izini ba. Mata masu aure ba za su iya tafiya kasashen waje ba tare da izinin mazajensu ba.

Dokar dokar ta baci ta 1992 ta ci gaba da aiki, kuma gwamnati ta damu musamman game da aiwatar da ƙuntatawa kan taro da ƙungiya. Wadannan ƙuntatawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don iyakance ayyukan jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin, suna daga cikin manyan matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Aljeriya.

A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun daure masu kare hakkin dan adam, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, 'yan adawa da' yan jarida don yin amfani da hakkinsu na yin magana da taro.

A ranar 2 ga Maris 2022, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun kara kai hari kan jama'a, tare da masu kare hakkin dan adam 27 da masu fafutuka masu zaman lafiya da aka kama a watan Fabrairu. A cewar rahotanni, hukumomi sun nemi murkushe zanga-zangar Hirak, sun kama daruruwan masu gwagwarmaya, masu kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan jarida, kuma sun tsare su kafin a yi musu shari'a ko kuma sun yanke musu hukunci a karkashin tuhume-tuhumen da ba a fahimta ba.

Ƴancin mata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya ta 1984, a cewar Amnesty International, "ta sanya iyakoki masu yawa kan haƙƙin mata, gami da haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai".[18] A karkashin dokar Aljeriya, fyade ba tare da aure ba ba ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma fyade na aure ba haka ba ne. Mata galibi suna zaɓar bayar da rahoton fyade, amma tabbacin na iya zama da wahala a samu, abubuwa sun inganta a waɗannan bangarorin tun daga shirin kasa na 2007-2011 don yaki da tashin hankali ga mata. Matan da mazajensu suka yi wa zalunci ba za su iya gabatar da tuhuma ba sai dai idan za su iya ba da tabbacin likita cewa ba su iya aiki aƙalla kwanaki 15. Yawancin kungiyoyin mata suna gudanar da cibiyoyin rikicin fyade kuma suna ba da shawara ga matan da aka zalunta, amma suna da iyakantaccen albarkatu kuma suna da matsala wajen cin zarafin ma'aurata da gaske. Cin zarafin jima'i laifi ne wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar. Mata suna samun kulawa mai kyau a lokacin daukar ciki da haihuwa.

Kodayake maza da mata sun yi daidai a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki, akwai abubuwa masu nuna bambanci na shari'a a cikin dokar Aljeriya. Mata Musulmi ba za su iya auren wadanda ba Musulmai ba, alal misali. Mata suna da ikon samun saki kuma galibi ana ba su kula da yara, kodayake wasu yanke shawara game da rayuwar yara sun kasance a hannun uba. Maza na iya auren mata huɗu, kodayake ana zaton an ba da izini ne kawai idan matar farko ta amince kuma idan namiji zai iya biyan shi. Mata na iya zaɓar mazajensu. 'Ya'ya mata suna gaji ƙasa da' yan'uwansu ta hanyar doka. Ana nuna wariya ga mata a wurin aiki. A cikin birane, ana ƙarfafa mata su nemi ilimi, kuma 'yan mata da yawa fiye da maza sun shiga makarantar sakandare. Yawancin masu kula da kiwon lafiya da masu sana'a na kafofin watsa labarai mata ne, kamar yadda alƙalai da masu kasuwanci da yawa suke.[19]

A cikin wani rahoto na 2012, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya yi kira ga Aljeriya da ta dauki mataki don " inganta daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kawar da halayen shugabanci da kuma zurfin ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci game da matsayi da nauyin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma". Ya tambayi Algeria musamman don inganta daidaito a wurin aiki, don kawar da ra'ayoyin jima'i daga tsarin karatun makaranta, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma tsakanin shari'a, don aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata, tabbatar da cewa ma'anar fyade ta haɗa da fyade na mata.[20]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, kashi 66% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin raba gardama, tare da yawan masu jefa kuriʼa na kasa da kashi 23%, ƙarancin tarihi. Sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya haɗa da kariya ga mata daga "duk nau'ikan tashin hankali a kowane wuri da yanayi" ban da samar da "mazauna, cibiyoyin kulawa, hanyoyin da suka dace na gyarawa da taimakon shari'a kyauta". Duk da wannan, an ruwaito cewa kisan mata ya ci gaba zuwa 2020, tare da akalla kisan mata da 'yan mata 36.[21]

Hakkin yara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yaro na iya gaji 'yan asalin Aljeriya daga kowane iyaye. Yaron mahaifin musulmi Musulmi ne ta atomatik. Ilimi ta hanyar makarantar sakandare kyauta ne kuma, har zuwa shekaru 16, tilas ne. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba, cin zarafin yara matsala ce, wanda aka danganta da "al'adun tashin hankali".[22]

Ƴancin Taron[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Human Rights Watch ta ce a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara -2015-2016- cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun ci gaba da murkushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya ta hanyar hana kowane irin taron da aka gudanar ba tare da amincewar da ta gabata ba. Dangane da Mataki na 97 na dokar hukunci, shirya ko shiga cikin taron da ba a ba da izini ba, koda kuwa yana da zaman lafiya, game da laifi ne kuma yana sanya hukuncin har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku. A watan Fabrairu, kotun ta yanke wa mambobi takwas na Kwamitin Kasa na Tsaro na 'Yancin Ma'aikatan Rashin Aiki hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku bayan da ta yanke musu hukunci kan "taro mara izini" da kuma "matsi kan yanke shawara na majistare".[23]

Hakkin nakasassu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma wannan dokar ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba, kuma nuna bambanci na zamantakewa ya zama ruwan dare.[24]

Hakkin yan Luwadi da Madigo[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya hukunta luwadi da maɗigo da shekaru 3 a kurkuku tare da tarar har zuwa dinar 10,000, azabtarwa, duka, ko kisa. 'Yan sanda sun shiga cikin hare-haren, suna da hannu, ko kuma sun yi watsi da ido.[25][26] Akwai nuna bambanci mai tsanani na zamantakewa, kuma 'yan luwadi kalilan ne ke rayuwa a bayyane. An haramta nuna jima'i kuma nuna bambanci yana da yawa.[27][25][26][28][29]

Hakkin HIV / AIDS[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai nuna bambanci mai tsanani ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau / AIDS.[30]

Yancin ƴan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasar tana da tanadi don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, kuma tana aiki tare da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) da sauran kungiyoyi. Aljeriya ta taimaka wa wasu irin wadannan mutane daga Afirka ta kudu da Sahara yayin da ta juya wasu da yawa.[31] A cikin 2020, an kori 'yan gudun hijira 17,000 mafi yawa daga yankin Sahara daga kasar, gami da wasu masu neman mafaka.[32]

ƘasarHakkin ma'aikata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati don kafa ƙungiyoyi, kuma ƙungiya na iya rasa matsayinta na doka saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ana ba da izinin yajin aiki, amma yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati, kuma ana ba da izini ne kawai bayan makonni biyu na sulhu ko sulhu. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. An haramta aikin tilas. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ya kamata ta tilasta haramtacciyar aikin yara, amma yara miliyan 1.5 na Aljeriya suna aiki, galibi a gonaki da shaguna. Akwai ƙananan albashi, amma tilasta shi ba daidai ba ne. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Aljeriya tana taimaka wa ma'aikata da fa'idodi. Akwai dokoki game da lokutan aiki da makamantansu waɗanda aka fi aiwatar da su a cikin jama'a fiye da a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki yadda ya kamata ba, ko dai.[33]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after mass protests". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  2. ↑ "Algeria lifts 19-year-old state of emergency". Reuters (in Turanci). 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  3. ↑ "Two-decade 'state of emergency' to be lifted by month's end". France 24 (in Turanci). 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  4. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Algeria Events of 2016". Human Rights Watch.
  6. ↑ "Algeria lifts 19-year-old state of emergency". Reuters (in Turanci). 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  7. ↑ "Two-decade 'state of emergency' to be lifted by month's end". France 24 (in Turanci). 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  8. ↑ "Freedom in the World". Freedom House. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Algeria Human Rights". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  10. ↑ Schindler, John (10 July 2012). "The Ugly Truth about Algeria". The National Interest. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Algeria: Repression of resumed Hirak in several cities, riots in Béjaïa | The North Africa Post". northafricapost.com. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  12. ↑ http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls
  13. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  14. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ Freedom House 2022 report
  17. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  18. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  20. ↑ Algerian draft constitution: human rights concerns. Amnesty International. 2020.
  21. ↑ "Le phénomène du féminicide prend de l'ampleur en Algérie - Algerie360". www.algerie360.com (in Faransanci). 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  22. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  23. ↑ Algeria. 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  24. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Algeria | Human Dignity Trust". www.humandignitytrust.org. (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Algeria: Treatment of homosexuals by society and government authorities; protection available including recourse to the law for homosexuals who have been subject to ill-treatment (2005-2007)". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  27. ↑ "State-Sponsored Homophobia, a World Survey of Sexual Orientation, Protection and Recognition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  28. ↑ gay man seeks asylum in uk Archived 29 ga Afirilu, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  30. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  31. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Le ministre de l'Intérieur annonce une intensification des contrôles et le démantèlement des réseaux d'accueil : Nouvelle opération de rapatriement des migrants subsahariens | El Watan". www.elwatan.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  33. ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria". US Department of State. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
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