Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya

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Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wadda Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana da cewa tana fuskantar "rikicin da aka yi watsi da shi a duniya", tana da mummunan yanayin hakkin dan adam.[1] Freedom House ta sanya shi 'Ba Kyauta' daga 1972 zuwa 1990, a cikin 2002 da 2003, kuma daga 2014 zuwa yau. An ƙididdige shi 'Babban Kyauta' daga 1991 zuwa 2001 da kuma daga 2004 zuwa 2013.[2] A kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana matsayi na 179 cikin kasashe 187.[3] Tsakanin 1988 da 2008, tsawon rayuwa ya ragu daga shekaru 49 zuwa shekaru 47.7. [1]

A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, ana cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar. Wadannan sun hada da kisan gilla da jami’an tsaro ke yi; azabtarwa, duka da fyade ga wadanda ake zargi da fursunoni; rashin hukunci, musamman a tsakanin sojojin; yanayi mai tsanani da barazanar rai a gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane; kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, tsawaita tsarewar gaban shari'a da hana shari'a ta gaskiya ; lokaci-lokaci tsoratarwa da ƙuntatawa a kan manema labarai ; ƙuntatawa akan 'yancin motsi; cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance ; da tauye hakkin ma'aikata.[4]

Har ila yau, rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya ba da misali da tashe-tashen hankula masu yaduwa, kuma galibi suna kashe mutane ; yawaitar kaciyar mata ; nuna wariya ga mata da Mahani ; fataucin mutane ; aikin tilastawa ; da aikin yara . ‘Yancin walwala a yankin arewacin kasar ya takaita ne “saboda ayyukan jami’an tsaro na jihohi, ‘yan fashi da makami, da sauran kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ba na gwamnati ba” kuma albarkacin fada tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da masu adawa da gwamnati, mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallansu .

Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan kan take hakkin dan Adam[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, watakila babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga 'yancin bil'adama a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya shi ne ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai a kasar tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da kuma a wasu lokutan, tsakanin kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu fada da juna. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wani rahoto da sashen kare hakkin bil’adama na ofishin tallafawa zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar, wanda aka fi sani da BONUCA, ya bayyana “mummunan matsalar tsaro a arewacin kasar inda sojojin gwamnati, ‘yan tawaye da kuma ‘yan fashi da makami suka yi garkuwa da su. sun kasance masu fafutuka, wadanda dukkansu sun aikata ta'asa" kuma sun bayyana cewa "[e] kisan gilla, azabtarwa da kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi ana danganta su ga jami'an tsaro da tsaro da kuma karfafa al'adar rashin hukunta su, sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar haƙƙin ɗan adam".

Rahoton na BONUCA ya kuma kara da cewa sojojin gwamnati “sun keta dokokin yaki da wulakanci. A hare-haren da suke yi da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi ba sa banbance tsakanin wadanda suka dauki makamai da fararen hula… A hare-haren ramuwar gayya, sojoji suna kona gidaje, suna kashe mutane da dama ko kuma wadanda ake zargi da hada baki da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi”. A cewar BONUCA, sojoji a garin Bouar sun baje kolin ‘yan ta’addan da suka yi ikirarin na ‘yan bindigar manyan tituna ne da suka harbe, ‘yan fashin “suna azabtar da matafiya, suna sace mazauna yankin, tare da yin garkuwa da mata da kananan yara domin neman kudin fansa”, abin da kungiyar ‘yan tawayen ta kira. Armée populaire pour la restauration de la democratie (APRD) "ya hana wasu mazauna zagayawa" da kuma cewa wasu mutane dauke da makamai watakila na kungiyar Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ne "sun yi garkuwa da mutane 150, ciki har da yara 55 tare da cin zarafinsu". A gefe guda kuma, BONUCA ta ce gwamnati ta ba da hadin kai sosai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama.[5]

A watan Fabrairun 2010, babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin bil'adama, Navi Pillay, ta ce rashin hukunta laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Da take ambaton " takaitaccen hukuncin kisa, tilasta bacewar mutane, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsarewa", ta yi kira da a yi "kokari mai karfi......don kawo karshen wadannan muggan laifuka na cin zarafi".

Rahoton da Amnesty International ta fitar kan abubuwan da suka faru a kasar a shekarar 2011 ya yi tsokaci kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban da ke wakiltar kalubale ga dakarun gwamnati, inda ya lura cewa yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar "yana karkashin ingantacciyar kulawar Sojoji mai farin jini don maido da mulkin dimokradiyya. (APRD), kungiyar da ke dauke da makamai wacce ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnati, yayin da "Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ta kara yawan da kuma tsananin hare-harenta" a kudu maso gabas da gabas. A watan Yulin 2011, Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) ta kai hari tare da mamaye garin Sam Ouandja da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar, "da ake zargin a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan hare-haren da kungiyar Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) ta kai kan mukamanta. . . . Tsakanin watan Yuni da Agusta, bangarorin CPJP uku sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da gwamnati, duk da cewa mayakan nasu sun ci gaba da rike makamai”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa, sakamakon wannan tashin hankalin, “kaso mai tsoka na CAR ya fi karfin gwamnati”, inda sama da mutane 200,000 suka rasa matsugunansu, yayin da wasu kusan 200,000 ke zama a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira a kasashe makwabta.[6]

A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2012, dakarun kawancen Seleka, wadanda akasarinsu mambobin APRD da UFDR, suka kaddamar da farmaki kan dakarun gwamnati, kuma a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2013 aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya inda jam'iyyun suka amince da gudanar da sabon zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki.[7] A watan Janairun 2013, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da lamarin, inda ta yi kira ga bangarorin da su mutunta yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta tare da yin Allah wadai da "dukkan yunkurin kwace mulki da karfi". Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ware amfani da yara kanana wajen yaki da tashe-tashen hankula a matsayin dalilin damuwa na musamman.[8] Kwamitin agaji na kasa da kasa ya wajaba ya rufe ofisoshinsa a kasar sakamakon rikicin da ya faru a watan Disamba, amma ya sake bude su a watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da cewa, duk da haka halin da ake ciki ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin “rikici......a yayin tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin gwamnati, da ‘yan adawa. An fara kawancen 'yan tawaye da jam'iyyun adawa a Gabon". 

Rahoton na ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2013 da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa FIDH ta fitar, ya yi kira ga dukkan bangarorin kasar da su kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam, da kare fararen hula, da yin shawarwari da kafa kyakkyawan shugabanci ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman ma. domin yaki na gaskiya da rashin hukunta wadanda suka aikata manyan laifuka”. Wani rahoto na 11 ga Janairu 2013 na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa ya nuna cewa duk da tattaunawar da ake yi a Libreville, mazauna garuruwan Sibut da Damara, da ke kan gaba a rikicin, sun "gudu daga gidajensu saboda tsoron tashin hankali" kuma "sun kafa. matsuguni na wucin gadi a cikin daji, inda ake samun saukin kamuwa da sauro masu dauke da zazzabin cizon sauro”. A wannan rana, hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce tana fargabar yiwuwar sake afkuwar rikicin, inda ta ce ta samu rahoton dubban mutane da ke gudun hijira a arewaci da gabashin kasar tun farkon yunkurin na Seleka. kimanin wata daya da ya wuce".

A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2013, Louisa Lombard ta New York Times ta bayyana CAR a matsayin "ɗakin gwaje-gwaje don ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya na duniya" wanda ya ci gaba da gazawa. An lura da cewa yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ta "inganta shirye-shiryen 'DDR' akai-akai - kwance damara, rugujewa da sake hadewa - don taimakawa kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai su koma cikin al'ummomin farar hula", tsarin DDR ya "kare wa wadanda ake son amfana da kuma samar da abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga wadanda ba a son su ba. don ɗaukar makamai", saboda shirye-shiryen "sun ɗauka cewa gwamnatocin da suke taimakawa suna aiki kamar kyakkyawan yanayin Max Weber - kiyaye ikon amfani da karfi, samar da ayyuka ga duk 'yan ƙasa".

A zahiri, Lombard ya rubuta, gwamnatin CAR "ta yi rayuwa a cikin koma baya yayin da ta bar hukumomin karkara galibi ga nasu na'urorin". Ta yi zargin cewa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na DDR, wanda aka kafa a 2009 a karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ayyukan kasa da kasa, ya kwashe lokaci mai yawa "magana da karkatar da hankali", amma bai cim ma komai ba, har ma a matsayin "mambobin kwamitin, da ma'aikatan kasashen waje., ya samu albashi mai gamsarwa”. Lombard ya koka kan gaskiyar cewa bayan hayewar kawancen Seleka a watan Disamba na 2012, "har yanzu 'yan wasan duniya suna ganin DDR a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na kayan aikin samar da zaman lafiya".

A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2014, a cikin wani rahoto, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (FIDH) ta ce "an ci gaba da aikata laifuffukan yaƙi da laifuffukan cin zarafin bil adama yayin da rikici na rashin hukunci ya ci gaba" a cikin CAR.[9]

Gargadin kisan kare dangi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Nuwamban 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kasar na cikin hadarin fadawa cikin kisan kare dangi kuma Faransa ta bayyana kasar a matsayin "... tana gab da yin kisan kare dangi."[10] [11] Tashin hankalin da ke karuwa ya samo asali ne daga hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan fararen hula daga mayakan Seleka galibinsu mayakan Seleka da kuma mayakan sa-kai na Kirista da ake kira " anti-balaka ", ma'ana 'anti-machete' ko 'maganin takobi'. [12] Kirista ya kai rabin yawan al’ummar kasar, sannan musulmi kashi 15 cikin dari, a cewar CIA World Factbook. Kamar yadda yawancin Kiristocin ke da salon zaman kashe wando kuma Musulmai da yawa makiyaya ne, da'awar ƙasar wani bangare ne na tashin hankalin.[12]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekara ta 1960, bayan haka an sami abin da kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa ya kira "shekaru goma na zalunci da rashin bin doka" da kuma abin da Cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Berkeley ta bayyana a matsayin "shekaru goma na rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa. gazawar jiha, rashin gudanar da mulki, da jerin tashe-tashen hankula na makami. . . . Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna kulle-kulle cikin yanayin fatara da rikici da barna. Kadan, duk da haka, sun sami kulawa kaɗan kamar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR)."[13] Tarihin zamani na al'ummar kasar ya kasance yana da gwagwarmayar makami tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban, sau da yawa fiye da daya a lokaci guda, da juyin mulki da yunkurin juyin mulki da dama.[14]

David Dacko, wanda ya kafa jam’iyya daya ba da dadewa ba bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an hambarar da shi a juyin mulki a shekara ta 1965 da Kanar Jean-Bédel Bokassa, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa na rayuwa a 1972 da Sarkin sarakuna a 1976. Juyin mulki a 1979 da 1981 ya kai ga mulkin soja; An gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci a shekara ta 1993, kuma a shekara ta 2003 Janar Francois Bozize ya karɓi mulki. Bayan shekaru biyu, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban kasa a zabukan da aka yi la'akari da su cikin 'yanci da adalci. A cikin shekarun da ya yi yana mulki, gwamnatinsa tana fuskantar barazanar tawaye daga ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2010 ne ya kamata wa’adinsa ya kare, amma a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka amince da gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kara wa’adinsa da nasu. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2010, Bozize ya zartar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa zagaye na farko a cikin Janairu 2011. An gudanar da zabukan a watan Janairu, kuma an sake zaben Bozize.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na iya yin aiki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da wasu 'yan takunkumi a hukumance, amma gwamnati ba ta saba yin la'akari da damuwarsu. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida-haƙƙin ɗan adam sun iyakance ayyukansu kusan a babban birni kawai. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun nuna shakku kan rashin kasancewar wata kungiya daya tilo da ta amince da ita a hukumance a kasar, wato Inter-NGO Council in CAR (CIONGCA), wacce wani dan uwan shugaban kasa ke tafiyar da shi. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida masu aiki da inganci sune LCDH (Ligue Centrafricaine des Droits de l'Homme), OCDH (Office centrafricain des Droits de l'Homme), ACAT (l'Action des Chrétiens pour l'Abolition de) la azabtarwa), da AWJ (Ƙungiyar Matan Shari'a). Ko da yake an ba wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa izinin gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma galibi dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati suna yi musu fashi a kan titunan karkara. Saboda tsananin rashin tsaro da ake fama da shi a wasu sassan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun rufe ofisoshinsu a kasar.

Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Kyakkyawan Mulki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da kyakkyawan shugabanci ana tuhumarsa da gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam da gwamnati ke yi, amma ba shi da ma'aikata da kuma karancin kudade, don haka yana aiki ne kawai a Bangui. Masu suka sun ce ya fi ofishin kare hakkin bil adama na gwamnati . Haka kuma akwai hukumar kare hakkin bil adama a majalisar dokokin kasar, amma ba ta da kudaden da za ta iya cin gashin kanta, kuma ana shakkun cin gashin kanta.

Hakkoki na asali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, duk ’yan Adam suna daidai ba tare da la’akari da dukiya, launin fata, nakasa, harshe, ko jinsi ba. Amma waɗannan tanade-tanaden ba a aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana nuna wariya sosai.

‘Yan sanda ba su da wani tasiri, ba su da kuɗi, kuma ba a biya su ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma rashin amincewar jama’a a kan su yakan haifar da cin zarafi ga waɗanda ake zargi. Mai yiyuwa ne a shigar da kara a kan jami’an ‘yan sanda saboda cin zarafi, amma ma’aikatan mai gabatar da kara ba su da kayan aikin da za su iya gudanar da kararrakin. Yayin da kungiyar ta BINUCA ke hada kai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, ana sukar ta da rashin kula da cin zarafi a cikin sahu. Ko da yake binciken gidaje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, yana faruwa. A yayin farmakin da ake kai wa dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnatin kasar, sojoji sun kona gidaje tare da kashe mutanen kauyukan da ake zargi da taimakawa ‘yan tawaye, haka kuma dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati sun yi garkuwa da fararen hula tare da karbar kudade daga ‘yan uwansu.

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da dokokin kasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a aikace ana amfani da barazana da tursasawa wajen takaita sukar gwamnati. Ana tuhumar gwamnati da cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da latsa wayarsu. Jaridu na sukar shugaban kasar, amma ba sa samun ko’ina a wajen babban birnin kasar, sakamakon rashin isassun gidan waya mai aiki. Karancin karatu na ƙasar yana iyakance masu sauraron su ma. Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida masu zaman kansu kan kaucewa yada labaran da ka iya jawo hankalin gwamnati ba tare da jin dadi ba, duk da cewa gidajen rediyon kasa da kasa irin su Rediyon Faransa, wadanda ba su da irin wannan matsin lamba, su ma masu saurare a kasar za su iya karba.

Gidan Talabijin a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya yanki ne na gwamnati, wanda galibin labaran da ake yadawa ya karkata ga gwamnati. Babbar Majalisar Sadarwa (HCC), wacce ke da alhakin ba da lasisin bugawa da watsa shirye-shirye da kuma kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ana zargin tana da zaman kanta, amma wani bangare na gwamnati ne kuma aka ce tana karkashin ikon gwamnati. Tasirin kafafen yada labarai ya raunana saboda matsalolin kudi, gazawar sana'a, da rashin samun bayanan jihar. Ba a ba da izinin masu ba da rahoto na kafofin watsa labaru na sirri su ba da izinin ɗaukar wasu abubuwan da suka faru a hukumance, kuma galibi dole ne su dogara ga fitar da manema labarai.

A shekarar 2010, an yi wa wata mai daukar hoto duka, yi mata fashi, da kuma yi mata fyade a gaban ‘ya’yanta da mijinta, amma ba a kama kowa ba. Wasu manyan jami’an kasar sun yi barazana ga ‘yan jaridar da ke sukar gwamnati. Yawancin ’yan jarida na yin katsalandan ne saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya na gwamnati. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 babu wani bincike a hukumance kuma ba a daure shi saboda bata suna, ko da yake har yanzu batanci ko batanci yana da tarar CFA miliyan takwas ($16,000). Ba bisa ka'ida ba don yada abubuwan da ake zaton "misogynist." Ba a ƙuntatawa ko kulawa da amfani da Intanet, kodayake ƴan tsirarun mutane ne kawai a ƙasar ke da damar Intanet.

Duk da cewa an tabbatar da ‘yancin yin taro a kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana takurawa, inda ake bukatar masu shirya tarurrukan jama’a su yi rajistar sa’o’i 48 kafin su. Taron siyasa yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati kuma maiyuwa ba za a gudanar da shi a makarantu ko majami'u ba. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma ba da tabbacin ‘yancin yin tarayya, duk da cewa dole ne dukkan kungiyoyi su nemi rajista, wadanda galibi ake ba su ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da kariya, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta ƴancin addini, kuma ta hana nuna son zuciya. Akwai wasu wariya na al'umma, duk da haka, a cikin ƙasar, wanda kashi 51 cikin dari na Furotesta ne, kashi 29 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 15 cikin 100 Musulmai, tare da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke aikata mugunta. Maita, wanda har zuwa kwanan nan ya kasance babban laifi, a yanzu ana daure shi daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari da tara. Ya rage na alkalai su yanke shawarar ko wanda ake tuhuma ya "yi hali kamar mayya." Kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba na asali ba dole ne su yi rajista da hukumomi, kuma don samun amincewar gwamnati don gudanar da aiki dole ne su sami mambobi sama da 1000 kuma dole ne su sami shugabanni wadanda horarwar tauhidi jihar ta amince da su a matsayin halal. Ƙungiyoyin addini suna da damar yin watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a kowane mako a gidan rediyon hukuma.

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba da tabbacin ‘yancin zirga-zirga a cikin kasar, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, hijira da kuma komawa gida, amma biyun farko an takaita su a aikace, inda jami’ai ke neman cin hanci a shingayen bincike. Kwace barace-barace a kan tituna ba bisa ka'ida ba na hana kasuwanci da tafiye-tafiye, don haka ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin kasa. 'Yancin motsi kuma yana da wahala a yankunan da ake rikici. Kasashen waje, ban da jami'an diflomasiyya, dole ne su sami takardar izinin fita don ficewa daga kasar, kuma hakan na iya zama dole a tabbatar da cewa ba su da kudi ga gwamnati.

Dakarun gwamnati sukan yi kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai ‘yan fashi da makami da dama da masu adawa da gwamnati wadanda kuma suke kashewa tare da yin garkuwa da fararen hula. Sannan akwai wadanda suke kashe mutane wadanda suke zargin matsafa ne ko matsafa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa amma azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da wadanda ake tsare da su, da fursunoni ya zama ruwan dare. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati su ma suna da alhakin cin zarafi da yawa. Sojoji da sauran dakarun gwamnati na yi wa fararen hula fyade. Cin hanci da rashawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka kafa da su yadda ya kamata, kuma bankin duniya ya bayyana cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin babbar matsala a kasar. Kudaden jama’a ana karkatar da su akai-akai.

Haƙƙoƙin mata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fyade haramun ne, amma ba fyaden ma'aurata ba. Babu mafi ƙarancin hukunci na fyade, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ita yadda ya kamata. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami'ar MDD mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta yi kira da a dauki matakin gaggawa don mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata da ake yi wa fyade, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai da aka yi hira da su don nazarin 2009 ya ruwaito cewa an yi mata fyade a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma masu binciken sun ji cewa suna da dalilin yin imani da cewa gaskiyar lamarin fyade ya fi girma. Kashi 22 cikin 100 na matan da aka yi binciken sun ce wani dan gidansu ya yi musu mugun duka. Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma na kowa, amma ba a magance shi yadda ya kamata, kuma babu wani hukunci da aka kayyade. Yayin da mata ke samun daidaiton rabon gado da haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula, galibi ana fuskantar dokokin al'ada na wariya musamman a yankunan karkara.

Mata suna fuskantar wariya na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Mata marasa aure ba a daukarsu a matsayin shugabannin gidaje, kuma galibi ana hana su tallafin iyali wanda ake zaton suna da hakki. Haka kuma an hana su damar samun ilimi da ayyukan yi daidai gwargwado. Hakkokin saki suna da daidaito, duk da haka. Mata da yawa, musamman wadanda suka tsufa sosai kuma ba su da iyali, ana zarginsu da zama mayu. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ‘yancin ɗan adam Pillay ta bayyana damuwa game da zargin da ake yi wa mata, da kama su, ko kuma a kai musu hari saboda mayu. Tattaunawar kasa da gwamnati ta shirya a shekara ta 2003, ta gabatar da shawarar cewa mata su rike kashi 35 na mukamai a ma’aikatu da jam’iyyu, amma ba a cimma wannan buri ba.

Haƙƙoƙin yara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yaran da aka haifa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma iyayen da ke cikinta suna da damar zama ɗan ƙasa. Kimanin rabin yara ba su da rajista, wanda zai iya haifar da hana samun ilimi ko wasu ayyuka. Ilimi ya wajaba har zuwa shekara 15. Koyarwa kyauta ce, amma littattafai, kayayyaki, sufuri, da inshora ba. Ana hana ‘ya’ya mata damar zuwa makarantar firamare daidai wa daida, kuma su kan daina zuwa makaranta da wuri saboda matsa musu su yi aure da haihuwa. Kadan daga cikin Ba'aka (Aliyu) suke zuwa makarantar firamare; gwamnati ba ta yi wani yunkuri na canza wannan ba. Cin zarafin yara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma ya yadu, kamar yadda FGM ke faruwa. Ko da yake mafi ƙarancin shekarun auren jama'a shine 18, kashi sittin da ɗaya na 'yan mata suna aure kafin 18. Babu wata doka da ta haramta yin fyade ko kallon batsa na yara. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare, yawancin abin tilastawa. Ana amfani da yara a matsayin sojoji, tare da rahotannin yara kanana 'yan kasa da shekaru 12 da ke aiki a dakarun adawa da gwamnati.

Akwai sama da yara kan titi 6000 tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 18. “Masana da yawa sun gaskata cewa cutar HIV/AIDS da kuma imani da sihiri, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun taimaka wajen yawaitar yara kanana a titi,” in ji Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011. “Kimanin yara 300,000 ne suka rasa iyayensu daya ko kuma duka biyu daga kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, kuma yaran da ake zargi da yin sihiri (sau da yawa ana bayar da rahoton cewa suna da alaka da mace-macen da ke da alaka da cutar kanjamau a unguwanninsu) galibi ana korarsu daga gidajensu, kuma a wasu lokutan ana cin zarafin al’umma. ." Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. Kungiyoyin da ke adawa da gwamnati da dama na yin garkuwa da yara tare da rike su domin neman kudin fansa. Ana kuma tilasta wa wasu yaran yin aiki a matsayin bayi na jima'i, a matsayin ƴan dako ɗauke da kayan sata na 'yan fashi, ko kuma a matsayin masu aikin gona da ma'adinai (musamman a aikin haƙar lu'u-lu'u ).[15][4]

A watan Janairun 2013, UNICEF ta yi kira ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ta daina daukar yara kanana daga kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da masu goyon bayan gwamnati, lura da rahotannin baya-bayan nan da ke cewa irin wadannan kungiyoyi na cikin shirin daukar yara. Tun kafin barkewar sabon tashin hankali a watan Disamba, UNICEF ta nuna cewa, "kimanin yara 2,500 - mata da maza - suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, ciki har da kungiyoyin kare kai, a cikin CAR." UNICEF ta kara da cewa, sama da yara 300,000 ne rikicin kasar ta CAR ya rigaya ya shafa da kuma sakamakonsa, wadanda suka hada da daukar ma'aikata, raba iyali, cin zarafin mata, tilastawa gudun hijira da karancin damar samun ilimi da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya.

Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tana da tsarin taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, kuma a aikace tana kare su daga mayar da su kasashen da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu za su shiga cikin hadari saboda wasu dalilai. Ana karbar 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da tantancewa ba, kuma gwamnati na hada kai da UNHCR da sauran kungiyoyi, ciki har da Doctors without Borders, Caritas, International Medical Corps, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar.

Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikicin da ake yi wa Mbororo ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta suna samun matsala wajen tabbatar da ayyukan gwamnati. Ba’Aka (Pygmies), waɗanda ke da kashi 1-2 na al’ummar ƙasar, ba su da wakilci a cikin gwamnati kuma ba su da ikon siyasa. Bambancin al'umma ga Ba'Aka yana da mahimmanci, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don hana shi. Ba a ba su katunan shaida, don haka ana hana su wasu haƙƙoƙi da ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin Ba’Aka bayi ne da ya dace, kuma dukkansu ‘yan kasa ne masu daraja ta biyu.

Hakkokin nakasassu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wariya ga nakasassu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma dole ne a kashe wani kaso na membobin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikata a manyan kamfanoni. Bambancin al'umma ba matsala ba ne, amma ba a ba da izinin isa ga gine-gine ba. Galibin nakasassu a kasar na faruwa ne sakamakon cutar shan inna.

Haƙƙin LGBT[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Halin luwadi da madigo a bainar jama'a yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari da tara, amma da alama gwamnati ba ta kai hari ga 'yan luwadi ba.

Hakkin HIV/AIDS[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau su ne abubuwan wariya, amma hakan ya ragu saboda kokarin da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi na kara wayar da kan jama'a.

Haƙƙoƙin Ɗaurarru[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Doka ta hana kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta tanadi hukunta masu aikata laifuka cikin gaggawa; amma galibi ana yin watsi da wadannan tanade-tanade, kuma masu lura da al’amura na nuni da cewa kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba shi ne “hakin da jami’an tsaro suka saba yi” a shekarar 2010. Akwai wasu wa’adin da aka yi wa fursunonin a cikin su a sanar da wadanda ake tuhuma game da tuhume-tuhumen da kuma gabatar da su a gaban alkali, amma a aikace ba a mutunta wa’adin. Yakamata gwamnati ta samar da lauyoyi ga wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu, kuma akwai yuwuwar beli, kuma ana mutunta wadannan tanade-tanade. Mutanen da ake zargi da aikata laifuffukan cin zarafin jami'an tsaron jihar suna bin wasu tsauraran ka'idoji. Ana kama mutane da yawa ana tuhumar su da aikata sihiri, wanda hakan babban laifi ne. A cikin 2010, jami'an gidan yari a Bangui sun ce kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na matan da ake tsare da su an kama su da laifin maita.[16]

Tsawancin tsarewa gabanin shari'a babbar matsala ce. Fursunonin da ake tsare da su kafin shari’a sun kai kusan kashi 67 na al’ummar gidan yarin Ngaragba a karshen shekarar 2010 da kuma kashi 63 na al’ummar gidan yarin na Bimbo. Ko da yake galibin fursunonin suna nan take sanar da su tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu, amma da yawa suna jira na tsawon watanni kafin a gurfanar da su gaban alkali, wasu kuma ana tsare da su tsawon shekaru ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban shari’a ba saboda matsalolin da suka shafi aikin gwamnati. Ana yawan azabtar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka kuma ba a hukunta su. Daga cikin nau'ikan azabtarwa da 'yan sanda ke yi akwai "le cafe," wanda ya hada da bugun tafin kafar mutum da sanda ko sanda sannan kuma a tilasta wa mutumin ya yi tafiya.

Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai cin gashin kansa, amma kotuna na fuskantar tasirin bangaren zartarwa. Babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta bayyana damuwarta game da hakan a shekara ta 2010, ko da yake ta yaba da sake fasalin dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin kasar ta yi da za ta inganta 'yancin shari'a da kuma karfafa kokarin tabbatar da cin zarafin bil'adama.

Rashin iya aiki, rashin iya aiki, jinkirin biyan albashi, da rashin kayan aiki duk manyan matsalolin shari’a ne. Kasancewar kotuna 38 da alkalai 124 kacal a kasar, yawancin ‘yan kasar ba sa samun sauki wajen gudanar da harkokin shari’a, sakamakon haka kotunan iyali da na kauye ke ci gaba da taka rawa sosai. Haka kuma rashin ingancin kotuna ya sa jama’a su dauki doka a hannunsu, suna rike da kotunan cikin gida, da daukaka kara ga sarakunan yankin, da yin shari’a ga ’yan iska, musamman a shari’o’in da suka shafi wadanda ake zargi da maita.

Shari'ar laifuka ta juri ne, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma suna da irin wannan haƙƙoƙin kamar zato na rashin laifi, shari'ar jama'a, 'yancin halarta, gani da gabatar da shaida, samun mai kare jama'a, da ɗaukaka ƙara. Gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, kuma tana ba da lauyoyi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma waɗanda ba za su iya ba da lauyoyi da kansu ba, amma ƙarancin albarkatun gwamnati yakan haifar da jinkirin ba da lauyoyi, kuma Ba’aka (Alhazai) galibi suna fuskantar shari’a marasa adalci. ‘Yancin yin shari’a na gaskiya yakan fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa, inda lauyoyi ke biyan alkalan kudaden da suka dace. Ana gwada shari'ar maita akai-akai.

Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana yanayin kurkuku a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin "mai tsananin tsauri kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana yin barazana ga rayuwa," tare da gidajen yari a wajen babban birnin "mafi muni" fiye da na cikinsa. Fursunonin suna fuskantar azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci da wulakanci. Tsaftar muhalli, samun iska, hasken wuta, da samar da ruwa ba su da inganci, haka ma kula da lafiya. Cunkoso babbar matsala ce.

Iyalan gidan yarin dai na bukatar samar da abinci don karawa da karancin abinci da gidajen yarin ke bayarwa, sannan wasu gidajen yarin da ke wajen babban birnin kasar ba sa ba da abinci ga fursunoni da kuma neman cin hancin da za su mika wa fursunonin abinci daga iyalan gidan. Ana barin fursunonin baƙi kuma an ba su izinin yin ibada, kodayake baƙi dole ne su ba da cin hanci. Sau da yawa ana tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki ba tare da albashi ba. A wasu gidajen yari, ana tsare maza da mata tare, haka ma manya da matasa, kuma ana tsare wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yanke musu hukunci tare da masu laifi.

Cibiyoyin tsare mutane suna fama da matsalolin da suka fi na gidajen yari, kodayake iri ɗaya ne. Fair Trials International ta yi ishara da "mummunan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar ciki har da yanayi mai tsauri da barazanar rayuwa a wuraren da ake tsare da ita." A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, "Cibiyoyin tsare 'yan sandan na Bangui sun kunshi cunkoson dakunan dakunan da ba su da haske da kuma bokitin ban daki." Ba a samun magani, kuma fursunonin da ke fama da cututtuka ba a raba su da wasu. Maimakon gadaje, wadanda ake zargin yawanci suna kwana akan benen siminti ko datti. Masu gadi suna buƙatar cin hanci don ruwa, abinci, shawa, da ziyarta. Wurin da ake tsarewa ɗaya ba ta da tagogi ko bandaki; a wani wurin, fursunonin suna barci a ɗaure tare. Ziyarar gidajen yari na masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam an hana su, an hana su, ko jinkiri na makonni ko watanni, kodayake kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa yana da damar shiga fursunoni mara iyaka. 

Haƙƙin ma'aikata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk ma'aikata, ban da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an tsaro, na iya shiga kungiyoyin kwadago, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilastawa haramun ne, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata. Ana tilasta mata da yara yin aiki a gonaki, a cikin ma'adinai, gidajen abinci, da sauran wurare, kuma suna fuskantar lalata. Ba’aka manya da yara galibi ana tilasta musu yin aiki a gonaki da sauran wurare kuma ana yi da su a matsayin bayi.

Kusan rabin yaran dake tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 a kasar suna aiki, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin ma'adinai. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa yara aiki a ma'adinai, wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi ba. Yawancin yara 3000 ko fiye da haka a kan titi a Bangui suna aiki a matsayin masu sayar da titi. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati na amfani da kananan yara sojoji, kuma yaran da suka rasa muhallansu na aiki na tsawon sa'o'i a filayen cikin yanayi na tsananin zafi.

Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi daban-daban a cikin fage na yau da kullun, ya danganta da nau'in kalmar da ke ciki. Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin mafi ƙarancin albashi. A kowane hali, mafi ƙarancin albashi bai isa ba don samar da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa. Akwai madaidaitan makonnin aiki da ma'auni daban-daban na aiki na hukuma da dokokin lafiya da aminci, amma ba a aiwatar da su ba.

'Yancin magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi magana game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin kundin tsarin mulki; duk da haka, an sha samun tarzoma na tsoratar da gwamnati da nufin takaita sukar kafafen yada labarai. Rahoton da Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta kafofin watsa labarai na dorewa ta lura da cewa 'ƙasar ba ta cika cika buƙatu ba, tare da sassan tsarin shari'a da gwamnati da ke adawa da tsarin watsa labarai mai 'yanci." [17]

Halin tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taswirar tana nuna ƙimar CAR tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".[17]

Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin CAR game da yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa sune kamar haka:

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • 'Yancin addini a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
  • Fataucin mutane a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
  • Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
  • Hakkokin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
  • Siyasar Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.

Nassoshi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Central African Republic: The near-poorest country - and most neglected crisis - in the world". Mercy Corps. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  2. ↑ "FIW Score". Freedom House. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Central African Republic". International Human Development Indicators. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "2010 Human Rights Report: Central African Republic". US Department of State. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Central African Republic: UN reports mounting human rights abuses". UN News Centre. 10 October 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Annual Report 2012". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  7. ↑ "Human rights: violence against women in India; crackdown in Bahrain; insecurity in Central African Republic". Aktuelles. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  8. ↑ Lombard, Louisa (18 January 2013). "Making War, Not Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  9. ↑ "US increases aid to Central African Republic amid new surge of violence". The Guardian. 26 June 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  10. ↑ "UN warning over Central African Republic genocide risk". bbcnews.com. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  11. ↑ "France says Central African Republic on verge of genocide". reuters.com. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Smith, David (22 November 2013) Unspeakable horrors in a country on the verge of genocide The Guardian, Retrieved 23 November 2013
  13. ↑ "Rebel Training: Introducing Human Rights In War-Torn Central African Republic". The Huffington Post. 7 July 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  14. ↑ "A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes About Accountability and Social Reconstruction in the Central African Republic" (PDF). Berkeley. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  15. ↑ "2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor -CAR-". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
  16. ↑ "David Simpson held in Central African Republic after discovery of dead bodies". Fair Trial International. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Central African Republic
  18. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  19. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  20. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  21. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  22. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  23. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  24. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  25. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  26. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  27. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  28. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  29. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  30. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  31. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  32. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  33. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  34. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  35. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  36. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  37. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
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