Hanyar halitta

Hanyar halitta
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	rock formation (en)
Shape (en)	arch shape (en)

Arch mai laushi a cikin Arches National Park, Utah, Amurka

Babban Arch, Lardin Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

Hanyar halitta, gada ta halitta, ko (ba sau da yawa) dutse ita ce yanayin ƙusa inda aka kafa wani bakan tare da buɗewa a ƙasa. Arches na halitta yawanci suna samuwa inda tsaunuka na ciki, tsaunuka masu bakin teku, fins ko tarin suna ƙarƙashin rushewa daga teku, koguna ko yanayi (matakai na subaerial).

Yawancin arches na halitta an kafa su ne daga ƙananan fuka-fuki da tarin teku waɗanda suka ƙunshi sandstone ko dutse mai laushi tare da tsayi, sau da yawa tsaye, fuskokin dutse. Tsarin ya zama ƙanƙanta saboda rushewa a kan ma'aunin lokaci. Yankin dutse mai laushi yana rushewa yana haifar da mafaka na dutse, ko alcoves, a bangarorin da suka dace a ƙarƙashin ɓangaren da ya fi wuya, ko Caprock, sama da shi. Alcoves sun kara lalacewa cikin tsari a ƙarshe sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin layin caprock mai wuya, don haka suna haifar da baka. Hanyoyin rushewa suna amfani da raunin da ke cikin dutsen da ke da laushi wanda ke haifar da raguwa da sauri da kuma cire kayan da sauri fiye da caprock; duk da haka, caprock da kansa yana ci gaba da lalacewa bayan an kafa bakan, wanda zai haifar da rushewa.

Zaɓin tsakanin gadar da baka yana da ɗan son rai. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society sun gano gada a matsayin wani nau'i na bakan da aka kafa da farko da ruwa. Sabanin haka, Dictionary of Geological Terms ya bayyana gada ta halitta a matsayin "ƙofar halitta da ke ratsa kwarin rushewa".

Babban baka na dabi'a mafi girma a duniya, ta wani tazara mai mahimmanci, ita ce gadar Xianren da ke kudancin kasar Sin, mai tsawon tsawon 400 ± 15 feet (122 ± 5 m) .

Yankin bakin teku

Gilashin Azure, Malta, kafin ya rushe a cikin 2017

Darwin's Arch, Tsibirin Galápagos, Ecuador, kafin ya rushe a cikin 2021

A kan iyakar teku nau'ikan arches daban-daban guda biyu zasu iya samuwa dangane da ilimin ƙasa. A kan iyakar bakin teku iri-iri nau'ikan dutse suna gudana a 90 ° zuwa bakin teku. Rashin ƙarfin ruwa yana mai da hankali ga ƙarfin ruwa a kan tudu, kuma yana da siffofi lokacin da koguna suka fashe ta cikin tudu. Misalai guda biyu na wannan nau'in bakan sune London Bridge a Victoria, Australia, da Neill Island a cikin Andaman Islands, Indiya. Lokacin da waɗannan arches suka rushe, suna samar da ɗakunan da ƙuƙwalwa. A kan iyakar bakin teku nau'ikan dutse suna gudana daidai da iyakar bakin tekun, tare da dutse mai rauni kamar shale wanda aka kare da dutse mafi ƙarfi kamar dutse mai laushi. Ayyukan raƙuman ruwa tare da iyakar bakin teku sun fashe ta cikin dutse mai ƙarfi sannan suka lalata dutse mai rauni da sauri. Misalai masu kyau na wannan nau'in baka sune Durdle Door da Stair Hole kusa da Lulworth Cove a kan Dorset's Jurassic Coast a kudancin Ingila. Lokacin da Stair Hole ya rushe zai samar da wani bay.

Arches da ke lalacewar yanayi

Metate Arch, Devils Garden (GSENM), wani karamin akwatin kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa

Arches da ke lalacewar yanayi sun fara farawa a matsayin zurfin tsagewa wanda ke shiga cikin yashi. Rushewar da ke faruwa a cikin tsagewa yana kawar da yadudduka na dutse kuma yana fadada tsagewar da ke keɓe ƙananan bangon sandstone wanda ake kira fuka-fuki. Sauye-sauye da narkewa suna haifar da rushewa da raguwa na dutsen yashi mai laushi kuma a ƙarshe an yanke ta wasu fuka-fukan. Ramin da ya haifar ya karu zuwa daidaitattun bakan ta hanyar faduwar dutse da yanayin yanayi. A ƙarshe arches sun rushe suna barin buttresses kawai waɗanda a cikin lokaci za su lalace.

Ana samun arches da yawa a cikin Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, da Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), duk suna cikin kudancin Utah, Amurka.

Progressive erosion producing plateau, fin, window (or arch), and hoodoos

Arches da aka rushe da ruwa

Taswirar taswirar Coyote Natural Bridge a Utah ta nuna yadda Coyote Gulch ya zana gajeren hanya ta dutse a ƙarƙashin bakan. Tsohon kogin yanzu ya fi matakin ruwa na yanzu.

Wasu gadoji na halitta na iya kama da arches, amma suna samuwa a cikin hanyar rafi da ke lalacewa kuma suna shiga cikin dutse. Arches na rami sun samo asali ne ta hanyar sinadarai yayin da ruwa ke tattarawa a cikin ɓacin rai na halitta kuma a ƙarshe ya yanke zuwa Layer da ke ƙasa.

Natural Bridges National Monument a Utah yana kare yankin da ke kewaye da manyan gadoji guda uku, dukansu an kafa su ne ta hanyar rafi da ke gudana ta cikin canyons, mafi girma daga cikinsu ana kiransa Sipapu Bridge tare da tsawon ƙafa 225 (69 . Har ila yau, an kafa sunan Rainbow Bridge National Monument ta hanyar ruwa mai gudana wanda ya haifar da babbar gada ta halitta da aka sani a Yammacin Hemisphere tare da tsawon ƙafa 234 (71 , bisa ga ma'aunin laser da aka yi a 2007. Xianren Bridge, wanda aka fi sani da Fairy Bridge, a Guangxi, China a halin yanzu ita ce babbar gada ta halitta da aka sani a duniya tare da tsawon da aka rubuta a 400 feet (120 m) ta Natural Arch and Bridge Society a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, tare da daidaito na ±15 feet (4.6 m) .

Rushewar kogon

London Bridge, Victoria, Australia, kafin rushewarsa a cikin 1990

Bridges na halitta na iya samuwa daga koguna na dutse mai laushi na halitta, inda sinkholes guda biyu suka rushe kuma an bar dutse tsaye a tsakanin, tare da hanyar kogo da ke haɗawa daga sinkhole zuwa sinkhole.

Kamar dukkan siffofin dutse, gadoji na halitta suna fuskantar ci gaba da lalacewa, kuma a ƙarshe za su rushe kuma su ɓace. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan shine tsarin dutse na bakin teku na Victorian, London Bridge, wanda ya rasa wani baka bayan guguwa ya kara lalacewa.

Moon Hill a Yangshuo, Lardin Guizhou, China, misali ne na wani baka wanda aka kafa ta hanyar ragowar wani karst limestone kogo.

Arches a matsayin babbar hanya ko gadar jirgin kasa

Halitta ta Halitta, Virginia

A wasu wurare a duniya, mutane suna amfani da arches na halitta a matsayin gadoji na sufuri tare da manyan hanyoyi ko hanyoyin dogo da ke ratsa su.

A Virginia, Hanyar Amurka ta 11 ta ratsa Gadar Halitta . Ana samun ƙarin hanyoyin baka biyu na halitta a Kentucky . Na farko, wani baka na zaizayar kogo da aka yi da dutsen farar ƙasa, yana cikin Park Park Resort na Jihar Caves kuma yana da shimfidar hanya a saman. Na biyu, wani katangar dutse mai yashi da aka yi da yanayi mai lalacewa tare da dattin hanya a saman, yana kan gefen Gadar Gadar Jihar da ke Kentucky. Ana kiran wannan baka na White's Branch Arch (wanda kuma aka sani da Narrows) kuma hanyar da ke bi ta yawanci ana kiranta da Titin Narrows.

A Turai, ƙauyen Romanian na Ponoarele yana da hanyar da ake kira God's Bridge wanda ke da tsawon 30 m (98 ft) da faɗin 13 m (43 ft) , yana wucewa a kan dutse mai tsawo 22 m (72 ft) da 9 m (30 ft).

The railroad from Lima, Peru crosses the Rio Yauli on a natural bridge near kilometer 214.2 as it approaches the city of La Oroya.

Shahararrun arches na halitta

Afirka

Arches na halitta a cikin La Cathedrale na Tadrart Rouge range, Algeria

Ramin da ke cikin bango

Antarctica

• Kerguelen Arch, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kirsimeti, Tsibirin Kerguelen (wanda ya rushe ca. 1910)
• Tsibirin Scott a cikin Antarctic yana da bakan halitta

Asiya

Arch na halitta, Tirumala, Indiya

Arch a cikin Timna Valley Park, Negev Desert, Isra'ila

• Kogin Keshet, Galili, Isra'ila
• Burdah Bridge, Wadi Rum, Jordan
• Baatara gorge waterfall a Tannourine, Lebanon yana da gadoji uku na halitta.
• Tsibirin Engetsu, Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan
• Hawrah Natural Bridge, Tsibirin Neill, Tsibirin Andaman, Indiya
• Hazarchishma Natural Bridge, Lardin Bamyan, Afghanistan
• Jabal Umm Fruth Bridge, Jordan
• Jebel Kharaz, Wadi Rum, Jordan
• "Jisr al-Hajar" ko kuma "Bridge na dutse" a cikin Mzaar Kfardebian, Lebanon
• Elephant Trunk Hill, Guilin, lardin Guangxi, China
• Moon Hill, lardin Guangxi, kasar Sin
• Tirumala_hills" id="mwASk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Natural Arch, Tirumala hills">Arch na halitta, tuddai na Tirumala, Tirumala, Indiya
• Romblon" id="mwAS4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Banton, Romblon">Banton,_Romblon" id="mwAS0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Banton, Romblon">Pasilagon Point Natural Arch, Banton, Romblon, Philippines
• Dutsen Pigeons da aka sani da Raouché a Beirut, Lebanon
• Punarjani Guha, ramin halitta a Gundumar Thrissur ta Kerala, Indiya
• Dutsen dutse na Gulanchwadi, Narayangaon, Maharashtra, Indiya
• Shipton's Arch, Xinjiang, China
• Steller's Arch a Tsibirin Bering, Rasha
• Dutsen Tianmen, Zhangjiajie, China
• Ginin Xianren, kasar Sin
• Babban White Hole na Krabi, Krabi, Thailand
• Mountain Angel Eye, Cao Bằng, Vietnam
• Babban Arch, Hizma, Lardin Tabuk, Masarautar Saudi Arabia

Turai

Arches a Marinha Beach, Caramujeira, Lagoa, Algarve, Portugal

Es Pontàs wani baka ne na halitta a bakin tekun Mallorca, Spain

Durdle Door, Dorset, Ƙasar Ingila

Little Prerast a gabashin Serbia

• Albandeira Arch, Lagoa, Algarve, Portugal
• Arco Naturale, Capri, Italiya
• Kamar yadda rairayin bakin teku na Catedrais, Ribadeo, Spain
• Azure Window, Gozo, Malta (ya rushe a cikin 2017)
• Blue Window ko kogon Seal na Tekun Koranti, a gaban tsibirin Alcyonides, Girka
• Bow Fiddle Rock, Portknockie, Scotland
• Capu Tafunatu, Faransa
• Rashin jituwa na Montpellier-le-Vieux, Faransa
• Ƙofar Iblis (Crimea)
• Dore Holm, Tsibirin Shetland
• Drangarnir, Tsibirin Faroe
• Durdle Door, Dorset, Ingila
• Dyrhólaey, Iceland
• Los Arcs, Castell de Castells, Spain
• Shi ne Pontàs, Spain
• Ƙasar Faransa
• Babbar Geropotamos, tsibirin Karita, Girka
• Għar Qawqla, Gozo, Malta (ya rushe a karni na 20)
• Wales" id="mwAa4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Green Bridge of Wales">Green Bridge na Wales, Pembrokeshire, Wales
• Hajdučka vrata, dutsen Čvrsnica, Bosnia da Herzegovina
• Tekun Inland, Gozo, Malta
• Kuhstall, Jamus
• Skiathos" id="mwAb8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Skiathos">Gidan rairayin bakin teku na Lalaria, Tsibirin Skiathos, Girka
• Malá Pravčická brána, Jamhuriyar Czech
• Marinha Beach, Caramujeira, Lagoa, Algarve, Portugal
• Marsden Rock, Kudancin Shields, Ingila (ya rushe a 1996)
• Babbar gadaje, Bulgaria
• Monte Forato, Tuscany, Italiya
• Ófærufoss, Iceland (ya fadi a cikin hunturu 1992/1993)
• Pistyll Rhaeadr, Wales
• Ponoarele, Romania (Podul lui Breath, ko gadar Allah)
• Pont d'Arc, Faransa
• Pravčická brána, Jamhuriyar Czech
• Puentedey, Spain (Puentedei, ko gadar Allah)
• Trypitòs Arch na tsibirin Paxi, Girka
• Samar Natural Arch, Serbia
• Šuplja Stena Natural Arch, Serbia
• Hasumiyar Percée, Faransa
• Wied il-Mielaħ Window, Gozo, Malta
• Vratna Gates, Serbia