Hakkin jefa kuri'a a Amurka
 Hakkin jefa kuri'a a Amurka | |
|---|---|
suffrage by country (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
suffrage (en) |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Haƙƙoƙin jefa ƙuri'a, musamman ba da izini da ba da izini ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, sun kasance batun ɗabi'a da siyasa a cikin tarihin Amurka .
Cancancin yin zabe a Amurka yana ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Amurka da dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Yawancin gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki (na goma sha biyar, na sha tara, da ashirin da shida musamman) na buƙatar cewa ba za a iya tauye haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a na ƴan ƙasar Amurka ba saboda launin fata, launi, yanayin bauta na baya, jima'i, ko shekaru (18 da sama); Kundin tsarin mulki kamar yadda aka rubuta tun farko bai kafa irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba a tsakanin 1787-1870, sai dai idan wata ƙasa ta ba wa mutum damar jefa ƙuri'a don "mafi yawan reshe" na majalisar dokokin jihar, ana buƙatar ba da izinin wannan mutumin ya jefa ƙuri'a a zaɓen 'yan majalisar wakilai na Amurka . Idan babu takamaiman dokar tarayya ko tanadin tsarin mulki, kowace jiha tana da hazaka mai yawa don kafa cancantar zaɓe da tsayawa takara a cikin ikonta; Bugu da kari, jahohi da kananan hukumomi sun kafa tsarin zabe, kamar babban zabe ko na gunduma guda daya na kananan hukumomi ko hukumomin makarantu . Don haka, haƙƙin mallaka ko ba da izini a wata jiha na iya zama mai tsauri ko mafi sassauci fiye da na wata jiha. [1] Bayan cancantar cancantar zaɓe, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi game da jefa ƙuri'a (kamar harajin zaɓe ) an yi hamayya da su tun bayan zuwan dokokin Jim Crow da tanadin da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke ba wa tsirarun kabilanci hakkinsu a kaikaice.
Wani juyi mai tarihi shine shari'ar Kotun Koli ta 1964 Reynolds v. Sims wanda ya mulki majalisun biyu na dukkan majalisun jihohi dole ne su dogara da gundumomin zabe wadanda kusan daidai suke da girman yawan jama'a, karkashin ka'idar " mutum daya, kuri'a daya ". [2] [3] Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Warren a kan shari'o'i biyu na baya-bayan nan - Baker v. Carr (1962) da Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) - suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa tsarin zabe na "mutum daya da kuri'a daya" a fadin kasar. [4] [5]
Jama'ar da ke zaune a yankunan Amurka ba za su iya zaben shugaban Amurka ba . Duk da haka, waɗanda ke zaune a Gundumar Columbia za su iya zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a sakamakon Kwaskwarima na Ashirin da Uku .
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yancin zabe shi ne ginshikin dimokuradiyya. Babban mai shari'a game da Warren Warren, alal misali, ya rubuta a Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533, da babu shakka, 'yancin saukin kai yana da matukar mahimmanci ga' yanci da dimokiradiyya. Musamman tunda 'yancin yin amfani da shi yin amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani cikin 'yanci kuma ba tare da tauye hakkinsa ba yana kiyaye wasu hakkoki na jama'a da na siyasa, duk wani zarge-zargen keta hakkin 'yan kasa na kada kuri'a dole ne a yi nazari sosai a hankali." Mai shari'a Hugo Black ya ba da irin wannan ra'ayi ta hanyar furtawa a cikin Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 US 1, 17 (1964): "Babu wani hakki da ya fi daraja a cikin ƙasa mai 'yanci fiye da samun murya a zaben wadanda suka yi dokoki a karkashin abin da, a matsayin 'yan kasa nagari, dole ne mu rayu. Sauran hakkoki, har ma mafi mahimmanci, suna da ban tsoro idan hakkin zabe yana karkashin kasa."
A cikin Mallaka Goma sha uku na ƙarni na 17, sau da yawa ana iyakance zaɓe ta hanyar cancantar dukiya ko tare da gwajin addini . A cikin 1660, Plymouth Colony ya iyakance zaɓe tare da ƙayyadaddun cancantar kadarorin, kuma a cikin 1671, Plymouth Colony ya taƙaita zaɓen gaba ga 'yanta kawai' '' Orthodox a cikin tushen addini ''. Connecticut a tsakiyar ƙarni kuma ta taƙaita zaɓe tare da ƙayyadaddun cancantar kadara da gwajin addini, kuma a Pennsylvania, Lardin Carolina, da Colony of Rhode Island da Providence Plantations yancin zaɓe an iyakance ga Kiristoci kawai . A ƙarƙashin Dokokin Duke a New York na mulkin mallaka, zaɓe bai buƙaci gwajin addini ba amma an iyakance shi ga masu mallakar ƙasa . A cikin Virginia, an ba da izinin yin zabe har sai an taƙaita zaɓe na ɗan lokaci ga masu gida daga 1655 zuwa 1656, ga masu 'yanci daga 1670 zuwa 1676, da kuma bayan mutuwar Nathaniel Bacon a 1676, ga masu ' yanci na dindindin. Ba a yarda Quakers su yi zabe ba a Plymouth Colony ko a Massachusetts Bay Colony, tare da Baptists, ba a ba su izinin jefa kuri'a a wasu yankuna da dama ba, kuma Katolika sun yi watsi da ikon su biyo bayan juyin juya halin daukaka (1688-1689) a Maryland, New York, Rhode Island, Carolina, da Virginia .
A lokacin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1789, [6] ƴan tsirarun Baƙar fata suna cikin ƴan ƙasa masu jefa ƙuri'a (maza masu dukiya) a wasu jihohi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai fara bayyana wanda ya cancanci yin zabe ba, wanda ya baiwa kowace jiha damar tantance wanda ya cancanci. A farkon tarihin Amurka, wasu jihohi an yarda kawai farar fata maza manya masu dukiya su yi zabe, yayin da wasu ko dai bai fayyace kabila ba, ko kuma musamman ta kare haƙƙin maza na kowace kabila na yin zaɓe. [7] [8] An hana mata da yawa daga jefa kuri'a, kamar yadda kuma mazan da ba su da dukiya. [9] Mata za su iya yin zabe a New Jersey har zuwa 1807 (idan har za su iya biyan buƙatun kadarorin) da kuma wasu ƙananan hukumomi a wasu jihohin arewa. Baƙar fata masu 'yanci kuma za su iya yin zabe a waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen , muddin za su iya biyan buƙatun kadarorin. A cikin New Jersey musamman, waɗannan buƙatun kadarorin an saita su da gangan kaɗan.
Tun daga kusan shekara ta 1790, jihohi ɗaya sun fara gujewa mallakar kadarori a matsayin cancantar samun damar yin amfani da damar yin jima'i da kabilanci, tare da yawancin jihohin da ke hana mata da maza fararen fata. A shekara ta 1856, an ba wa fararen fata damar kada kuri'a a duk jihohi ba tare da la'akari da mallakar dukiya ba, kodayake bukatun biyan haraji ya kasance a cikin jihohi biyar. [10] Jihohi da dama, ciki har da Pennsylvania da New Jersey, sun cire wa maza bakar fata 'yancin yin zabe a lokaci guda.
Zaɓen ba ɗan ƙasa ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fiye da jihohi ko yankuna 40, ciki har da ƴan mulkin mallaka kafin ayyana 'yancin kai, a wani lokaci sun ƙyale waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba waɗanda suka cika buƙatun zama don kada kuri'a a wasu ko duk zaɓe. Wannan a wani bangare ya nuna karfi na ci gaba da shige da fice zuwa Amurka. Wasu garuruwa kamar Chicago, garuruwa ko ƙauyuka (a cikin Maryland) a yau suna ƙyale mazaunan da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba su yi zabe a makaranta ko zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi. [lower-alpha 1] A cikin 1875, Kotun Koli a Ƙananan v. Happersett ta lura cewa "ba a kowane hali ba a sanya 'yan kasa a cikin yanayin da ya dace don jin dadin 'yancin yin zabe. Don haka, a Missouri, mutanen da aka haifa a waje, waɗanda suka bayyana niyyar su zama 'yan ƙasa na Amurka, na iya ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi ". Dokokin tarayya sun haramta wa waɗanda ba ƴan asalin ƙasar yin zabe ba a zaɓen tarayya.
Tun daga 2022, kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi biyar sun bayyana musamman cewa "kawai" ɗan ƙasa zai iya jefa ƙuri'a a zaɓe-Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, da North Dakota. Tare da Louisiana da Ohio suna da ma'aunin zaɓe a cikin shekara guda. [11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Gibson, Brittany (May 28, 2020). "The Many Varieties of Voter Suppression". The American Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ↑ "One Person, One Vote | The Constitution Project". www.theconstitutionproject.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ↑ Smith, J. Douglas (July 26, 2015). "The Case That Could Bring Down 'One Person, One Vote'". The Atlantic (in Turanci). Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ↑ "Baker v. Carr". Oyez (in Turanci). Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ↑ "Wesberry v. Sanders". Oyez (in Turanci). Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ↑ "The Constitution". The White House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ↑ "The Founders and the Vote | The Right to Vote | Elections | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ↑ "Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage". Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom. National Archives. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
- ↑ "White Manhood Suffrage". National Museum of American History (in Turanci). 2017-05-03. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ↑ Stanley L. Engerman, University of Rochester and NBER; Kenneth L. Sokoloff, University of California, Los Angeles and NBER (February 2005). "The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World" (PDF): 16, 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Ohio Issue 2, Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2022)".
- ↑ See also Droit de vote des étrangers aux États-Unis (in French).
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