Halayen jima'i (ajalin doka)
 Halayen jima'i (ajalin doka) | |
|---|---|
legal term or legal concept (en)  |
A cikin doka, halayen jima'i na nufin sifa da aka ayyana don dalilai na kare mutane daga wariya saboda fasalin jima'i. An fara bayyana sifa na halayen jima'i a cikin dokar ƙasa a Malta a cikin 2015. Tun lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da kalmar shari'a,[1] Turai,[2] da cibiyoyi na Asiya-Pacific,[3] da kuma a cikin sabuntawar 2017 zuwa Ka'idodin Yogyakarta akan aikace-aikacen dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya dangane da yanayin jima'i, halayen jinsi da jinsi.
Halayen jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: halayen jima'i
Halayen jima'i na zahiri sun haɗa da halayen jima'i na farko da halayen jima'i na biyu. Siffar dabi'ar jima'i ta farko, kamar yadda aka fayyace ta a takaice, ita ce duk wani bangare na jiki da ke da hannu wajen haifuwa ta jima'i da kuma samar da tsarin haihuwa a cikin hadadden kwayoyin halitta, musamman gabobin jima'i na waje; gabobin jima’i na waje kuma ana kiransu da al’aura ko al’aura.[4] Siffofin jima'i na biyu su ne siffofin da suke bayyana a lokacin haɓaka jima'i / balaga jima'i a cikin kowane nau'in dabba (ciki har da mutane), musamman ma halayen jima'i na jima'i wanda ke bambanta jinsi na nau'in jinsin, amma cewa, ba kamar gabobin jima'i ba, kai tsaye ba sa cikin tsarin haihuwa.
Sifa ta shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halayen jima'i kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin doka da kuma cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam. An fara amfani da kalmar a Malta a cikin 2015, lokacin da ƙasar ta samar da kariyar doka daga wariya da tilasta hanyoyin likita bisa dalilan halayen jima'i. Ƙididdiga na Jinsi, Bayyana Jinsi da Dokar Halayen Jima'i sun bayyana halayen jima'i kamar:
"Halayen jima'i" yana nufin sifofin chromosomal, gondal da yanayin jikin mutum, waɗanda suka haɗa da halayen farko kamar gabobin haihuwa da al'aura da/ko a cikin sifofin chromosomal da hormones; da halaye na biyu kamar ƙwayar tsoka, rarraba gashi, ƙirjin da / ko tsari.
A cikin Nuwamba 2017, an faɗaɗa ƙa'idodin Yogyakarta don haɗa sabbin ka'idoji da sabbin halayen halayen jima'i da asalin jinsi. Karin bayanin ya yi nuni da cewa sabuwar “bayyayayar hujjar kariya daga take hakkin dan Adam ta samo asali ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen kasa da kasa”. An bayyana halayen jima'i da:
FAHIMTAR 'Halayen Jima'i' kamar sifofin jikin kowane mutum da suka shafi jima'i, gami da al'aura da sauran yanayin jima'i da haihuwa, chromosomes, hormones, da sifofin jiki na biyu da ke fitowa daga balaga.
A cikin 2015, Hukumar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Mahimmanci ta buga wani kwatancen bincike na shari'a game da kariya daga wariya kan dalilai na daidaita jima'i, asalin jinsi da halayen jima'i a cikin EU.
A cikin 2016, Littafin Asiya Pasifik na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa (AFP) kan Ingantawa da Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam dangane da Matsalolin Jima'i, Identity Gender da Halayen Jima'i. Takardar ta ba da nazari kan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da haƙƙoƙin mutunci na zahiri, rashin nuna bambanci, ingantattun magunguna da gyara, da kuma sanin su a gaban doka.
Intersex mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Malta wacce ta gabatar da kalmar ta sami karbuwa sosai a duniya daga kungiyoyin fararen hula yayin da ta ba da kariya ga masu yin jima'i a karon farko.[5] Daga baya dokar ta biyo bayan wani rahoto na Kwamishinan ‘Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Turai wanda ya gane cewa halayen jima’i sun bambanta da yanayin jima’i da jinsin mutum.[6]
A cikin wani bincike mai zurfi kan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na jima'i da batutuwan kiwon lafiya, Majalisar Turai ta buga takarda mai taken 'yancin ɗan adam da ma'aurata a watan Mayu 2015. A cikin takardar, Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar ya ba da shawarar cewa Membobin Majalisar Turai su kare 'yan kasar da ke da alaka da jima'i a kan dalilan "jima'i", ko kuma ba da kariya ga masu jima'i bisa dalilan jima'i ko jinsi.[7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ↑ European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (December 2015). Protection against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in the EU – Comparative legal analysis – Update 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-03.
- ↑ Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. ISBN 978-0-9942513-7-4. Archived from the original on 2017-01-15.
- ↑ Sex organ (sɛks ˈɔːɡən)". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013
- ↑ Cabral, Mauro (April 8, 2015). "Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics". Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03
- ↑ Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 2016-01-06
- ↑ Carpenter, Morgan (April 2, 2015). "We celebrate Maltese protections for intersex people". Organisation Intersex International Australia. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03