Hamadar Libya
| Hamadar Libya | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
Height above mean sea level (en)  | 1,024 m |
| Fadi | 1,000 km |
| Yawan fili | 1,100,000 km² |
| Labarin ƙasa | |
 | |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | 24°N 25°E / 24°N 25°E |
| Bangare na | Sahara |
| Kasa | Libya, Misra da Sudan |
| Territory |
Kufra District (en) da Butnan District (en) |
Hamadar Libya (kada a rude da sahara ta Libya) yanki ne na kasa da ke cike da hamadar sahara ta arewa maso gabas, daga gabashin Libya zuwa hamada ta yamma ta Masar da arewa maso yammacin Sudan. A kan taswirori na tsakiyar zamanai, amfani da shi ya riga ya wuce Saharar yau, kuma sassan hamadar Libya sun hada da yankunan Sahara mafi bushewa da mafi karancin yawan jama'a; wannan shi ne babban abin da ya sa Hamadar Libiya ta bambanta da babban yankin sahara. Sakamakon rashin kiwo, da kuma kusa da rashin rijiyoyin ruwa ko rijiyoyin da ake buƙata don ciyar da ayarin raƙuma, ya hana kasuwancin Trans-Sahara tsakanin Kharga (Darb al Arbein) kusa da kogin Nilu, da Murzuk a cikin Fezzan Libya. Wannan duhu ya ga yankin da masu bincike na farko na Turai suka yi biris da su, kuma sai a farkon karni na 20 da zuwan mota kafin a fara binciken hamadar Libya gaba daya.
Sunayen suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar Hamadar Libiya ta fara bayyana ko'ina a taswirorin Turai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 19, wanda aka fi sani da shi da ke kan iyakokin Masar da Libya a yau. Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne daga yankin da aka fi sani da tsohuwar Libya . (Ba sai a shekara ta 1934 ba ne aka fara kiran tsohon Ottoman Tripolitania da Libya .) A cikin littafinsa na Libya Sands, Ralph Bagnold ya tafi inda ya nuna cewa hamadar Libya wani yanki ne na daban daga sahara, tsaunuka da tuddai na Ennedi da Tibesti a arewacin Chadi, da Akakus da Tassili a iyakar Aljeriya. Tun daga wannan lokacin ma'anar ta koma ga ma'anar da aka bayar a sama.
Geography
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hamadar Libiya tana da yanki kusan 1,300,000 square kilometres (500,000 sq mi) ( , kuma ya kai kusan 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) daga gabas zuwa yamma, da 1,000 km daga arewa zuwa kudu, a cikin kusan sifar rectangular mai karkata zuwa kudu maso gabas. Kamar yawancin Sahara, wannan hamada shine yashi da hamada ko kuma fili mai duwatsu.
Filayen yashi, dunes, tudu, da wasu ɓangarorin ɓacin rai (basins) suna kwatanta yankin endorheic, ba tare da koguna da ke zubewa cikin ko daga cikin hamada ba. Dutsen Gilf Kebir ya kai tsayin sama da 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) kawai, kuma tare da ɗimbin yawa na Jebel Uweinat na kusa shine keɓantawa ga ƙasa mara yankewa na ginshiƙan ginshiƙan da aka rufe da yadudduka na shimfidar gado a kwance, suna samar da babban fili yashi, ƙananan faranti, da dunes.
Hamadar tana da nau'ikan shimfidar wurare masu ban mamaki da suka haɗa da tsaunuka, tsaunuka, da tekuna yashi.
A kudu akwai babban jeri na tsaunin, daga Jebel Uweinat ( 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) ), a kan iyakar Libya da Masar da Sudan, da Tibesti a kudu, kan iyakar Chadi, da Acacus a kudu maso yamma. Babban tudu shine Jaghbub da Jalo a gabas, a Cyrenaica, Kufra a kudu maso gabas, da Murzuk a kudu, a Fezzan. Tekun yashi na kwance a wani zobe da ke kusa da iyakar Libya. A gabas ya ta'allaka ne da Tekun Yashi na Calanshio, gefen yammacin babban Tekun Yashi wanda ke kan iyakar Libya da Masar, kuma ya kai 800 kilometres (500 mi) daga Jaghbub da Jalo a arewa zuwa Kufra a kudu. A kudu maso gabas akwai Tekun Yashi na Rebiana, kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan. A kudu maso yamma akwai Idehan Murzuq, iyaka da kasar Chadi, daga yamma kuma Idehan Ubari, iyaka da Aljeriya. Tekun yashi sun ƙunshi dunes har 512 metres (1,680 ft) tsayi, kuma ya rufe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yankin hamada.
Sauran siffofi sune Aswad al Haruj ("Baƙar Hamada"), wani babban yanki mai da'ira na garkuwar baƙar fata mai aman wuta a tsakiyar ƙasar, da Hamada al Hamra ("Red Desert") wani tudu mai duwatsu zuwa yamma, a kan iyakar Tunisiya, mai launin baƙin ƙarfe oxide. A kudu maso gabas, tsakanin Kufra da kan iyakar Libya da Masar da Sudan, ya ta'allaka ne da Jebel Arkenu, tare da tsarin Arkenu, wanda ake zaton hare-haren meteorite ne ya haddasa shi. Arewacin tudun Gilf Kebir, daga cikin magudanan ruwa masu zurfi na kudanci Babban Tekun Yashi, filin gilashin hamadar Libya ne. Ana tsammanin wannan yana da alaƙa da tasirin meteorite, wanda kogin Kebira ya yi alama, akan iyakar Libya da Masar. An yi amfani da samfurin gilashin hamada a cikin wani tsohon kayan ado na Tutankhamun .
Hamadar Libya ba ta da yawan jama'a baya ga matsugunan zamani da ke bakin tekun yankin Cyrenaica a kudu maso gabashin Libya. 'Yan asalin yankin su ne kabilar Bisharin, Mahas, da Berber . Inda hamada ta mamaye Masar kuma ba a Libya ba, ana kiranta da " Hamada ta Yamma ". Kalmar "Hamada ta Yamma" ta bambanta da Hamada ta Gabas zuwa gabashin Kogin Nilu, wanda ke tsakanin kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya .
Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ce hamadar Libya na daya daga cikin yankunan da ba su da karimci a doron kasa. Yanayinsa yana da ban mamaki, yana da zafi a lokacin rani, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana na 50 °C (122 °F) da sama, ko da yake wannan yana raguwa da sauri da daddare. A cikin hunturu, kwanaki suna sanyi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi 27 °C (81 °F), amma da dare wannan na iya faɗuwa ƙasa da daskarewa, tare da yanayin zafi na −9 °C (16 °F) rubuta. A wadannan lokuta samuwar sanyi sanyi ba bakon abu bane, kuma ana kiransu da sunan "Farin Dare".
A arewa, tare da bakin tekun Bahar Rum, iska mai sanyi a kan teku tana kadawa a cikin ƙasa, yayin da ta kara kudu, iska mai zafi, busasshiyar iska, da aka sani da Ghibli, ta tashi daga ciki, ta haifar da guguwa mai yashi. Fari na lokaci-lokaci ya zama ruwan dare a cikin hamada, galibi yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa. [1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hamadar tarihi
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A tarihi, "Libya" tana nufin wani yanki da ba a bayyana shi ba a yammacin Masar ta dā, wadda bisa ga al'ada iyakarta ita ce tafkin Mareotis, wajen Iskandariya . Tsoffin Helenawa, irin su Herodotus, sun ɗauki dukan Arewacin Afirka littoral, zuwa Cape Spartel a Maroko, a matsayin "Libya". Daga baya, Romawa sun shirya yankin lardunan Libya Inferior da Libya Superior, wanda ya rufe yammacin Masar da Cyrenaica. Don haka "Hamadar Libiya" ita ce hamada da ke kudu da Libya ta da . Tare da ƙungiyar Italiyanci na mulkin mallaka na Libya a cikin karni na 20 kalmar "Hamadar Libya" ga wannan yanki ya zama mummunar fahimta, kuma yankin hamada a cikin Masar ya zama sananne da " Hamada ta Yamma " (watau yammacin kogin Nilu, wanda ya saba wa hamada ta Gabas, gabashin kogin Nilu). [2]
Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan mamaye yankin da Italiya ta yi a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya na 1911-12, hamada ta zama wurin gwagwarmayar shekaru goma tsakanin Italiya da Senussi tun daga 1915, [3] waɗanda suka kasance a kan Jebel Akhdar a Cyrenaica da kuma kan yankin Kufra. Ya ƙare a 1931 tare da mamaye Kufra da Italiyawa suka yi.
Binciken zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarun 1930 ne sojojin Italiya da sojojin saman Italiya suka gudanar da bincike da taswira a hamadar Libiya. Wasu, irin su Ralph Bagnold da László Almásy suma sun yi tafiya a kudu maso gabashin Libya da kuma kudancin Masar, suna neman ɓataccen tekun Zerzura . Har ila yau, Bagnold ya yi tafiya zuwa arewacin kasar Chadi, zuwa Mourdi Depression, yana rubuta sakamakon bincikensa a cikin littafinsa Libyan Sands: Travel in a Dead World, wanda aka buga a 1935.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu hamadar arewa maso gabas tsakanin El Agheila da kan iyakar Masar an yi ta gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin dakarun Axis da kasashen yammacin turai, lokacin da ake kira yakin Hamada ta Yamma . Hamada mai zurfi ta ga ayyukan da Kamfanonin Auto-Saharan na Italiya suka yi, a cikin yaƙi tare da ƙungiyar Allied Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) da Free French Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad (RTST). Sauran ayyukan sun hada da Siege na Giarabub (yanzu Jaghbub), yakin Kufra da farmakin Murzuk, duk a 1941. [2]
Tekun Yashi na Calanshio shine wurin da jirgin saman yakin duniya na biyu ya bata Lady Be Good . An gano baraguzan jirgin 200 kilometres (120 mi) arewacin Kufra shekaru 15 bayan an ba da rahoton bacewarsa a 1943.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Libya - Climate | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-31.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pitt 1980.
- ↑ Banks, Iain (2007-11-01). "Ghosts in the Desert: the Archaeological Investigation of a Sub-Saharan Battlefield". Journal of Conflict Archaeology. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1163/157407807X257340. ISSN 1574-0773. S2CID 161840012.