Hakkin hanya

Right of way drawing of U.S. Route 25E for widening project, 1981

Right of way highway marker in Athens, Georgia

Julington-Durbin Peninsula power line right of way

hakkin hanya (kuma dama) hanya ce ta musamman da mutane, dabbobi, ababen hawa, jiragen ruwa, ko layukan kayan aiki ke tafiya, ko matsayin doka da ke ba su damar yin hakan.  haƙƙin mallaka, titin jirgin ƙasa, magudanar ruwa, hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye, hanyoyin shinge don dawakai, hanyoyin keke, hanyoyin da manyan layukan lantarki ke ɗauka (wanda aka fi sani da wayleave), hanyoyin amfani, ko kuma kawai hanyoyin da aka shimfida ko mara kyau na cikin gida da nau'ikan zirga-zirga daban-daban ke amfani da su.  Ana amfani da kalmar babbar hanya sau da yawa a cikin mahallin shari'a a ma'anar "babban hanya" don nufin kowace hanya ta jama'a ko kowace hanya ko hanyar amfani da jama'a.  Wasu an iyakance su ga yanayin amfani (misali, masu tafiya kawai, masu tafiya a ƙasa, masu hawan doki da masu keke, motocin da ke da mafi ƙarancin gudu).

Hakkokin-hanyoyi a ma'anar shari'a ('yancin wucewa ko sarrafa kayan sufuri) na iya ƙirƙira ta hanyoyi daban-daban.  A wasu lokuta, gwamnati, kamfanin sufuri, ko masu zaman kansu na kiyayewa suna siyan cikakken ikon mallakar gidaje, gami da duk abin da ke sama da ƙasa.  Yawancin haƙƙin-hanyoyi ana ƙirƙira su maimakon ta hanyar sauƙi, wanda shine haƙƙin haye wanda bai haɗa da cikakken ikon mallakar ƙasa ba.  Misali, mai asali na iya har yanzu riƙe haƙƙin ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin dama ta sauƙi, amma ba haƙƙin keɓe mutane daga wucewa ta wasu sassa na abin da in ba haka ba zai zama ƙasa mai zaman kansa.

Halitta da kawarwa

Canals, railroads, and government roads

A gwamnati na iya gina haƙƙin haƙƙin hanya a kan ƙasar da ta riga ta mallaka, misali wurin shakatawa na jama'a ko "ƙasar da ba ta da ita" da ta bari daga ƙirƙirar ƙasar), ko kuma ta kwace ƙasa ko wani yanki ta wurin fitaccen yanki (siyan tilas).  Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na iya siyan filaye ko abubuwan more rayuwa, kuma a wasu lokuta (kamar hanyoyin biyan kuɗi masu zaman kansu (juyawa), magudanar ruwa, da layin dogo a ƙarni na 18 da 19) an ba su ikon fitaccen yanki don ƙayyadaddun manufar samar da wani nau'in sufuri tsakanin ƙayyadaddun wurare.  A Yammacin Amurka, titin jirgin kasa mai wucewa ta nahiyoyi yana samun tallafi ne ta tallafin filaye na gwamnati wanda ya ba da layin dogo duka dama ta zahiri da filayen da ke kewaye da za a iya siyar da su bayan zama fakiti masu mahimmanci da ke da alaƙa da hanyar sufuri mai nisa.  A cikin sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa, gwamnati na iya ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwar hanyar tare da haɗin gwiwar masu haɓaka ƙasa ko masu mallakar fakiti - an ayyana iyakokin sauƙi a rubuce, kuma hanyoyin jama'a bisa ƙa'ida "ke sadaukarwa" kamar yadda gwamnati ta kiyaye.  A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamfanoni masu amfani da doka na iya samun sauƙin shiga wasu yankuna idan ya cancanta don ginawa da kula da hanyoyin sadarwar su.  A yawancin lokuta dole ne su nemi izini daga mai shi don faɗaɗa ko yin ayyukan gine-gine akan haƙƙin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu.

Lokacin da ba a ƙara buƙatar hanya, titin jirgin ƙasa, ko magudanar ruwa, tasirin haƙƙin mallaka ya dogara da hurumi da yadda aka samar da haƙƙin hanya.  Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna da tsari na yau da kullun na dakatarwa ko watsi da son rai, sau da yawa shafi jama'a sharhi.  Wannan yana bawa gwamnati damar fayyace wuraren da za ta yi amfani da su kuma ba za ta kashe kudi don kula da su ba, wanda zai iya shafar masu mallakar kadarori da kimarsu.  Har ila yau, ya bambanta a fili tsakanin wuraren sufuri waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su na ɗan lokaci da waɗanda ba su da amfani na dindindin, kuma suna ba da izinin canja wurin haƙƙoƙi cikin tsari.  Lokacin da sauƙi ya ƙare, cikakkun haƙƙin suna komawa ta atomatik zuwa mai mallakar gidan da haƙƙin mallaka ya wuce.  Wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna da wani tsari na daban don kawo ƙarshen sauƙaƙan hanyoyin dama da ba a amfani da su ba da son rai, kamar rashin kyama ga hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a Amurka.  Wannan yana ba masu mallakar kadarorin damar sake samun cikakken amfani bayan layin dogo ya daina aiki amma baya fara tsarin watsi da doka da kan sa.

Railbanking is a legal maneuver that avoids full abandonment, preserving a railroad easement for future reactivation without reverting property rights to real estate owners. Rail trails are often constructed on rights-of-way that no longer host active railroads, putting the property to productive use while preventing obstructions like buildings or crossing infrastructure from being built. These may be used for recreation or for bicycle commuting, given the typical gentle slopes and connectivity of railroad rights-of-way.

Some courts will extend the real property boundaries of abutters to the middle of the abandoned right-of-way, even if the right-of-way is outside the boundaries defined in the property deed. Treating the property as if it were an undocumented easement in this way avoids long, narrow strips of unproductive land. This is known as the centerline presumption (formerly strip and gore doctrine). This doctrine may also be used to assert mineral rights under neighboring government-maintained roads in some jurisdictions, a question which has become more relevant since the invention of horizontal drilling.

Sauran

Some right-of-way easements are created because the only way to access certain parcels from a public way is over the private property of a single neighbor. In these cases, the owner of the "servient" estate (which is the one being crossed) may simply give permission, or the "dominant" estate (the one needing access) may purchase the easement, for example to construct a driveway. Such easements are attached to the dominant estate, or appurtenant. The dominant estate cannot sell the easement separately from the neighboring property, and if the property is sold it would convey to the new owners. Courts may declare this type of easement exists as a matter of equity to resolve a dispute, if the easement was apparently left out of property deeds despite obvious necessity, if there was an apparent intent to create an easement but this was never formalized, or in some jurisdictions if an undocumented right of way has been in continuous use for a certain number of years without obstruction by the property owner. Changes to circumstances (such as construction of a new road that connects to the dominant estate), disuse, and obstruction by the property owner may affect this type of right.

A wasu yanayi na ƙasa, maƙwabta da yawa za su yarda su kula (ko gado daga mai haɓaka na asali) hanya mai zaman kanta wanda ke haɗa kadarorinsu, ko dai a matsayin mallakar jama'a ko kuma a matsayin kwangila, kayan aiki. Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu yawanci suna ba masu iko, kamar haƙƙin ƙuntata filin ajiye motoci ga masu mallakar da baƙi. Dokokin zirga-zirga (kamar yin biyayya da iyakokin saurin gudu da alamun dakatar da su) yawanci har yanzu suna aiki ga hanyoyi masu zaman kansu idan suna buɗewa ga jama'a.

Transferrable easements (such as the right to use a specific boat ramp not used by the property owner or operate it as a concession) are known as in gross and are typically created by arrangement.

Pedestrian paths, bridleways and more

River Wensum permissive path, Norfolk, England

Right-of-way easements that benefit the general public are often created for foot, bridle, mountain bike, and ATV paths (often carrying a mix of users). These routes are all formally highways, but have legally restricted modes of use. Such rights-of-way might extend a recreational trail network from land owned by the government or a conservation non-profit, to connect trails to public roads, to make long-distance trails, or provide access to a beach or waterfront. Especially in common law jurisdictions, these can be created by longstanding use, also known as easement by prescription. They can also be purchased or by a government or conservation group or created by eminent domain. Property owners can also explicitly grant permission to use a route, either through a deed restriction or informal means such as posted signs, and may place restrictions on times or types of traffic allowed. Whether this permission can be revoked or expire from disuse depends considerably on the legal jurisdiction, how it was granted, and the circumstances of public use. Some of these "permissive paths" are closed once a year to prevent the creation of a permanent public easement.

Some jurisdictions legally recognize the right to roam—to move through any undeveloped land unless otherwise posted or fenced. This allows wandering beyond established trails. Even without a general the right to roam, not all rights-of-way have a physical indication of boundaries, and some easements do not specify any particular path to be taken when crossing. Some easements permit certain recreational activities across a broad swath of land, as do many government-owned conversation areas.

Some public rights-of-way are negotiated with government as a part of property development. This can result in a public-use right of way, such as an urban waterfront walkway, the public right to use a lobby as a shortcut during business hours, or public access to recreational land such as an urban park (which may include activities not limited to simply passing through).

Hanyoyin ruwa

In England and Wales under current law, public access to rivers is restricted, and only 2% of all rivers have public access rights. The Rivers Access Campaign is being undertaken by the British Canoe Union (BCU) to open up the inland water-ways in England and Wales on behalf of members of the public. Canals are not, in general, public rights of way in England and Wales. Waterways in the care of the Canal & River Trust are accessible for use by boats, canoeists, paddleboarders and other watercraft upon payment of an appropriate licence fee.

Walkers and cyclists can freely use the extensive network of towpaths that run alongside the canals in England and Wales. See Towpath#Britain for information on the legal status of towpaths.

In Canada rivers are crown land and there is a legal "right to navigate over navigable waters. However, the difficult legal question is what constitutes navigable waters. There is no federal or provincial law defining this, nor is there any list of waters the public can use".

Under federal law, all natural inland waterways of the United States are classifiable as "navigable" or "non-navigable". Navigable rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams are treated as "public highways", open to surface passage by anyone. The doctrine of navigable servitude gives the federal government primary regulatory power over navigable waters, but users are also subject to state police power. Ownership of non-tidal non-navigable waters goes along with the submerged land, and issues of public access and trespass are treated similarly to private property on land. This may be determined by explicit deed, or implicitly as an extension of ownership of adjacent land, depending on the local ownership history and state law.

Hakkin yawo a kasashen arewacin Turai, gami da Scotland, yawanci ya haɗa da koguna da tabkuna.

Ana ba da 'yancin kewayawa gabaɗaya a kan ruwan teku a ƙarƙashin dokar teku, dangane da dokokin ƙasa. Samun damar jama'a zuwa gabar teku ya dogara da ikon.

Hanyar jirgin kasa

A cikin Amurka, hanyoyin da ke da ikon shiga hanyar jirgin ƙasa suna ɗauke da su, a ƙarƙashin dokokin jihohi masu amfani, haƙƙin sarrafa damar da jama'a har ma da mai mallakar ƙasar da ke ƙasa. Yawancin layin dogo na Amurka suna amfani da rundunonin 'yan sanda, waɗanda zasu iya kamawa da gurfanar da masu laifi da aka samu a kan hakkinsu. Wasu haƙƙin hanyar jirgin ƙasa (duka masu aiki da waɗanda ba a amfani da su) sun haɗa da hanyoyin jirgin kasa na nishaɗi.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, kamfanonin jirgin ƙasa sun sami damar "sake dawowa" ƙasar don haƙƙin hanya, ta hanyar Ayyukan Majalisar masu zaman kansu. Maidowa yana nufin tilasta mallakar ƙasa.

Sunayen hanyar jirgin kasa

Hanyar dama ta hanyar fita daga sabis Pacific Electric a Garden Grove, California daga hagu tsakiyar filin zuwa dama

Hanyoyi daban-daban na hanyar jirgin kasa sune kamar haka: [ana buƙatar ambaton]

• Waƙar aiki duk wata waƙa ce da ake amfani da ita akai-akai ko ma sau ɗaya kawai a lokaci.
• Daga sabis ko ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa yana nufin an adana haƙƙin hanya, kuma hanyar jirgin ƙasa tana riƙe da haƙƙin kunna shi. Layin na iya kasancewa ba tare da aiki ba har tsawon shekaru. Don haka hanyar ko ƙetare da aka cire suna buƙatar maye gurbin ko dawowa.
• Embargo yana nufin an cire waƙar, amma ana adana haƙƙin hanya kuma yawanci ana canza shi zuwa hanyar tafiya ko keke ko wasu irin wannan amfani.
• Barin tsari ne mai tsawo wanda hanyar jirgin kasa ta ba da duk hakkoki ga layin. A mafi yawan lokuta ana cire waƙar kuma ana sayar da ita don raguwa kuma ana sake yin duk wani ƙetare. Layin ba zai sake aiki ba. Hakkin hanyar ba da izini ya koma ga masu mallakar dukiya da ke kusa.

Hanoi_Train_Street" id="mwzQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hanoi Train Street">Hanyar jirgin kasa, Hanoi a cikin 2017

Gina gidaje / gine-gine a gefen hanyar jirgin kasa yana da haɗarin tsaro. Misali, Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Hanoi a Vietnam ta ba da umarnin rufe gidajen cin abinci da shagunan da ke kan titin jirgin kasa na Hanoi na dindindin saboda dalilai na tsaro duk da kasancewa sanannen wuri ga masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje a cikin birni.

Hanyoyin gargajiya

Faransa

Akwai tsarin kusan kilomita 120,000 na hanyoyin da aka yi wa alama a Faransa: haƙƙin gargajiya na hanya yana ɗaukar nau'in servitude de passage (dama na wucewa) da droit de marche-pied (dama don tafiya, tare da canals da koguna). Mutane da yawa sun kasance manyan hanyoyin tsakanin ƙauyuka kuma galibi suna da "mataki kuma sun fi kai tsaye fiye da hanyoyin zamani". Har ila yau, akwai, ban da haka, Hanyoyi masu nisa (hanyoyi masu nisa). [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] 

Jamhuriyar Ireland

Dokar 2009 ta soke koyarwar tallafin zamani da ya ɓace, kuma ta ba mai amfani damar da'awar haƙƙin hanya bayan shekaru 12 na amfani a duk ƙasar mai zaman kanta mallakar wani, shekaru 30 a ƙasar jihar da shekaru 60 a bakin teku. Dole ne mai shigar da kara ya nemi kotuna, kuma ya tabbatar da da'awarsu ta hanyar umarnin kotu, sannan ya yi rajista da shi a kan ayyukan lakabi, tsari mai tsawo. Dole ne mai amfani ya tabbatar da "farin ciki ba tare da karfi ba, ba tare da sirri ba kuma ba tare da yardar baki ko rubuce-rubuce na [...] mai shi ba", sake fasalin ka'idar ƙarni na Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario. Umurnin kotu da ke ba da haƙƙin hanya na mutum ne ga mai nema na rayuwarsu, kuma ba za a iya gadon ko sanya shi ba.

Ingila da Wales

Hanyar jama'a ta Hertfordshire, Ingila

A Ingila da Wales, ban da a cikin yankuna 12 na Inner London da City of London, haƙƙin jama'a na hanya hanyoyi ne waɗanda jama'a ke da haƙƙin kariya na doka don wucewa da sake wucewa. Dokar a Ingila da Wales ta bambanta da ta a Scotland a cikin wannan haƙƙin hanyar kawai suna nan inda aka sanya su (ko kuma suna iya sanya su idan ba a riga an tsara su ba) yayin da a Scotland duk wata hanyar da ta hadu da wasu sharuɗɗa an bayyana ta a matsayin haƙƙin hanya, kuma ban da haka akwai babban zaton samun damar zuwa ƙauye. Hakkin sirri na hanya ko sabis ma sun wanzu.

Hanyoyi, hanyoyi da sauran haƙƙoƙin hanya a mafi yawan Ingila da Wales ana nuna su a kan taswirar ƙarshe. Taswirar tabbatacciya rikodin haƙƙin jama'a ne a Ingila da Wales. A cikin doka shine rikodin karshe na inda haƙƙin hanya yake. Hukumomin babbar hanyar (yawanci majalisa, ko hukuma a yankunan da ke da tsarin matakin daya) suna da aikin doka don kula da taswirar takamaiman, kodayake a cikin wuraren shakatawa na kasa ikon wurin shakatawa na ƙasa yawanci yana kula da taswira.

Scotland

A Scotland, hanyar da ta dace ita ce hanyar da jama'a suka iya wucewa ba tare da cikas ba aƙalla shekaru 20. Hanyar dole ne ta haɗa "wuraren jama'a" guda biyu, kamar ƙauyuka, majami'u ko hanyoyi. Ba kamar a Ingila da Wales ba, babu wani wajibi ga hukumomin yankin Scotland su sanya alamun haƙƙin hanya. Koyaya ƙungiyar sadaka ta Scotways, an kafa ta a cikin 1845 don kare haƙƙin hanya, rikodin da alamun hanyoyin.

Alamar Scotways don "Hanyar Jama'a"

Dokar Gyaran Ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 da aka tsara a cikin doka ta gargajiya, ba ta da motsi, ayyukan samun dama a ƙasa da ruwa. A karkashin dokar 2003 an buga bayanin harshe mai sauƙi game da haƙƙoƙi ta Scottish Natural Heritage: Scottish Outdoor Access Code . Wasu nau'o'in ƙasa an cire su daga wannan zaton budewa, kamar ƙasar jirgin ƙasa, filayen jirgin sama da lambuna masu zaman kansu. : 11–13 

Kasidar Haƙƙin Hanya ta Ƙasa (CROW) wanda ba a hukuma ba, wanda kungiyar Scottish Rights of Way and Access Society (Scotways) ta tattara, tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Natural Heritage, da taimakon hukumomin gida. Akwai nau'o'i uku na haƙƙin hanya a cikin CROW:

Arewacin Ireland

Arewacin Ireland yana da 'yancin jama'a kaɗan na hanya kuma samun damar zuwa ƙasa a Arewacin Ireland ya fi ƙuntata fiye da sauran sassan Burtaniya, don haka a wurare da yawa masu tafiya za su iya jin daɗin ƙauyuka ne kawai saboda kyakkyawar niyya da haƙuri na masu mallakar ƙasa. An sami izini daga duk masu mallakar ƙasa a fadin ƙasarsu Waymarked Ways da Ulster Way suka ratsa. Yawancin ƙasar jama'a ta Arewacin Ireland suna da damar isa, misali, sabis na ruwa da sabis na gandun daji, kamar yadda ƙasar mallakar ƙungiyoyi kamar National Trust da Woodland Trust ke sarrafawa.

Arewacin Ireland yana da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da Ingila, gami da ra'ayoyi game da mallakar ƙasa da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma yana da tsarin kotun kansa, tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata da takamaiman dokoki game da haƙƙin hanya da haƙƙin tushe.

A Birnin Quebec, Kanada, wanda aka gina shi ne a kan kogin Cap Diamant a cikin karni na 17, akwai matakan jama'a da aka sanya da kyau waɗanda ke haɗa bluff zuwa ƙananan sassan birnin. Upper City shine shafin yanar gizon tsohuwar Quebec mafi mahimmancin wuraren tarihi, gami da majami'u na karni na 17 da 18, Citadel da ganuwar birni. An gina Matakala na Breakneck ko Matakai na Breaknex (Faransanci: Escalier casse-cou), tsayin daka mafi tsufa a birnin Quebec, a cikin 1635. Asalin da ake kira escalier Champlain "Champlain Stairs", escalier du Quêteux "Beggars' Stairs", ko escalier de la Basse-Ville "Lower Town Stairs", an ba su sunan su na yanzu a tsakiyar karni na 19, saboda tsananin su. An mayar da matakala sau da yawa, gami da gyaran da Charles Baillargé ya yi a 1889.

Wasu haƙƙoƙin hanya a Arewacin Amurka sun kai daruruwan shekaru. A cikin Newfoundland Hanyar Gabashin Gabas, wacce ƙungiyar masu sha'awar tafiya suka kafa, tana amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya tsakanin al'ummomin yankin a bakin tekun Avalon Peninsula.

Amurka

Natchez Trace Tarihin Tarihi na KasaHanyar Tarihi ta Kasa

An kirkiro haƙƙin hanya a Amurka, ta hanyar amfani da tarihi (magunguna) da kuma tallafin da gwamnatocin ƙasa da jihohi, hukumomin gida da masu mallakar ƙasa suka bayar.

Hanyoyin da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka kafa sun yi amfani da su ta hanyar Turawa da suka zauna a Arewacin Amurka. Wasu sun zama manyan hanyoyi, yayin da wasu aka haɗa su kwanan nan a cikin hanyoyin tafiya. Misalan sun hada da: Natchez Trace; Santa Fe Trail; Bozeman Trail .

Philippines

A cikin Philippines, rikice-rikice na haƙƙin hanya sau da yawa yakan taso lokacin da masu mallakar ƙasa suka toshe hanyoyin ko hanyoyin da jama'a ko takamaiman mutane suka yi amfani da su na dogon lokaci. Batun yawanci yana kan ko bangarorin da abin ya shafa suna da haƙƙin doka don amfani da hanyar da ke ratsa dukiyar masu zaman kansu don isa Hanyar jama'a ko babbar Hanyar ƙasa. Wannan yana haifar da jinkiri a cikin ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa, da kuma tsari mai wahala a matakin karamar hukuma.

Dubi kuma

Hakkin da ya shafi

• Air rights - Irin haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasa
• Freedoms of the air - Saitin haƙƙin jirgin sama na kasuwanci na duniya
• Right to light - Hanyar ba da izini a cikin dokar Ingilishi
• Right to property - Hakkin ɗan adam na mallakar dukiya
• Rights of way in England and Wales - Bayani game da haƙƙin hanya a Ingila da Wales

Private roads and other easements

• Sauye-sauye a cikin dokar Ingilishi
• Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario - "ba tare da karfi ba, ba tare da sirri ba, ba ba tare da izini ba"
• Noise barrier - Tsarin waje akan ababen more rayuwa da aka yi amfani da shi don hana sautuna masu ƙarfi daga tserewa
• Trespass - Tunanin shari'a na tsoma baki da gangan