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Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh

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Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Daular Qajar, 19 century
Mutuwa Daular Qajar, 1880
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Abbas Mirza
Sana'a

Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh (Persian; ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1880) yarima ne na Qajar, gwamna kuma jami'in soja a Iran a karni na 19. Dan yarima Abbas Mirza, Hamzeh Mirza ya rike gwamnoni daban-daban kuma ya jagoranci yakin basasa da yawa, musamman a kan juyin juya halin Hasan Khan Salar . Ya ci gaba da aiki a harkokin soja da gudanarwa na kasar har zuwa mutuwarsa.

Tarihin rayuwa

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Tarihi da farkon aiki

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Wani memba na Daular Qajar mai mulki na Iran, Hamzeh Mirza shi ne ɗan ashirin da ɗaya na Abbas Mirza, [1] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin yarima har zuwa mutuwarsa daga rashin lafiya a 1832. [2] Hamzeh Mirza ya shiga cikin yakin Herat na 1837-1838, wanda ya ɓarke saboda rashin biyayya na dan Iran Kamran Mirza Durrani, wanda ya mallaki Herat. [3][4] Saboda gudummawar da ya bayar, Hamzeh Mirza daga baya ya sami lada tare da gwamnan yammacin birnin Qazvin a cikin 1839 daga mai mulkinsa Mohammad Shah Qajar (r. 1834-1848), wanda shi ma ɗan'uwansa ne. Koyaya, an kore shi jim kadan bayan haka saboda mummunar halinsa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Mohammad Shah ya nada shi gwamna na wani birni a yamma, Zanjan . A cikin 1847, Hamzeh Mirza ya zama gwamnan gabashin Lardin Khorasan, wanda aka ba shi aikin murkushe juyin juya halin Hasan Khan Salar, gwagwarmayar iko ta dangin Davalu na Qajars. [3][5] Babban birnin lardin Khorasan shine Mashhad, wanda yarima Qajar ke mulki. [5][6] A watan Agustan 1847, Hamzeh Mirza ya ci Hasan Khan Salar a kusa da Bastam, wanda ya haifar da janyewar Turkmen a Akhal.[1]

Rashin halayyar sojojin Hamzeh Mirza a Mashhad da kewayenta a farkon shekara ta 1848 ya haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kara damar Hasan Khan Salar. Yayinda Hamzeh Mirza ya bar Mashhad na ɗan lokaci, ɗan'uwan Hasan Khan Salar Mirza Mohammad Khan Beglerbegi ya yi kawance da hukumomin yankin. Wannan na ƙarshe ya yi tawaye a bayyane a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 1848, lokacin da ya kashe motavalli-bashi (mai kula) Hajji Mirza Abdollah Khoi da darugha (prefect) Ebrahim Soltan. Da yake nuna mummunar hali da sojojin Hamzeh Mirza suka yi, wasu daga cikin malamai a Mashhad sun bayyana jihadi a kansa. Bayan an sanar da Hasan Khan Salar game da halin da ake ciki a Mashhad, sai ya yi tafiya zuwa birnin tare da sojoji 2,000 na Turkmen.[1]

Matsayin Hamzeh Mirza ya kara muni lokacin da labarin mutuwar Mohammad Shah (wanda dansa Naser al-Din Shah ya gaje shi ) a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1848 ya bazu a duk Khorasan.[7] Ba da daɗewa ba aka makale shi a cikin sansanin Mashhad kuma ya ƙare kayan aiki.[1] Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai, mai kula da Herat, ya yi tafiya zuwa Mashhad inda ya taimaka wa Hamzeh Mirza, yayin da yake nuna goyon baya ga Hasan Khan Salar.[4] Bayan ya lalata duk manyan makamai da kuma ƙone tsarin tsaro, Hamzeh Mirza ya yarda da shawarar Yar Muhammad Khan na zama a Ghuriyan a lokacin hunturu saboda halin da ake ciki a Mashhad.[1] Wannan lokacin ya nuna mafi ƙasƙanci na mulkin Qajar a kan Khorasan.[1] Hamzeh Mirza ya zauna a can daga tsakiyar Disamba 1848 zuwa ƙarshen Maris 1849.[1] A halin yanzu, Hasan Khan Salar ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa a Khorasan, amma Morad Mirza ya ci nasara kuma ya kashe shi a cikin bazara na 1850, [1] cikakken ɗan'uwan Hamzeh Mirza.[1]

Gwamnan Azerbaijan

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Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Lardin Azerbaijan da kewayenta

Bayan dawowar Hamzeh Mirza zuwa Iran a 1849, an ba shi taken "Heshmat od-Dowleh" kuma an nada shi gwamnan Azerbaijan.[3] Ya nada Mirza Mohammad Qavam al-Dawla a matsayin ministansa.[8] Yayinda yake kan hanyarsa zuwa Tabriz don fara sabon matsayinsa, Hamzeh Mirza ya sadu da gwamnan Abbasqoli Khan Mo'tamed od-Dowleh Javanshir a Zanjan.[9] An sanar da su cewa rikici ya ɓarke tsakanin kabilun Hajji-Khojalu da Damirchili (duka daga reshen Shahsevan a Meshginshahr), wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa. A sakamakon haka, sun koma yankin Ardabil kuma sun rubuta wa shugabannin Shahsevan da Qaradaghi da yawa, suna ba da umarni cewa su tara sojoji kuma su mallaki Hajji-Khojalu, wanda da alama ya ƙare cikin nasara. Da suka isa Tabriz, Hamzeh Mirza da Abbasqoli Khan sun aika da umarni ga manyan mutanen Qaradagh don kama wasu shugabannin Shahsevan, suna ba da sojan doki 500 don tabbatar da jigilar su zuwa Tabriz. Hamzeh Mirza ya kuma kori Farzi Khan a matsayin shugaban Meshginshahr. A sakamakon haka, ƙarshen ya fara manyan ayyukan kai hari.[9]

A shekara ta 1850, Firayim Minista Amir Kabir ya umarci Hamzeh Mirza da ya kama Báb a Chehriq kuma ya kashe shi a Tabriz saboda tashin hankali da mabiyansa suka haifar a duk faɗin ƙasar. Hamzeh Mirza ya yi jinkirin kashe Báb, saboda ya yi imanin cewa ba daidai ba ne a kashe wani seyyed, kuma bai gamsu da cewa Amir Kabir ya ba shi aikin ba, saboda yana sa ran ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da yaki da cin nasara ba.[8] A lokacin rani na wannan shekarar, Hamzeh Mirza ya kashe Báb.[3]

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1851, Hamzeh Mirza ya karɓi umarni don tafiya zuwa Ardabil da Meshginshahr don dakatar da kabilun Shahsevan daga yin hunturu a yankin da Rasha ke mulkin Mughan, wanda ya zama wuraren hunturu na gargajiya.[9][10] Yayinda yake a Meshginshahr, Hamzeh Mirza ya gayyaci manyan shugabannin kabilun Shahsevan, yana mai da'awar yana so ya tattauna batutuwa don jin daɗin kabilun. Koyaya, da zarar sun taru a sansaninsa, an kama su, an ɗaure su, kuma an tura su kurkuku a Tabriz. Ba a tabbatar da waɗanne kabilun ne suka shiga ba. Shugabannin kabilun da aka kama sune Farzi Khan (watakila wannan Farzi Khan wanda Hamzeh Mirza ya kore shi a baya), Eskandar Khan, Salim Khan, Roushan Khan, Qasem Khan na Shaki, Shah Palang, Shah Mar, da Mollah Mo'men.[9]

Yawancin fursunonin Shahsevan sun nemi Naser al-Din Shah ya gafarta musu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1851.[9] Wakilin Burtaniya kuma Janar-janar a Tabriz, Richard Stevens, ya ba da shawarar cewa Salim Khan da 'yan uwan Shah Palang da Shah Mar ne kawai za a tsare su a kurkuku, yayin da Hamzeh Mirza ya ba da shawara cewa duk shugabannin Shahsevan ya kamata a tsare su cikin kurkuku don kula da tsaro na kan iyaka.[9] Daga karshe an saki Farzi Khan kuma an mayar da shi ga matsayinsa na shugaban Meshginshahr, yayin da makomar sauran fursunoni ba a sani ba.[9]

Ayyukansa na baya da mutuwarsa

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Hoton Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh (yana zaune a tsakiya) tare da wasu manyan jami'an Iran a Tbilisi

Gwamnatin Hamzeh Mirza ta Azerbaijan ta kasance har zuwa 1854, lokacin da aka kira shi zuwa Tehran. Daga 1855 zuwa 1858, ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Isfahan . An sake kiran shi zuwa Tehran kuma daga baya aka sake dawo da shi a matsayin gwamnan Khorasan a 1859. [3] A cikin 1860, an umarci Hamzeh Mirza da ya magance tawaye da Turkmen na Marv. Ya sha wahala sosai a yakin da ya biyo baya kuma dole ne ya janye saboda karancin kayayyaki. Bayan wannan cin nasara, Daular Rasha ta mallaki Marv. An kira Hamzeh Mirza zuwa Tehran, inda Naser al-Din Shah ya hana shi lakabi, matsayi, da gata.[3] Koyaya, don ba da kyauta ga Naser al-Din Shah, an nada Hamzeh Mirza a matsayin gwamnan Yazd a 1862.[8] Daga 1864 zuwa 1866, ya rike mukamai na lokaci-lokaci a matsayin gwamnan Khuzestan, Lorestan, da Khorasan . A cikin 1868/69, an nada shi a matsayin Ministan yaki na farko, yana karɓar taken "Amir Jang".[3]

A cikin 1870, Hamzeh Mirza ya kama manyan birane da yawa da Turkmen ke sarrafawa.[3] A shekara ta 1871, Naser al-Din Shah ya aika Hamzeh Mirza da manyan jami'ai da yawa zuwa birnin Tbilisi don maraba da sarkin Rasha Alexander II (r. 1855-1881). A watan Maris / Afrilu 1872, sun koma Tehran. A cikin 1872/73, an sake nada Hamzeh Mirza a matsayin gwamnan Khorasan da Lorestan, yana aiki har zuwa 1875/76, lokacin da babban ɗan'uwansa Bahram Mirza ya gaji shi. A shekara ta 1876, Hamzeh Mirza ya sake karbar gwamna na Khuzestan da Lorestan.[8] Bayan haka ba a ambaci shi a cikin tushe ba har zuwa 1880, lokacin da aka umarce shi da ya murkushe Sheikh Ubeydullah">tawaye na Sheikh Ubeydullah, shugaban reshen Kurdawa na tsarin Sufi Naqshbandi . Kafin ya iya yin aiki da Sheikh Ubeydullah, Hamzeh Mirza ya mutu a kusa da Baneh . [3]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Noelle-Karimi 2014.
  2. ↑ Busse 1982.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Beigi 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Amanat 2003.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Amanat 1997.
  6. ↑ Bosworth 2007.
  7. ↑ Mousavi 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Bamdad 1972.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Tapper 1997.
  10. ↑ Tapper 2010.

Tushe

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh.
  • Amanat, Abbas (1997). Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845118280.
  • Samfuri:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
  • Bamdad, Mehdi (1972). شرح حال رجال ایران در قرن ۱۲ و ۱۳ و ۱۴ هجری [Biographies of [notable] personages of Iran in the 12th, 13th, and 14th/18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, vol. 1].
  • Beigi, Maryam Arjah (2014). "Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh". Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam (in Persian). 14. Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation. ISBN 9789644470127.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Brill. ISBN 978-9004153882.
  • Samfuri:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
  • Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-3700172024.
  • Mousavi, Mehdi (2018). "Nāṣir al-Dīn Shah Qajar". In Thomas, David Richard (ed.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800–1914). Brill. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_COM_33868. ISBN 978-9004471689.
  • Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52158-336-7.
  • Samfuri:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
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