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Hakkin yara a karkashin ISIL

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Hakkin yara a karkashin ISIL

Kungiyar ta'addanci, mai ikirarin Islama (Islama State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) wanda aka fi sani da Islama State of Iraki and Syria (ISIS) ya aikata manyan take hakkin yara a Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman a Iraki da Siriya Taron da ke kare hakkin yara shine Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin yara (CRC). Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da aka fi tabbatarwa a tarihi wanda ya kafa ra'ayi da aka goyi bayan shi cewa yara da matasa suna da irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali kamar manya da kuma takamaiman haƙƙin da suka fahimci bukatun su na musamman.[1] Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karɓi ƙarin ladabi guda biyu a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2000 wanda ke rufe shigar yara cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da sayar da yara, karuwancin yara da hotunan batsa na yara.[2] A cikin tasowa na ISIL a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun aikata laifuka daban-daban na (CRC) da ka'idodinta, waɗanda Iraki da Siriya suka sanya hannu kuma suka tabbatar.

ISIL ba jam'iyya ce ga Taron ba

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An yarda da ISIL a matsayin ƙungiyar da ba ta da isasshen tsari don a ɗauke ta a matsayin wata ƙungiya ga rikice-rikicen da ba na duniya ba a Iraki da Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya kuma halin da ake ciki a cikin ƙasashe biyu ya zama rikice-rikice na makamai na halin da ba na kasa da kasa ba. Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa ta dace da rikice-rikicen makamai na halin da ba na kasa da kasa ba don haka ya dace da Iraki da Jamhuriyar Siriya. Dukkanin bangarorin da suka hada da ISIL suna da alaƙa da Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva. Wannan ya kafa mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da suka shafi magani da kariya ga fararen hula, waɗanda ba sa shiga cikin tashin hankali da abubuwan farar hula.[3] ISIL a halin yanzu tana sarrafa manyan yankuna inda miliyoyin mutane ke zaune kuma ta ayyana kanta a matsayin "jiha" wanda ke gudanar da gwamnatin farar hula da soja ciki har da kafa tsarin "koti". Da yake an ɗaure waɗannan, an cika ƙofar ISIL da wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam a sarari don haka, aƙalla, ISIL an ɗaure ta a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa don mutunta ainihin wajibai na 'yancin ɗan adam, kamar haƙƙin rayuwa, cikakkiyar haramtacciyar azabtarwa, zalunci, rashin mutunci da ƙasƙantar da bautar da haramtacciya, da kuma haƙƙin 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Bugu da ƙari, Iraki da Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya ƙungiyoyi ne ga manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma ƙa'idodi daban-daban na zaɓi. An kafa cewa a cikin yanayin rikice-rikicen makamai, dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta ci gaba da amfani da ita kuma duka dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da Kasa da tsarin dokar jin kai na kasa za su yi aiki tare ta hanyar karfafa juna.

Cin zarafi

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Hakkin yara na rayuwa

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Hakkin rayuwa hakki ne na asali na dukkan yara, wanda aka kafa a Mataki na 6 na CRC. [4] Hare-haren ISIL a Iraki da Siriya sun keta wannan hakki ta hanyar haifar da mutuwar daruruwan yara. A Iraki, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashewa da nakasa na ci gaba da kasancewa keta doka da ta fi shafar yara.[5] Tun daga shekara ta 2014, an sami karuwar tashin hankali wanda ya haifar da kimantawa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na yara 1,256 da aka kashe da yara 1,831 da suka ji rauni sakamakon tashin hankali da ya shafi rikici daga 1 ga Janairun 2014 zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 2015. A cikin 2014 zuwa 2015, ayyukan adawa da ISIL sun kara tsanantawa wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan wadanda suka mutu saboda rikice-rikice tsakanin bangarorin da ke cikin rikici. Daga cikin wadannan hare-haren da aka rubuta, an yi zargin cewa fiye da rabin su ne sakamakon hare-hares ta amfani da dabarun tashin hankali na ISIL. Har ila yau, an ruwaito kisan kiyashi na yara na addini da kabilanci ta ISIL, gami da shari'o'i da yawa na kisan kiyashin yara maza. A Siriya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana da iyakantaccen ikon tabbatar da bayanai a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ISIL. Akwai rahotanni game da kisan yara a Hasakah, Raqqah da Dayr Az-Zawr . Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na wadanda suka mutu sakamakon mutuwar yara sun samo asali ne daga na'urorin fashewa da aka yi amfani da su da motoci da kuma hare-haren kashe-kashen da ISIL ta yi. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, an kashe yara 69 kuma sun ji rauni a wani hari na na'urar fashewa sau biyu a wani unguwar da gwamnati ke sarrafawa na Homs. Hare-haren tashin hankali da ISIL ta yi sun saba wa dokokin 'yancin dan adam da na jin kai na kasa da kasa.

Samun aiki da amfani da yara a cikin rikici

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An haramta wannan aikin a karkashin yarjejeniyoyi da tarurruka daban-daban na kasa da kasa kamar Mataki na 77.2 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar I ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Yara kan shigar yara cikin rikici, Mataki na 4.3.c na Yarjejeniyar II, ƙari ga Yarjejeniyoyin Geneva da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Mafi Girma ta Yarjejeniyar Kwadago. A taƙaice, sun yi Allah wadai da kuma hana daukar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18. A cikin 2014 kadai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da akalla shari'o'i 67 na yara maza da ISIL ta dauka kuma waɗannan lambobin ba za su iya nuna ainihin girman daukar yara ba. Daga watan Agustan 2014 zuwa 2015, an ruwaito cewa an tilasta wa daruruwan yara maza daga gidajensu a NInawa kuma an tura su cibiyoyin horo, inda yara maza masu shekaru 8 suka sami horo na makamai da dabarun yaƙi.[6] Bugu da kari, a farkon watan Fabrairun 2015, ISIL ta tilasta daukar yara a cikin gundumar Rutba. A Siriya, an samu rahotanni game da karuwar karuwar yara maza. Bugu da ƙari, an ruwaito cewa ISIL ta kafa sansanonin horo 3 a Raqqa kuma sun ɗaure daruruwan yara maza masu shekaru 10 a Aleppo suna tilasta musu tarurruka tare da alkawarin lada na albashi, wurin shahadar a cikin aljanna da "kyauta" na matar bayan shiga ISIL. Wadannan keta doka da ISIL ta yi laifukan yaki ne kuma a cikin keta ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam ana buƙatar su tabbatar da su.

Bautar da cin zarafin jima'i

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Dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta haramta wannan aikin a cikin kayan aiki kamar CRC, fasaha 34, 37 da 39 [7] da kuma Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kan sayar da yara, karuwancin yara da hotunan batsa na yara. Mataki na 1 ya ba da cewa "Jam'iyyun jihohi za su hana sayar da yara, karuwanci na yara da batsa na yara kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ta tanada. " Hawan ISIL ya haifar da karuwar rahoton keta doka da aka ruwaito na cin zarafin jima'i da aka yi wa yara, musamman 'yan mata.[8] Wadannan keta doka na iya zama a karkashin rahoton saboda tsaro da ƙuntatawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma tsoron tasirin 'yan mata. A daya daga cikin wadanda aka ruwaito, a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, a gundumar Sinjar ISIL ta sace mata da 'yan mata sama da 400 na Yezidi kuma ta tura su zuwa yankuna biyu da ISIL ke sarrafawa, Ghabat al-Mosul da Tal Afar (Ninawa) inda daga baya aka tilasta musu yin bautar jima'i. Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam daga baya ya tabbatar da "a bayyane alamu na cin zarafin jima'i ga mata da' yan mata na Yezidi, gami da fyade da bautar jima'i da ISIL ta aikata a bayyane take keta dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya. A Siriya, kamar yadda Iraki ke da wahala a samun abin dogaro da tashin hankali da ya shafi rikici a yankunan da ISIL ke sarrafawa da kuma tsoron zargi da ramuwar gayya da mata da aka sace, a fadin Jamhuriyar Larabawa a watan Agusta 2014, an ruwaito cewa an kai su ga 'yanci' yanci' yan kasar Sinjar da aka yi amfani da' yanci a fadin Jarakta a cikin' yan Larabawa.

'Yanci na tunani, lamiri da addini

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Yara suna da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini waɗanda sune ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam, waɗanda aka kafa a cikin tarurruka da yawa na duniya kamar su matakai 13 - 17 na CRC.[9] ISIL ta yi amfani da ilimi a matsayin kayan aiki don koyarwa don dalilan ƙirƙirar sabon tsara na magoya baya. A Raqqah, ana tara yara don kallon bidiyo da ke nuna kisan gillar sojoji na gwamnati. Manufarta ita ce ta hana su jin daɗi ga matsanancin tashin hankali. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, ISIL ta sace yara maza 153 na Kurdawa, masu shekaru tsakanin 14-16 da suka gabata. Sun ɗaure su a wata makaranta a Aleppo kuma sun nuna bidiyon yanke kai da hare-hare kuma sun tilasta musu koyarwa ta yau da kullun game da akidar masu tayar da kayar baya na tsawon watanni 5. Wadanda ba su yarda ba an hukunta su da mummunan duka. Tabbatar da shaidun da aka tattara sun ba da rahoton cewa ISIL na da niyyar mamaye yara a ƙarƙashin ikonsu kuma su mamaye kowane bangare na rayuwarsu ta hanyar ta'addanci, koyarwa, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga waɗanda za su dace. Ana amfani da sa ido, tilasta, tsoro da azabtarwa don hana kowane irin rashin jituwa.

  1. ↑ "UNICEF - Convention on the Rights of the Child". 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  2. ↑ Assembly, United Nations General. "A/RES/54/263 - Optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements". Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  3. ↑ "Geneva Conventions". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  4. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of the Child". Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named S/2015/852
  6. ↑ Townsend, Mark (5 March 2016). "How Islamic State is training child killers in doctrine of hate". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  7. ↑ "Article 34, 37 and 39 of the Conventions on Rights of Children" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  8. ↑ "OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  9. ↑ "Article 13- 17 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
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