Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa

Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Bayanai
Iri	resistance movement (en) da road network (en)
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Ideology (en)	Kau da Bautan Bayi
Administrator (en)	Gidan shakatawa na Kasa
Subdivisions	slavehavenmuseum.org (mul)
Dissolved	1863

Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta hanyoyin sirri da kuma gidaje masu aminci da masu neman 'yanci ke amfani da su don tserewa zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Gabashin Kanada. ’Yan Afirka da aka bautar da Ba-Amurkawa sun kuɓuta daga bauta a farkon ƙarni na 16, kuma da yawa daga cikin tsirar da suka yi ba su sami taimako ba; duk da haka, cibiyar sadarwa na gidaje masu aminci da aka fi sani da Underground Railroad ya fara tsarawa a cikin shekarar 1780s tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Abolitionist a Arewa. Ta gudu zuwa arewa kuma ta girma har zuwa lokacin da Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar 'Yanci a shekarar 1863. Masu tserewa sun nemi da farko don tserewa zuwa jihohi masu 'yanci, kuma mai yiwuwa daga can zuwa Kanada.

Cibiyar sadarwa, da farko aikin Amurkawa 'yanci da bautar, an taimaka ta hanyar kawarwa da wasu masu tausayi ga dalilin tserewa. Mutanen da aka bautar da suka yi kasadar kamawa da waɗanda suka taimaka musu, su ma a haɗe ake kiransu da fasinjoji da masu gudanar da Titin Jirgin ƙasa, bi da bi. Hanyoyi daban-daban sun kai ga Mexico, inda aka kawar da bautar, da kuma tsibiran da ke cikin Caribbean waɗanda ba sa cikin cinikin bayi. Hanyar tserewa ta farko tana tafiya kudu zuwa Florida, sannan mallakar Espanya (sai dai 1763-1783), ta kasance daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 har zuwa kusan 1790. A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, masu neman 'yanci sun tsere zuwa layin Union a Kudu don samun 'yancinsu. Wani ƙiyasin ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 1850, kusan bayi 100,000 sun tsere zuwa 'yanci ta hanyar sadarwa. A cewar tsohon farfesa na nazarin Pan-African J. Blaine Hudson, wanda shi ne shugaban Kwalejin fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar Louisville, a ƙarshen yakin basasa, 500,000 ko fiye da 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun sami kansu daga bauta a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa.

Asalin sunan

Eric Foner ya rubuta cewa kalmar "watakila wata jarida ta Washington ta fara amfani da ita a cikin shekarar 1839, yana ambaton wani matashin bawa da ke fatan tserewa daga bauta ta hanyar layin dogo wanda ya bi ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa har zuwa Boston". Dokta Robert Clemens Smedley ya rubuta cewa bayan binciken da masu kama bayi suka ƙasa yi da kuma rasa alamun ’yan gudun hijira har zuwa arewacin Columbia, Pennsylvania, sun bayyana cikin ruɗani cewa "dole ne a sami hanyar jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa a wani wuri," suna ba da asalin kalmar. Scott Shane ya rubuta cewa farkon rubuce-rubucen amfani da kalmar yana cikin labarin da Thomas Smallwood ya rubuta a cikin watan Agusta 10, 1842, bugun Tocsin of Liberty, jaridar abolitionist da aka buga a Albany. Ya kuma rubuta cewa littafin Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad na shekarar 1879 ya ce an ambaci kalmar a cikin labarin jaridar Washington na shekarar 1839 kuma marubucin littafin ya ce bayan shekaru 40 cewa ya nakalto labarin daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar yadda zai iya.

Terminology

Mambobin Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Underground Railroad) sau da yawa suna amfani da wasu kalmomi na musamman, bisa ga kamanceceniyar jirgin ƙasa. Misalai:

• Mutanen da suke taimaka wa bayi masu gudu su sami hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa ana kiransu da "wakilai"
• Masu jagora ana kiransu da "masu tuki"
• Wuraren ɓoye ana kiran su da "tashoshi" ko "tashoshin hanya"
• "Masu tashar" sukan ɓoye bayi masu gudu a gidajensu
• Bayi masu gudu ana kiran su da "fasinjoji" ko "kaya"
• Bayi masu gudu sukan samu "tikit"
• Kamar yadda aka saba da labaran waƙar bishara, "tauraron juyawa zai ci gaba da juyawa"
• Masu bada gudummawar kuɗi ga Jirgin Ƙasa suna da suna "masu hannun jari"
• Ƙasar Alkawari – kalmar lamba ga Kanada
• Kogin Jordan – kalmar lamba ga Kogin Ohio
• Aljanna – kalmar lamba ga 'yanci ko Kanada

Tauraron Big Dipper (inda "kwanon" yake nunawa ga Tauraron Arewa) ana kiransa da "kwanon sha". Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa sau da yawa ana kiransa da "jirgin 'yanci" ko "jirgin bishara", wanda ke tafiya zuwa "Aljanna" ko "Ƙasar Alkawari", wato Kanada.

Bayanin Siyasa

David Ruggles tsakanin wasu maza guda biyu suna fuskantar John P. Darg

Ga bayi masu gudu da suka “hau” Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ɗauki Kanada a matsayin wurin ƙarshe. An kiyasta cewa tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 40,000 daga cikinsu sun zauna a Kanada, rabinsu sun isa daga 1850 zuwa 1860. Wasu sun zauna a jihohin ‘yanci na arewa. Dubban shari’un kotu game da bayi masu gudu sun auku tsakanin Yaƙin Juyin Halitta na Amurka da Yaƙin Basasar Amurka.

A ƙarƙashin dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1793, jami’an daga jihohin ‘yanci an wajabta musu taimakawa masu bayi ko wakilansu don cafke masu gudu, amma wasu majalisun dokoki sun hana hakan. Wannan dokar ta sauƙaƙa wa masu bayi da masu kamawa hanyar kamo bakaken fata da maida su bayi, har ma da ɗaukar ‘yan bakaken fata masu ‘yanci. Hakan ya motsa masu kawar da bautar don taimaka wa bayi, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwa a ƙungiyoyin kawar da bautar da Jirgin Ƙasa na Ƙasa.

Sakamakon matsin lamba daga ‘yan siyasa na Kudu, sulhun 1850 ya samu amincewa daga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka bayan Yaƙin Amurka da Mexico. Ya haɗa da sabuwar dokar bayi masu gudu wadda ta fi tsauri; a zahiri, sulhun ya magance matsalolin yankuna ta hanyar tilasta wa jami’an jihohin ‘yanci su taimaka wajen kamawa, tare da ba da kariya ga masu kamawa don su yi aiki a jihohin ‘yanci. Saboda dokar bata buƙaci takardu da yawa don tabbatar da mutum ya gudu daga bautar, masu kamawa sun yi garkuwa da bakaken fata masu ‘yanci, musamman yara, suna sayar da su cikin bautar. ‘Yan siyasa na Kudu sau da yawa sukan ƙara girman adadin bayi masu gudu sannan su zargi ‘yan Arewa da katsalandan ga haƙƙin dukiyar Kudu. Dokar ta hana wa waɗanda ake zargi da zama bayi damar kare kansu a kotu, hakan ya sa yana da wahala a tabbatar da ‘yanci. Wasu jihohin Arewa sun kafa dokokin ‘yancin mutum da ke hana jami’an gwamnati cafke ko tsare tsoffin bayi. Tunani cewa jihohin Arewa suna watsi da dokokin bayi masu gudu da ƙa’idodi ya zama babban uzuri da aka bayar don ballewa daga Tarayya.

Hanyoyi da dabarun guduwa

Masu neman 'yanci sun gudu zuwa cikin al'ummar maroon na Great Dismal Swamp.

Hanyoyin Underground Railroad sun tafi arewa zuwa jihohin 'yanci da Kanada, zuwa Caribbean, zuwa yankunan yamma na Amurka, da kuma zuwa yankunan Indiyawa. Wasu bayi da suka tsere sun yi tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Mexico don samun 'yanci. Mutane da yawa sun tsere ta hanyar teku, ciki har da Ona Judge, wanda shugaban kasa George Washington ya mallaka a matsayin bawa. Wasu masana tarihin sun dauki hanyoyin ruwa na kudu a matsayin muhimman hanyoyi ga masu neman 'yanci, domin ruwa na taka rawar gani wajen tafiya. Haka kuma, masana tarihin Underground Railroad sun gano talla na bayin da suka tsere har 200,000 a jaridun Arewacin Amurka daga tsakiyar shekarun 1700s har zuwa karshen Yakin Basasa na Amurka.

Masu neman 'yanci a Alabama sun boye a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tururi da ke tafiya zuwa Mobile, Alabama, da fatan za su gauraya da al'ummar bakake masu 'yanci. Haka kuma, sun boye a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tururi da ke tafiya daga Alabama zuwa yankunan 'yanci. A shekarar 1852, majalisar dokoki ta Alabama ta kafa doka da nufin rage yawan masu guduwa a cikin jiragen ruwa. Dokar ta hukunta masu mallakar bayi da nakudun jiragen ruwa idan suka bari bayi su shiga ba tare da takarda ba. Masu neman 'yanci a Alabama sun kuma gina kanu don tserewa.

Masu neman 'yanci sun tsere daga masu mallaka a Panama ta hanyar jiragen ruwa da ke zuwa California ta hanyar hanyar Panama. Masu mallakar bayi suna amfani da wannan hanya don isa California. A Panama ba a yarda da bauta ba, kuma bakake Panamanians suna karfafa bayin daga Amurka su tsere zuwa cikin birnin Panama.

Masu neman 'yanci sun kirkiro hanyoyi don kauce wa karan hanci na karnukan masu kama bayi. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin shi ne amfani da barkono mai zafi, kitse, da vinegar a cikin takalma. A North Carolina, sun sa turpentine a cikin takalma. A Texas, sun yi amfani da man dabbobi daga rana don hana karnuka jin wari. Wasu sun tsere zuwa cikin kwarkwata don wanke wari. Yawancin guduwa suna faruwa da dare don boyewa cikin duhu.

Wani dabara da masu guduwa suka yi amfani da shi don kauce wa kamawa shine daukar takardar 'yanci ta bogi. A zamanin bauta, bakake masu 'yanci suna daukar takardar da ke tabbatar da 'yancinsu. Bakake da bayin da aka bautar sun kirkiro takardun bogi don taimakawa masu guduwa yayin da suke tafiya ta cikin jihohin bauta.

Arewa zuwa ga jihohi masu 'yanci da Kanada

Tsari

Harriet Tubman (hoto daga H. B. Lindsley), c. 1870. Ma'aikaciya a Kan Hanyar Ɓoye, Tubman ta yi tafiya sau 13 zuwa Kudu, inda ta taimaka wajen 'yanta fiye da mutane 70. Ta jagoranci mutane zuwa jihohi na Arewa masu 'yanci da Kanada. Wannan ya sa aka kira Harriet Tubman da suna "Moses na Mutanenta".

Ɓaƙaƙe na Quaker da ke yaki da bautar ɗan adam, Levi Coffin da matarsa Catherine sun taimaka wajen tserewar fiye da bayi 2,000 zuwa 'yanci.

Ko da yake sunan hanyar yana nuna tana ƙasa ko jirgin ƙasa, ba haka lamarin yake ba. (Na farko daga jirgin ƙasa na ƙasa da ke ainihi bai wanzu ba sai har 1863). Bisa ga abin da John Rankin ya faɗi, "An kira ta haka ne domin mutanen da ke bi ta suna ɓacewa daga idon jama'a kamar yadda za su shige ƙasa. Bayan bayi masu gudu sun shiga wata cibiyar a wannan hanya, ba za a iya gano su ba. Ana ɓoye su daga wuri zuwa wuri har sai sun isa inda za su ci gaba da zama cikin 'yanci."

Ana amfani da kalmomin jirgin ƙasa kamar tasha da direbobi don bayyana wannan hanyar, saboda tsarin sufuri da ake amfani da shi a lokacin.

Hanyar Ɓoye ba ta da hedikwata ko wata ƙungiya da ke kula da ita, kuma babu littattafai, taswirar hanya, takardun wayar da kai ko ma wallafe-wallafen jarida. Ta ƙunshi wuraren haɗuwa, hanyoyi ɓoyayyu, sufuri da gidajen da ke da aminci, duk waɗanda masu adawa da bautar ɗan adam ke kulawa da su kuma ana bayyana su da baka, ko da yake akwai rahoton amfani da lambobi don ɓoye sako.

Masu tserewa daga bautar ɗan adam na motsawa zuwa Arewa daga tasha zuwa tasha. "Direbobi" a wannan hanyar na da asalinsu daga wasu sassa daban-daban kamar Ɓakar fata da aka haifa cikin 'yanci, Ɓaƙaƙe da suka tsere, Ɓaƙaƙe da aka sake, 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma fararen fata masu adawa da bautar ɗan adam.

Kungiyoyin Kiristoci da limamai sun taka rawa, musamman Ɓaƙaƙe na Quaker, Congregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, da Reformed Presbyterians, har da rassan manyan coci-coci da suka rabu saboda batun bautar ɗan adam kamar Methodist Episcopal Church da Baptist.

Matsayin Ɓaƙaƙe masu 'yanci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci; ba tare da su ba, da ƙyar mai tserewa daga bautar ɗan adam zai kai ga 'yanci cikin aminci. Kungiyoyin da ke aiki da hanyar Ɓoye sun zama "ƙungiyoyin lura".

Ɓaƙaƙe masu 'yanci a Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, da New York sun taimaka wa masu neman 'yanci. Coci-cocin Ɓaƙaƙe na Arewa sun zama tashoshi a hanyar Ɓoye, inda aka ɓoye masu tserewa a cikin coci da gidajensu.

Tarihin Cheryl Janifer Laroche ta bayyana cewa: "Ɓaƙaƙe, masu bautar da masu 'yanci, su ne manyan 'yan wasan a cikin babin tarihin Hanyar Ɓoye." Ta ƙara bayyana cewa wasu marubuta na ba fararen fata da masu adawa da bautar ɗan adam girma fiye da yadda suka cancanta kuma suna mantawa da mahimmancin rawar Ɓaƙaƙe masu 'yanci.

Bugu da ƙari, marubuciya Diane Miller ta ce: "Da al'ada, tarihin ba ya bayar da dama ga Ɓaƙaƙe wajen nuna ƙwazon su wajen neman 'yanci, sai dai cewar Hanyar Ɓoye wani tsari ne da ƙungiyoyin fararen fata na addini, musamman Quaker, suka kafa don taimaka wa bayi marasa taimako."

Tarihi Larry Gara yana da ra'ayin cewa yawancin labaran Hanyar Ɓoye na cikin tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ne. Ayyukan wasu mutanen tarihi kamar Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, da Levi Coffin an cika da girmamawa, yayin da ake ɗaukaka 'yan Arewa da suka jagoranci bayi zuwa Kanada a matsayin jaruman Hanyar Ɓoye. Wannan labari na rage fahimta da ƙwazo na Ɓaƙaƙe da suka nemi 'yanci da kansu.

Ƙasashe da Wuri

Masu neman 'yanci sun tsere daga bauta suka shiga Kanada ta hanyar gada mai rataye ta Niagara Falls.

Railroad ɗin Ƙasa-ƙasa ya samu amfani sosai daga yanayin iyakar Amurka da Kanada: jihohin Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania da mafi yawan New York sun rabu da Kanada ta ruwa, inda saukin samun jirgin ruwa yana da sauƙi kuma yana da aminci. Babban hanyar masu neman 'yanci daga Kudancin Amurka ta tashi ne daga tsaunukan Appalachia, inda Harriet Tubman ta bi ta Harpers Ferry, ta hanyar yankin da ke adawa da bauta sosai na Western Reserve a arewa maso gabashin Ohio zuwa gabar Lake Erie, sannan zuwa Kanada ta jirgi. Ƙananan rukuni kuma, ta hanyar New York ko New England, sun bi ta Syracuse (inda Samuel May ke zaune) da Rochester (inda Frederick Douglass ke zaune), suna ketare kogin Niagara ko tafkin Ontario zuwa Kanada. A shekarar 1848 an gina gadar Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge—ta ketare kogin Niagara ta haɗa New York da Kanada. Bayin da suka gudu daga bauta sun yi amfani da wannan gada domin tserewa, ciki har da Harriet Tubman da ta yi amfani da ita wajen kai masu neman 'yanci zuwa Kanada.

Wasu da suka bi hanyar Adirondacks na New York, wani lokaci ta al'ummomin Baƙar fata kamar Timbuctoo, sun shiga Kanada ta Ogdensburg, a kogin St. Lawrence, ko ta Lake Champlain (inda Joshua Young ya taimaka). Hanyar yamma, da John Brown da wasu suka bi, ta tashi daga Missouri zuwa Kansas mai 'yanci, sannan arewa zuwa Iowa mai 'yanci, daga nan gabas ta hanyar Chicago zuwa kogin Detroit.

Thomas Downing ya kasance Baƙar fata mai 'yanci a New York, kuma ya gudanar da gidan cin abinci na Oysters wanda ya zama tasha a hanyar Underground Railroad. Masu neman 'yanci (bayin da suka gudu) suna ɓoye a ɗakin ƙasa na gidan cin abincinsa. Bayi da kansu suna taimaka wa masu gudu wajen tserewa daga bauta. Arnold Gragstone, wanda bawa ne, ya taimaka wajen ketare masu gudu daga kogin Ohio don samun 'yanci.

William Still Baƙar fata ne a Philadelphia da ya taimaka wa daruruwan masu neman 'yanci su tsere daga bauta.

William Still, wanda ake kira "Uban Underground Railroad", ya taimaka wa daruruwan bayi tserewa (har zuwa 60 a kowane wata), wani lokaci yana ɓoye su a gidansa na Philadelphia. Ya rubuta bayanai da tarihin rayuwar waɗanda suka tsere, da amfani da kalmomi da ke kama da jirgin ƙasa. Ya ci gaba da musayar wasiƙu da da dama daga cikinsu, yana zama mai haɗa sako tsakanin waɗanda suka tsere da 'yan uwansu da suka rage a bauta. Daga baya ya buga waɗannan bayanai a cikin littafin *The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accounts* (1872), wanda ya zama muhimmin tushe ga masana tarihi wajen fahimtar yadda tsarin ya ke aiki da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen tserewa.

A cewar Still, saƙonni da yawa an haɗa su da lambobi ko sirri wanda kawai masu aiki a cikin hanyar za su fahimta. Misali, saƙon da ke cewa, "Na aika ta hanyar via da ƙarfe biyu da manyan hams huɗu da ƙananan hams biyu", yana nuna cewa manya huɗu da yara biyu aka tura daga Harrisburg zuwa Philadelphia. Kalmar via na nufin cewa ba a tura su a jirgin ƙasa na yau da kullum ba, amma ta hanyar Reading. Wannan ya yaudari jami'an tsaro su tafi wurin da ba daidai ba, yayin da Still ya je ya tarbi masu gudun a wurin da ya dace, ya kai su wurin da ya dace. A ƙarshe sun tsere zuwa arewa ko Kanada, inda aka soke bauta a shekarun 1830.

Yaki don samun 'yanci a cikin wani ɗakin dabbobi a Maryland. Zanen itace daga littafin William Still The Underground Rail Road, shafi na 50.

Domin rage yiwuwar cin amanar shirin, mutane da yawa da ke cikin Underground Railroad sun san ɓangaren aikinsu kawai ba tare da sanin tsarin gaba ɗaya ba. "Ma’aikata" su ne ke jagorantar ko daukar "fasinjoji" daga tasha zuwa tasha. Wani lokaci ma’aikaci na iya yin kama da bawa don shiga gonar wani. Idan ya shiga, sai ya jagoranci bayin da suka gudu zuwa arewa. Bayi suna tafiya da dare, kimanin mil 10 zuwa 20 zuwa kowace tasha. Suna hutawa, sannan saƙo yana tafi zuwa tashar gaba domin sanar da zuwan su. Suna tsayawa a "tasha" ko "depot" da rana suna hutu. Wadannan wurare suna cikin ɗakin ƙasa, ɗakunan dabbobi, coci-coci, ko wuraren ɓoye a cikin koguna da kogo.

Wuraren hutu da masu neman 'yanci ke hutawa da cin abinci ana kiran su da sunaye masu lamba kamar "tasha" da "depot", waɗanda "masu kula da tasha" ke riƙe da su. "Masu hannun jari" na bayar da kuɗi ko kayan tallafi. A cikin harshen Littafi Mai Tsarki, waɗanda ke gudu suna kiran Kanada da "Ƙasar Alkawari" ko "Aljanna", yayin da kogin Ohio, wanda ke raba jihohin bayi da na 'yanci, ake kiran sa "Kogin Urdun".

Yanayin Tafiya

Mary Meachum wakiliyar Underground Railroad ce a St. Louis, Missouri

Ko da yake wasu daga cikin masu neman 'yanci suna yin tafiya ta jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ƙasa, mafi yawansu suna yin tafiya ne a ƙafa ko cikin keken dawakai, wani lokaci suna kwance suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ciyawa ko wasu kayayyaki, kuma suna tafiya cikin ƙungiyoyi na mutum ɗaya zuwa uku. Wasu rukuni sun fi haka yawa. Mai adawa da bauta Charles Turner Torrey da abokansa suna haya dawakai da kekuna kuma suna jigilar mutane har 15 zuwa 20 a lokaci guda.

Baƙar fata 'yan gabar teku, masu 'yanci da bayi, sun taimaka wa bayin da ke gudu daga bauta ta hanyar ba su hanya a jirginsu, ba su bayani akan mafi amintaccen hanya da wuraren ɓoyewa a ƙasa, da kuma inda za su samu taimako daga amintattun mutane. Bayin Baƙar fata da ke aiki a teku suna da labarai dangane da tarzoma da ke faruwa a yankin Caribbean, kuma suna watsawa bayin da ke cikin tashoshin jirgi a Amurka. Masu ruwa da tsaki daga cikin Baƙar fata, bayi da 'yan gabar teku, sun taimaka wa Harriet Tubman a aikin ceto nata. Sun ba ta bayanan sirri game da hanyoyin da suka fi aminci da kuma taimako a tafiyarta. A New Bedford, Massachusetts, masu neman 'yanci sun ɓuya a cikin jiragen ruwa tare da taimakon 'yan uwansu Baƙar fata da Fararen fata, suna ɓoye a cikin kaya har zuwa isowarsu ga 'yanci.

Bayin da ke zama kusa da koguna suna tserewa da jiragen ruwa ko ƙananan jirage (canoes). A shekara ta 1855, Mary Meachum, mace Baƙar fata mai 'yanci, ta ƙoƙarta taimaka wa bayi takwas ko tara su tsere daga bauta ta kogin Mississippi kusa da St. Louis, Missouri zuwa jihar 'yanci ta Illinois. Don taimaka musu, akwai wasu Fararen fata da ke adawa da bauta da kuma wani jagora Baƙar fata daga Illinois da ake kira "Freeman." Amma tserewar ba ta yi nasara ba saboda labari ya isa hannun ‘yan sanda da masu kamo bayi waɗanda suka jira a gabar Illinois. Breckenridge, Burrows da Meachum sun shiga hannu. Kafin wannan ƙoƙarin, Mary Meachum da mijinta John, wanda tsohon bawa ne, wakilai ne na Underground Railroad kuma sun taimaka wa wasu bayi tserewa ta ketaren kogin Mississippi.

Bayin da ke kusa da koguna da gabar Chesapeake Bay sun tsere daga bauta ta amfani da ƙananan jirage da manyan jiragen ruwa.

Hanyoyi sau da yawa ana ware su da nufin ruɗar masu bin sawu. Yawancin masu gudu mutum ɗaya ne ko ƙanana; wani lokaci akwai guduwa da yawa a lokaci guda, kamar yadda ya faru da jirgin Pearl. Tafiyar yawanci tana da wahala kuma haɗari, musamman ga mata da yara. Yara wani lokaci ba su iya yin shiru ko bin saurin tafiya ba. Haka kuma, mata bayi ba su da izinin fita daga gonar, wanda hakan ya sa musu wahala fiye da maza wajen tserewa. Duk da haka, wasu mata sun samu nasarar tserewa. Daya daga cikin fitattun "ma’aikata" da suka shahara wajen ceton bayi ita ce Harriet Tubman, wadda kanta ta tsere daga bauta.

Saboda haɗarin a gano su, bayanai game da hanyoyi da wuraren ɓoye ana watsa su ne ta baki, ko da yake a shekarar 1896 an ambaci amfani da lambobi a matsayin sirrin saƙonni. Jaridun Kudancin Amurka a lokacin sun cika da tallace-tallace da ke neman bayani kan bayi da suka tsere tare da alƙawarin lada mai yawa ga duk wanda ya kamo su ya mayar. Masu aikin gwamnati na Tarayya da kuma masu farauta na kudi da ake kira masu kamo bayi sun bi masu neman 'yanci har zuwa iyakar Amurka da Kanada.

Masu neman 'yanci (bayi da suka tsere) suna tara abinci, kamun kifi, da farautar namun daji don samun abinci a tafiyarsu ta Underground Railroad. Da wadannan kayan abinci, suna dafa abinci cikin tukunya ɗaya (stew), wanda hanya ce ta girki daga Afirka ta Yamma. Bayin da ke da 'yanci da waɗanda ke cikin bauta suna barin abinci a gaban ƙofofinsu don ciyar da masu gudu. Wadannan abinci da aka ƙirƙira a Underground Railroad sun zama wani ɓangare na al'adun girki na Baƙar fata a Amurka da ake kira *soul food*.

Maroons

Maroons

Yawancin masu neman 'yanci da suka tsere daga bauta ba su samu taimako daga masu kawar da bauta ba. Ko da yake akwai labarai na bakaken fata da fararen fata masu kawar da bauta da suka taimaka wa masu neman 'yanci wajen tserewa, yawancin 'yan gudun hijira sun yi hakan ba tare da taimako ba.

Wani hanyar tserewa da masu neman 'yanci suka bi shi ne shiga cikin al'ummomin maroons. Al'ummomin maroons wurare ne masu ɓoye, kamar rafi da ƙwarkwata, inda bayi da suka tsere suka gina al'ummomin kansu masu zaman kansu. Misalan irin waɗannan wuraren a Amurka sun haɗa da al'ummomin Black Seminoles a Florida, da kuma waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Great Dismal Swamp na Virginia da cikin Okefenokee swamp na Georgia da Florida, da sauran su.

A shekarun 1780, Louisiana ta kasance da wata al'umma ta maroons a bayou na Saint Malo. Shugaban wannan al'umma shi ne Jean Saint Malo, wani mai neman 'yanci da ya tsere ya zauna tare da sauran bayi da suka tsere a cikin rafuka da bayou. Yawan mutanen al'ummar maroons ya kai hamsin, amma gwamnatin mallaka ta Spain ta tarwatsa wannan al'umma, kuma a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1784, Jean Saint Malo aka kashe.

Ƙasar mallaka ta South Carolina ita ma tana da al'ummomi na maroons a yankin rafi da ƙwarkwata musamman a South Carolina Lowcountry da kusa da rafuka. Bayi da suka tsere a South Carolina sun yi gwagwarmayar kare 'yancinsu a Ashepoo a 1816, a cikin Williamsburg County a 1819, a Georgetown a 1820, a Jacksonborough a 1822, da kusa da Marion a 1861. Tarihi ya nuna cewa akwai akalla al'ummomi hamsin na maroons a Amurka tsakanin 1672 da 1864.

Tarihin maroons ya nuna irin yadda bayi da aka bautar suka ƙi bauta ta hanyar rayuwa a cikin al'ummomi na 'yanci. Masanin binciken tarihi Dan Sayer ya ce masu tarihin sukan rage darajar irin wannan al'umma kuma su fi ba wa fararen fata da suka taimaka a hanyar Underground Railroad daraja, wanda ya ce yana nuna son kai na launin fata, yana nuna "...ɓoyewa na yarda da ƙarfi da ƙudurinsa na baƙi wajen gwagwarmayar samun yanci."

Hanyoyin 'Yanci zuwa ƙasashen Indiyawan Asali

Tun daga zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa ƙarni na 19, al’ummomin Indiyawan Asali na Arewacin Amurka sun taimaka kuma sun kare bayi bakaken fata masu neman 'yanci. Duk da haka, ba duk al’ummomin Indiyawa ba ne suka karɓi masu neman 'yanci, wasu daga cikinsu ma sun mallake su ko suka mayar da su hannun masu su na baya.

Tarihi ya nuna farkon irin wannan guduwa tun daga ƙarni na 16. A shekara ta 1526, Spaniyawa sun kafa wani yanki na mulkin mallaka a gabar ƙasar Amurka da suka kira San Miguel de Gualdape. Bayin bakaken fata sun tayar da hankali kuma tarihin ya nuna sun gudu zuwa cikin ƙabilar Shakori.

Tun daga shekara ta 1689, bayin da suka tsere daga yankin South Carolina Lowcountry sun nemi mafaka a Spanish Florida. Ƙabilar Seminole sun karɓi gudun hijiran Gullah (yanzu ana kiran su Black Seminoles) cikin ƙasarsu. Wannan hanya ce ta kudu ta hanyar "Underground Railroad" daga Georgia da Carolina zuwa Florida.

A Arewacin Ohio a ƙarni na 18 da 19, ƙabilu uku na Indiyawan Asali — Shawnee, Ottawa, da Wyandot — sun taimaka wa masu gudun hijira daga bauta. Ƙabilar Ottawa sun karɓi masu neman 'yanci a garuruwansu. Wasu kuma sun kai su Fort Malden. A Upper Sandusky, Wyandot sun bayar da filin zaman gungu mai suna "Negro Town" na tsawon shekaru arba’in.

Indiyawan Asali sun karɓi masu neman 'yanci cikin garuruwansu kuma suka raka su zuwa Kanada.

A ƙarni na 18 da 19 a yankin Chesapeake Bay da Delaware, Ƙabilar Nanticoke sun ɓoye masu neman 'yanci a cikin garuruwansu. Nanticoke sun zauna a ƙananan garuruwa kusa da Kogin Pocomoke wanda ke fitowa daga Great Cypress Swamp a kudu da Sussex County, Delaware. Bayin da suka tsere sun samu mafaka a cikin dazuka, inda ruwan ya wanke warinsu don kada karnuka su iya binsu. Tun da wuri a ƙarni na 18, gungu masu hadin jini sun fara kafuwa.

A Maryland, masu gudun hijira sun tsere zuwa garuruwan Shawnee da ke kusa da Kogin Potomac. Masu bayi a Virginia da Maryland sun shigar da ƙorafe-ƙorafe da karar ƙabilun Shawnee da Nanticoke saboda ɓoyewa da kare masu gudun hijira. Ƙabilar Odawa suma sun karɓi masu neman 'yanci, kuma sun mika su ga ƙabilar Ojibwe wadda ta raka su zuwa Kanada. Wasu daga cikin masu gudun hijira sun zauna har abada a garuruwan Indiyawan. Wasu Fararen fata da suka isa Kentucky da yankin Ohio sun ruwaito ganin “Black Shawnees” suna rayuwa tare da ƙabilun Indiyawan a yammacin ƙasar. A lokacin mulkin mallaka a New Spain da ƙasar Seminole a Florida, auratayya tsakanin bakaken fata da Indiyawan ta kasance.

Kudanci zuwa Florida da Mexico

Bayanin Asali

"The Old Stone Fort na Nacogdoches", ta Lee C. Harby, The American Magazine, Afrilu 1888

Tun farkon ƙarni na 16, 'yan Spain sun kawo bayi bakaken fata zuwa New Spain, ciki har da Mission Nombre de Dios a wurin da ya zama birnin St. Augustine a Spanish Florida. A cikin lokaci, ‘Afro‑Spaniards’ waɗanda suka samu 'yanci sun shiga sana’o’i daban‑daban kuma sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin ƙasar mulkin mallaka.

Bayan Sarki Charles II na Spain ya bayyana Spanish Florida a matsayin mafakar yau da kullum ga bayi da suka tsere daga Britaniya a Arewacin Amurka, dubban mutane suka fara tserewa zuwa Florida har daga New York. A shekara ta 1738 an kafa Fort Mose domin Baƙar fata masu 'yanci a kusa da St. Augustine.

A 1806, bayi sun isa Stone Fort a Nacogdoches, Texas suna neman 'yanci. Sun zo da fasfo na ƙarya daga alkalin Kentucky. Masu mulkin Spain sun ƙi mayar da su zuwa Amurka. A shekarar da ta biyo baya wasu suka bi ta Texas suna neman 'yanci.

Bayi suna samun 'yanci ta hanyar ketare iyaka daga Amurka zuwa Mexico, wadda har ƙarni na 19 ta kasance mulkin mallaka ta Spain. A Amurka bayi ana ɗaukar su dukiya, ba su da 'yancin yin aure, ana iya sayar da su daban da abokan rayuwarsu, kuma ba su da kariya daga azabtarwa mai tsauri. A New Spain, waɗanda suka tsere ana ɗauke su a matsayin ɗan adam: ana ba su damar shiga coci Katolika, yin aure, kuma ana kare su daga azabtarwa.

A yakin 1812, Janar Andrew Jackson na sojin Amurka ya kutsa cikin Spanish Florida saboda wasu bayi sun tsere daga gonaki a Carolinas da Georgia zuwa Florida. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka tsere sun shiga cikin Black Seminoles waɗanda daga baya suka koma Mexico.

Amma Mexico ta ba da sigina guda biyu game da matsayin ta na yakin da bauta: wani lokaci tana mayar da bayi zuwa masoyansu kuma tana ba Amurkawa damar shiga yankin mulkin Spain don zama a ƙasar arewa, inda za su kafa gonakin auduga tare da kentara bayi su yi aiki.

A 1829, shugaban Mexico Vicente Guerrero (wanda ya kasance Baƙar fata mai haɗin jini) ya ayyana bauta ta zama haram a Mexico. Wannan ya sa masu neman 'yanci daga gonaki a Deep South — musamman daga Louisiana, Mississippi da Texas — su tsere zuwa Mexico. A lokacin Texas na ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Juyin Texas na 1836, wanda aka fara domin ya halalta bauta, ya haifar da kafa Jamhuriyar Texas. Bayan yakin San Jacinto, wasu bayi sun bar Houston tare da sojin Mexico, suna kallon rundunar a matsayin hanyar tserewa. Lokacin da Texas ta shiga Tarayyar Amurka a 1845, ta kasance jihar bauta kuma Kogin Rio Grande ya zama iyaka da Mexico.

Tasirin tsakanin jihohin 'yanci da na bauta ya ƙaru yayin da Mexico ta haramta bauta kuma jihohi na yamma suka shiga Tarayya a matsayin jihohi masu 'yanci. Yayin da ƙarin jihohi masu 'yanci ke shigowa Tarayya, ƙarfin wakilan jihohin bauta a Majalisa ya ragu.

Jihohin bauta da masu farauta

Underground Railroad ta Kudanci ta bi ta jihohin bauta, tare da rashin kungiyar masu adawa da bauta da tsarin da ya shirya kamar na Arewacin Amurka. Mutanen da suka yi magana game da rashin daidaito suna fuskantar tarwatsa su, duka, ko ratayewa. Masu kamo bayi suna neman bayi da suka tsere. A Texas babu yawan ‘yanci Baƙar fata, wanda ya sa mutanen waɗannan jinsin ba su ji daɗin zama a jihar ba. Hanyar samun 'yanci ba ta da tsari sosai, tana bazuwar, kuma haɗari.

Rundunar sojin Amurka ta kafa sansanoni a gabar Rio Grande yayin yakin Amurka da Mexico na shekarun 1840, inda aka kama waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta a kowane hali aka mayar da su ga masoyansu.

Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850 ta sanya laifi na tallafawa bayi masu tserewa har a cikin jihohin da suka 'yanci. Gwamnatin Amurka ma ta so sanya wata yarjejeniya da Mexico don taimaka wajen kama da mayar da bayi da suka tsere a ƙasar can. Sai dai Mexico ta ci gaba da bin tsarin da ke ba kowanne bawa da ya ketare iyakarta 'yanci. Duk da haka, masu kamo bayi sun ci gaba da ketare iyakar kudu zuwa Mexico suna damƙa Baƙar fata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba su maida su zuwa bauta. Wasu masu farauta sun zama Texas Rangers.

Hanyoyi

Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves, mannewar mai mai, 22 × 26.25 inci, c. 1862, Brooklyn Museum. Yana nuna iyali na 'yan asalin Afirka da ke gudu daga bautar da aka yi musu a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka.

Dubban masu neman 'yanci sun yi tafiya ta hanyar da ke haɗa Kudancin Amurka da Texas har zuwa Mexico. Bayin da ke Kudancin sun yi tafiya ta ƙasa mai tsauri da wahala a ƙafa ko da doki yayin da masu kama su ke bin sawunsu. Wasu sun ɓoye a cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Mexico daga New Orleans, Louisiana da Galveston, Texas. Wasu kuma sun tura auduga zuwa Brownsville, Texas a cikin keken doki sannan suka ƙetare zuwa Mexico a Matamoros.

Wani lokaci wani mutum zai zo kuma ya nemi mu gudu zuwa Arewa mu sami 'yanci. Mu dai sai dariya mu ke yi da hakan.

—Tsohon bawa Felix Haywood, an yi hira da shi a 1937 don aikin Federal Slave Narrative Project.

Mutane da dama sun bi hanyar North Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, ko Mississippi zuwa Texas da ƙarshe Mexico. Mutane sun tsere daga bautar daga ƙasar Indiyawan (yanzu Oklahoma). Black Seminoles sun bi hanyar yamma daga Florida zuwa Mexico.

Tafiya ta ƙasa na nufin suna cin tazarar ƙarshe na mil 150 ta hanyar ƙasar da ke tsakanin Kogin Nueces da Kogin Rio Grande. Ba a samun inuwa sosai kuma babu ruwan sha mai kyau a wannan yankin. Masu tsere sun fi samun damar tsira idan suna da doki da bindiga.

Hukumar Al'adu ta Ƙasa ta gano wata hanya daga Natchitoches, Louisiana zuwa Monclova, Mexico a 2010 wanda ke daidai da hanyar ƙasa ta Kudu ta hanyar tsere daga bauta. Ana kuma yarda cewa El Camino Real de los Tejas ita ce hanya zuwa 'yanci. An ƙaddamar da ita a matsayin Hanyar Tarihi ta Ƙasa daga Shugaba George W. Bush a 2004.

Taimako

Wasu sun yi tafiyarsu ba tare da samun taimako ba, yayin da wasu suka sami goyon baya daga mutanen da ke kusa da hanyar ƙasa ta kudu. Taimako ya haɗa da jagoranci, hanyoyi, mafaka, da kayan amfanin yau da kullum.

Mutanen bakar fata, ma’aurata fararen fata da bakar fata, da waɗanda ke adawa da bautar bayi daga ƙasar Jamus sun bayar da tallafi, amma yawancin taimakon ya fi fitowa daga ma’aikatan ƙasar Mexico. Hakan ya sa masu bautar bayi suka daina yarda da duk wani ɗan ƙasar Mexico, har ma aka kafa dokar da ta haramta wa ‘yan ƙasar Mexico yin magana da bayi a Texas. Ma’aikatan ƙasar Mexico da ke yin ƙaura sun ƙulla dangantaka da bayin bakar fata da suke aiki tare da su. Sun ba da shawara, kamar yadda za a tsallaka iyaka, da kuma juyayi. Bayan an fahimci yadda ‘yan ƙasar Mexico ke taimaka wa bayin su gudu, masu bayi da mutanen garuruwa a Texas sun kore su daga garuruwa, suna dukan su a bainar jama’a ko kuma su kashe su.

Wasu jami’an iyaka sun taimaka wa bayin da ke tsallaka zuwa Mexico. A cikin Monclova, Mexico wani jami’in iyaka ya tara gudunmawa a cikin gari don iyali da ke bukatar abinci, tufafi da kuɗi don ci gaba da tafiyarsu zuwa kudu da kuma kauce wa masu farautar bayi. Bayan sun tsallaka iyakar, wasu hukumomin ƙasar Mexico sun taimaka wa tsoffin bayi don kada a dawo da su Amurka.

Masu neman ‘yanci da aka ɗauka a kan jiragen ruwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasar Mexico sun samu taimako daga matukan jiragen ruwa na Mexico, inda ɗayansu aka kama shi a Louisiana aka gurfanar da shi saboda taimaka wa bayin su gudu.

Saboda sanin sakamakon guduwa ko taimaka wa wanda ke guduwa, mutane sun yi taka tsantsan wajen ɓoye shaidar abubuwan da suka aikata, kuma bayanai na jama’a da na mutum ɗaya game da bayi masu guduwa suna da ƙaranci. Mafi yawan bayanan da ake da su sun fito ne daga waɗanda suka tallafa wa bautar bayi ko kuma suka yi ƙoƙari su kama bayin da suka gudu. Fiye da guda 2,500 na guduwa sun samu rubutu a cikin aikin Binciken Bayin da suka Gudu na Texas da ke Jami’ar Stephen F. Austin State.

Masu neman 'yanci daga Kudu

Tom Blue, wanda Janar Sam Houston ya bautar, ya gudu ya shiga sojin Mexico.

An saka talla a cikin jaridu suna bayar da lada don dawo da "dukiyarsu". Masu kama bayi sun yi tafiya ta cikin Mexico. Akwai Black Seminoles, ko Los Mascogos, da suka zauna a arewacin Mexico, waɗanda suka bayar da kariya da makamai.

Sam Houston, shugaban Jamhuriyar Texas, shi ne mai bawa Tom wanda ya gudu. Ya nufi Texas, inda ya shiga cikin sojin Mexico.

Wani bawa an yi masa tambari da harafin "R" a bangarorin biyu na kumatunsa bayan ya kasa guduwa daga bauta. Ya sake kokarin guduwa a lokacin hunturu na 1819, inda ya bar gonar auduga ta wanda ke bautar da shi yana kan doki. Tare da wasu hudu, sun yi tafiya zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Mexico suna fuskantar barazana daga Indiyawan Asali masu tsanani, masu kama bayi, ko kuma kada masu cin doki.

Mutane da dama ba su kai Mexico ba. A shekara ta 1842, wani Balarabe dan Mexico da wata Baƙar mace sun bar Jackson County, Texas a kan doki biyu, amma an kama su a Lavaca River. Matar, wadda aka bautar, ta kasance mai daraja ga maigidanta don haka aka mayar da ita cikin bauta. Mijinta, mai yiwuwa ma'aikacin gona ko kuma wanda aka ɗaure ya yi aiki, aka kashe shi nan take.

Bayin da suka gudu sun canja sunayensu a Mexico. Sun auri dangin Mexico, sannan suka koma gindin kudancin iyakar Amurka da Mexico. Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun sa wahala a gano inda tsoffin bayi suka je. Wani kundin bayanai a Stephen F. Austin State University yana da tarihin tallace-tallacen bayin da suka gudu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Bayin Gudun Hijira na Texas. Works Progress Administration a lokacin Babban Rikici (Great Depression) ya ƙaddamar da Federal Writers' Project don ɗaukar tarihin bayin da suka gudu, ciki har da waɗanda suka zauna a Mexico. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Felix Haywood, wanda ya samu 'yanci lokacin da ya ketare Rio Grande.

Tashoshin Rio Grande

Iyalai biyu, Webbers da Jacksons, sun zauna kusa da kogin Rio Grande kuma suna taimaka wa mutane su tsere daga bauta. Maza sun kasance fararen fata kuma matansu bakake ne waɗanda aka taɓa bautar da su. Ba a san ko Nathaniel Jackson ya sayi 'yancin Matilda Hicks da iyalinta ba, amma a farkon shekarun 1860 sun koma ƙaramar hukumar Hidalgo, inda suka zauna tare a matsayin iyali. Shi farar fata ne daga kudu kuma ita kuwa bayya ce, waɗanda suka fara soyayya tun suna yara a Alabama. Shi ɗan uban gidanta ne, wanda ya taimaka wa wasu iyalai guda bakwai a shekarar 1857 da wasu su ketara zuwa Mexico.

Silvia Hector Webber an haife ta cikin bauta a West Florida, kuma a shekarar 1819 aka sayar da ita ga wani mai bayi a Clark County, Arkansas. Ɗan mai bayi, John Cryer, ya kawo Silvia zuwa Mexico Texas a 1828 ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, shekara huɗu bayan da Mexico ta haramta safarar bayi zuwa ƙasarta. Silvia, da taimakon John Webber, ta samu takardun 'yanci na kanta da 'ya'yanta uku a shekarar 1834. Silvia da John sun zauna tare suna rayuwa cikin ƙiyayya da bauta kuma sau da yawa suna ɓoye waɗanda ke tserewa daga bauta a gidajensu da gonarsu. Silvia ta shahara da jigilar masu neman 'yanci ta jirgin ruwa daga gonarta zuwa 'yanci a Mexico.

John Ferdinand Webber, wanda aka haifa a Vermont, ya zauna a kusa da Rio Grande tare da matarsa, Silvia Hector Webber, kuma sun shahara da taimaka wa bayi tserewa ketare Rio Grande. Jacksons da Webbers, waɗanda dukkansu suna da lasisin jirgin ruwa, sun shahara sosai a cikin masu tserewa daga bauta.

Zuwa Mexico

Bayin da suka tsere suka isa Mexico suna rayuwa da sanin cewa masu kama bayi na iya sace su ba bisa doka ba ko kuma blackbirders. Masu kamun bayi da suka yi ƙoƙarin sace tsofaffin bayi daga Mexico za a iya gurfanar da su a kotu ko a harbe su.

Babu wani babban taimako daga sabbin al'ummominsu kuma babu damammaki da yawa na aiki. Ba su da takardun hukuma da ke nuna cewa su 'yan iska ne. Amma sun iya shiga cikin kwangilar aiki na tilas da kuma shiga cikin sansanonin soja.

Wasu mutane, bayan sun zauna a Mexico, sun koma Amurka don taimaka wa 'yan uwansu tserewa da kuma shiryar da su zuwa Mexico.

Koloniyoyi

Wasu masu adawa da bauta daga arewacin Amurka sun roƙi gwamnatin Mexico da ta kafa koloniyoyi don bakaken fata 'yan iska da waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta. Benjamin Lundy, wani Quaker, ya yi ƙoƙarin ganin an kafa wata koloni a inda yanzu ake kira Texas a farkon shekarun 1830, amma hakan bai samu ba domin Texas ta halatta bauta lokacin da ta balle daga Mexico ta zama Jamhuriyar Texas (1836). Black Seminoles sun samu nasarar roƙon fili kuma suka kafa koloni a shekarar 1852. Har yanzu zuriyarsu ke da mallakar wannan ƙasa.

Bincike na Ilimi

Lambar lada $25 don Tom, Galveston Weekly News daga Mayu 11, 1858

Aikin Binciken Bayin da suka Tsere a Texas, wanda ke Nacogdoches a Jami’ar Stephen F. Austin State, ya binciko tallace-tallacen neman bayin da suka tsere da suka fito a cikin fiye da jaridu 19,000 daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19.

Alice L. Baumgartner ta yi bincike kan yawan mutanen da suka tsere daga bauta daga jihohin kudu zuwa Mexico. Ta wallafa littafi mai taken *South to Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War*. Thomas Mareite ya kammala digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Leiden kan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da siyasa na bayin da suka tsere daga Kudancin Amurka zuwa Mexico, mai taken *Conditional Freedom: Free Soil and Fugitive Slaves from the U.S. South to Mexico's Northeast, 1803–1861*. Roseann Bacha-Garza, daga Jami’ar Texas Rio Grande Valley, ta shugabanci ayyukan binciken tarihi da arkeoloji kuma ta yi nazari kan yawan bayin da suka tsere zuwa Mexico. Mekala Audain ta kuma wallafa babi mai taken "A Scheme to Desert: The Louisiana Purchase and Freedom Seekers in the Louisiana-Texas Borderlands, 1804–1806" a cikin littafin *In Search of Liberty: African American Internationalism in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World.* Maria Esther Hammack ta kammala digirin digirgir a wannan fanni a shekarar 2021 a Jami’ar Texas a Austin.

Hanyoyin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka (1775 zuwa 1783)

Wasu bayin da suka tsere sun yi amfani da dawakin masu bautar da su.

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, bayin da aka bautar sun tsere daga bautar su zuwa wuraren sojojin Birtaniya, Canada, Florida, da ƙasashen Amaren Asali. Gwamnan ƙarshe na Birtaniya a Virginia, Lord Dunmore, ya ƙaddamar da wata sanarwa a shekarar 1775 domin raunana ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar bayar da 'yanci ga duk bayin da suka tsere daga iyayen gidajensu kuma suka shiga rundunar Birtaniya. Bisa ga wani rahoto daga PBS da Hukumar Kula da Filayen Kasa ta Amurka (NPS), wannan sanarwar ta sa kimanin mutane 100,000 masu neman 'yanci suka tsere yayin yaƙin. Hafsoshin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun karɓi korafe-korafe da dama na neman maidowa bayin da suka tsere. A watan Nuwamba 1775, Dunmore ya kafa rundunar soja mai mutane 300 daga cikin masu neman 'yanci a North Carolina da ake kira "Ethiopian Regiment." A Virginia, mutane 800 suka shiga wannan runduna.

‘Yan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu neman 'yanci shiga rundunar Birtaniya ta hanyar aika masu sa ido don cafke masu tserewa, da wallafa jaridu da ra’ayoyi da ke nuna cewa Birtaniya ba za ta cika alkawarin bayar da 'yanci ba. Dubban bakaken fata – bayin da ‘yan 'yanci – sun yi yaƙi tare da Birtaniya domin samun 'yanci kuma an san su da suna Black Loyalists. Wadanda suka yi shekara ɗaya a rundunar Birtaniya sun samu Takardar 'Yanci kuma an kaisu zuwa yankunan Birtaniya a yankin Caribbean kamar Bahamas da Jamaica, yayin da wasu aka kai su Arewa zuwa Canada.

Daga shekarar 1783 zuwa 1785, bayin da aka 'yantar da kuma bakaken fata 'yan 'yanci su 3,000 sun zauna a mulkin Birtaniya na Nova Scotia, Canada. Wasu kuma sun tsere suka shiga cikin sojojin Continental Army ko kuma dakarun ‘yanci na Amurka. Wadanda suka yi yaƙi a cikin rundunar Amurka ana kiransu da suna Black Patriots, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun samu 'yanci sakamakon hidimarsu. Wasu kuma sun yi amfani da dawakin masu bautar da su wajen guduwa daga bauta yayin yaƙin.

Hanyoyin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka (1775 zuwa 1783)

Wasu bayin da suka tsere sun yi amfani da dawakin masu bautar da su.

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, bayin da aka bautar sun tsere daga bautar su zuwa wuraren sojojin Birtaniya, Canada, Florida, da ƙasashen Amaren Asali. Gwamnan ƙarshe na Birtaniya a Virginia, Lord Dunmore, ya tsara wata sanarwa a shekarar 1775 domin raunana ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar bayar da 'yanci ga bayin da suka tsere daga iyayen gidajensu na mulkin mallaka kuma suka shiga rundunar Birtaniya. Bisa ga rahoton PBS da Hukumar Filayen Kasa ta Amurka, wannan sanarwar ta haifar da kusan mutane 100,000 masu neman 'yanci da suka tsere yayin yaƙin. Hafsoshin mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun karɓi ƙorafe-ƙorafe da yawa na neman maidowa bayin da suka tsere. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1775, Dunmore ya kafa wata rundunar soja mai mutum 300 daga cikin masu neman 'yanci a North Carolina mai suna "Ethiopian Regiment." A Virginia, mutane 800 sun shiga wannan runduna.

'Yan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu neman 'yanci shiga rundunar Birtaniya ta hanyar aika da masu sintiri don cafke masu tserewa, da kuma wallafa jaridu da ra’ayoyi da ke nuna cewa Birtaniya ba za ta cika alkawarin bayar da 'yanci ba. Dubban bakaken fata masu 'yanci da bayin da suka tsere sun yi yaƙi tare da Birtaniya da fatan samun 'yanci, kuma an san su da suna Black Loyalists. Wadanda suka yi wa Birtaniya hidima tsawon shekara guda sun samu Takardar 'Yanci kuma an kaisu yankunan Birtaniya na Caribbean kamar Bahamas da Jamaica, wasu kuma an kaisu Canada.

Daga 1783 zuwa 1785, bayin da aka 'yantar da kuma bakaken fata 'yan 'yanci 3,000 sun zauna a mulkin Birtaniya na Nova Scotia, Canada. Wasu bayin kuma sun tsere suka shiga cikin rundunar Continental Army ko dakarun ‘yanci. Wadanda suka yi yaƙi a cikin rundunar Amurka ana kiransu da suna Black Patriots, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun samu 'yanci ta hanyar hidimarsu. Wasu bayin da suka tsere sun yi amfani da wannan yaƙi a matsayin dama ta guduwa da dawakin masu bautar da su.

Hanyoyin Yaƙin 1812

William Williams bawan da ya tsere ne kuma soja bakar fata a Rundunar Sojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin 1812.

A lokacin Yaƙin 1812, bayin da suka kai 700 a jihar Maryland sun tsere daga bauta. Kafin yaƙin, masu neman 'yanci sun rika ketarawa zuwa yankin Michigan ta hanyar kogin Detroit River. Adadin bakaken fata da suka tsere zuwa wannan yanki ya ƙaru da lokaci. Gwamnan yankin, William Hull, ya bai wa wani bawa mai suna Peter Denison izinin kafa wata ƙungiyar dakarun bakaken fata 'yan 'yanci da bayin da suka tsere. An basu makamai kuma an horar da su, amma daga baya Hull ya rusa wannan runduna. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane sun tsere daga bauta ne a Birtaniya Canada. A ƙarni na 18, ana yin bauta a Canada, sai dai daga shekarar 1793 an fara hana ta, ko da yake wasu bakaken fata sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin bayi. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, hanyoyin masu neman 'yanci sun sauya daga kudu zuwa arewa daga Canada zuwa yankunan da ba a yarda da bauta ba a Amurka. Lokacin Yaƙin 1812, dokokin bauta a Canada sun hana ci gaba da bautar da mutane. Wannan ya sa masu neman 'yanci suka fara kallon Canada a matsayin wurin samun 'yanci. A lokacin bazarar shekarar 1812, Hull ya bayyana cewa bayin da suka tsere da bakaken fata a yankin Michigan 'yan ƙasa ne 'yantattu, kuma lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke da Birtaniya, bakaken fata a Michigan an ba su makamai don yaƙi. Bayan yaƙin, Peter Denison da iyalinsa sun bar Michigan suka koma arewa zuwa Canada.

'Yan Hijira Bakaken Fata

A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1814, Rundunar Sojin Birtaniya ta yi alkawarin bayar da 'yanci ga bakaken fata da aka bautar a Amurka waɗanda suka shiga rundunar Birtaniya ko suka zabi zama a cikin yankunan Birtaniya. A yankin Chesapeake na Virginia da Maryland da kuma yankunan bakin teku na Georgia, kusan bayin 4,000 ne suka tsere daga bauta. Daga cikin waɗannan, 2,000 sun shiga jiragen ruwa zuwa Nova Scotia tsakanin Satumba 1813 zuwa Agusta 1816, wasu kuma aka kaisu New Brunswick, Canada, sai 400 daga cikinsu aka kaisu Trinidad a yankin Caribbean. Waɗanda suka zauna a yankin Birtaniya na Canada an san su da suna Black Refugees, wato bakaken fata da suka tsere daga bauta a Amurka kuma suka goyi bayan Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin 1812.

Merikens

Merikins tsoffin bakaken fata ‘yan Amurka ne da suka tsere daga bauta suka shiga rundunar soja ta Birtaniya dake kunshe da bakaken fata guda ɗaya, Colonial Marines, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. Bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, an kai su zuwa wasu ƙasashen Birtaniya domin su rayu a matsayin ’yan ƙasa ’yantattu. Kimanin Colonial Marines 700 an kai su Trinidad a Caribbean. Ko da yake bauta ta halatta a Trinidad, an ba su kariya ta hannun kwamandan Robert Mitchell. Wadanda suke fitowa daga Amurka baki sun kira kansu Merikens, ma’ana "ƙaramin kalmar 'Americans'" kuma suka fara sabon rayuwa a Trinidad a cikin ƙauyuka shida na Kamfani a yammacin tsibirin. Gwamnatin Trinidad ta ba Merikins abinci, tanadin abinci, tufafi, da kayan aikin gina gidajensu; suka noma masara, kabewa, ayaba, da shinkafa.

Hanyar 'Saltwater Railroad'

Scenery a Bahamas a shekarar 1884

Daga 1821 zuwa 1861, masu neman 'yanci daga jihohin kudu maso gabas kamar South Carolina, Georgia, da Florida sun tsere zuwa Bahamas ta hanyar sirrin da aka kira “Saltwater Railroad.” Kafin 1821, Florida ƙasar Spain ce, inda wadanda suka tsere daga bauta ke da 'yanci bisa dokar Spain. Amma bayan 1821, Florida ta zama karkashin ikon Amurka. Bakaken fata masu 'yanci a Florida sun tsorata za a sake mayar da su bayi bisa dokokin Amurka, don haka daruruwan sun tsere zuwa Bahamas. Daga 1821 zuwa 1825, bakin teku na Florida ya zama mafaka ga masu neman 'yanci waɗanda ke ketarawa ta jiragen ruwa daga Florida zuwa tsibirin. Wasu kuma sun yi jiragen su kansu suka ketarawa zuwa Bahamas.

Bayanin yadda bayi suka ketara daga bakin teku na Florida zuwa Bahamas.

A shekarar 1825, ginin hasumar Cape Florida Light (a yanzu a Miami-Dade County) ya zama cikas ga masu neman 'yanci da ke ketarawa da daren saboda hasken da ke iya jagorantar masu sintiri su gano jirage. Bahamas ta ja hankalin bakin fata domin akwai al’ummar Black Seminoles da sauran masu tserewa. Bahamas ƙasa ce karkashin mulkin Birtaniya inda bakin fata ke da damar mallakar ƙasa, samun ilimi, da kuma yin aure bisa doka. Bugu da ƙari, a 1825 Birtaniya ta sanar cewa duk wanda ya samu ƙasa a karkashin ikon Birtaniya shi ke 'yanci. Wannan ya ƙara ƙarfafa masu neman 'yanci su ketara zuwa tsibirin. A shekarun 1830, masana tarihi sun kiyasta cewa akalla mutane 6,000 sun tsere zuwa Bahamas, kuma a 1840ts, Bahamas ta samu mafi yawan bakin fata masu tserewa fiye da kowace koloni ta Birtaniya a Caribbean. Harkokin Birtaniya na ba da 'yanci ga 'yan asalin Amurka yana haifar da hawaye a dangantakar siyasa da Amurka. A 1841 a kan jirgin bayi Creole, wani ƙungiya ta bayin ta yi ramuwar gayya. Creole ta tashi daga Virginia da sama da bayi ɗari ɗaya zuwa New Orleans, Louisiana. Bayin suka kwace jirgin suka tafi Nassau, Bahamas. Wannan abun ya jawo hankalin duniya; an tuhumi amma daga bisani aka saki.

Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850

Hoton mai neman 'yanci Anthony Burns, wanda aka kama bisa Dokar Fugitive Slave Law

A ƙarƙashin Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850, idan an kama wanda ake zargin ya tsere da bautawa kuma aka kai shi gaban wani kwamishina, ba shi da hakkin samun gurin shari’a ta kwararru kuma ba zai kare kansa ba. Daga 1850 zuwa 1860, an kawo masu neman 'yanci 343 gaban kwamishina, an mayar da su bayi 332 daga ciki. Kwamishinai suna karɓar dalar Amurka 10 idan sun yanke shawara bisa ga mai bauta, sannan dalar 5 idan suka yanke shawara bisa ga bawa. Ba a tuhume su da laifi. Ɗan sintiri ko mai kama bayi na iya samun takardar replevin don mayar da dukiya. Idan wani ya taimaka wa mai neman 'yanci a guduwa, zai ci tara har dala 1,000.

Majalisa ta Kudanci sun fi rinjaye saboda dokar tallata yawan jama’a ta haɗa da kaso uku daga biyar na bayi. Sun gabatar da Dokar Fugitive Slave Act ta 1850 saboda gajiyawar ganin jama’a da hukumomi na wasu yankuna suna taimaka wa masu tserewa. A wasu sassan Arewa, masu sintiri suna bukatar kariya daga 'yan sanda.

Bisa ga marubuci Andrew Delbanco, “Mutanen Arewa sun fara gane cewa bauta ba matsala ce ta Kudu kaɗai ba bayan wucewar dokar 1850.” Kafin Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Amurka, ƙasa na cikin rarrabewa kan yadda za a kula da masu tserewa. Dokar ta ƙara raba ƙasa yayin da masu mallakar bayi na Kudancin ke da ikon mayar da masu tserewa daga Arewa, kuma dokar ta tilasta mazauna Arewa su taimaka wajen mayar da masu gudun hijira.

Wasu masu neman 'yanci an kama su bisa wannan doka; ciki har da Anthony Burns, John Price, Shadrach Minkins, Stephen Pembroke da ’ya’yansa, da wasu. Masu adawa da bauta sun yi amfani da waɗannan shari’o’in domin su jaddada rashin adalci na dokar bauta kuma su dage kan rushe bauta.

Bayan makonni kaɗan da amincewa da dokar, yawan bakin fata a biranen Arewa ya ragu saboda bakaken fata 'yan Amurka da suka kasance ‘yan ƙasa masu 'yanci sun ƙaura zuwa Canada saboda tsoro za su sake zama bayi. A ranar 1 Agusta 1834, Birtaniya ta soke bauta a Canada da duk masarautarta, wanda ya sa Canada ta zama wuri mafi aminci ga masu neman 'yanci. A Pittsburgh, yawancin ma'aikatan bakin fata a otal-otal sun ƙaura zuwa Canada. A Columbia, Pennsylvania yawan baki ya ragu da rabi. Daga tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa farkon Maris 1851, mutane ɗari daga birnin Boston suka tsere. Masu fafutuka a Detroit sun jagoranci mutane 1,200 su ƙaura zuwa Canada. Daga Disamba 1850, an kiyasta cewa 3,000 baki sun sami mafaka a Canada.

Hanyoyin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka (1861 zuwa 1865)

Mutanen da suka tsere daga bautar da suka isa layukan Union a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa ana kiran su da "contraband".

A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Sojojin Union sun kama garuruwa a Kudu kamar Beaufort, South Carolina, St. Simons Island, Georgia, da wasu wurare inda suka kafa sansanonin soja. Saboda haka, bayi da ke gonaki a kusa sun tsere daga bautar zuwa layukan Union don neman 'yanci da kuma shiga Sojojin Union. Tarihin Amurka, Eric Foner, ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, cewa: "...Yaƙin Basasa ya canza matuƙar damar da bayi ke da ita wajen samun 'yanci. Da zarar dakarun tarayya sun isa – a Maryland hakan ya fara daga farkon yaƙin – bayi suka nemi mafaka a layukan Union..." Susie King Taylor an haife ta a matsayin baiwa a Liberty County, Georgia, ta tsere daga bautar tare da iyalinta zuwa layukan Union a St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, da taimakon kawunta wanda ya saka ta a jirgin yaƙi na tarayya da ke kusa da Fort Pulaski da Confederacy suka mamaye. Baya ga haka, dubban bayi bakaken fata sun tsere daga bautar zuwa layukan Union a tsibirai na South Carolina. A shekarar 1861, Jarvis Harvey ya tsere daga bautar ya nufi layukan Union a Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Robert Sutton an haife shi a matsayin baiwa a Alberti Plantation da ke iyakar arewa maso gabas na Florida da Georgia, kuma a lokacin yaƙin ya tsere daga bautar ta hanyar gina ƙaramar kwale-kwale ya tafi Port Royal, South Carolina, inda bakaken fata suka samu 'yanci bayan Battle of Port Royal sannan ya shiga Sojojin 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored). Prince Rivers ya tsere daga bautar ya sami 'yanci a layukan Union a Port Royal, South Carolina, bayan maigidan sa ya gudu daga Beaufort bayan isowar jiragen ruwan Union da sojoji. Daga baya Rivers ya shiga rundunar 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment. A ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1862, Robert Smalls da wasu bayi goma sha shida sun tsere daga bautar a lokacin yaƙin, inda suka kwace jirgin ruwa na Confederacy kuma suka tuka shi zuwa cikin rundunar Union da ke rufe Charleston Harbor a South Carolina.

Sansanonin 'contraband' sun ba da mafaka da kariya ga sabbin 'yan 'yanci a wuraren da Union ta mamaye a Kudu.

Wadanda ke aiki da Underground Railroad sun sauya dabaru da hanyoyin tserewa zuwa kusa da sansanonin Union saboda yawancin masu neman 'yanci sun tsere zuwa wuraren da Union ta mamaye maimakon zuwa Arewa. Misali, yankin Kansas ya zama jiha a 1861, kuma an haramta bauta a jihar Kansas. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, masu adawa da bauta, Free Staters, da Jayhawkers sun taimaka wa masu neman 'yanci da suka tsere daga Missouri (jiha mai bauta da ke iyaka da Kansas) ta hanyar kawo su Kansas a matsayin "contraband" na yaƙi. Wani rahoto daga National Park Service ya bayyana yadda Yaƙin Basasa ya canza hanyoyin tserewa da inda masu neman 'yanci ke ƙarewa: "Da zarar sojojin Union sun bayyana a jihohin iyaka, tsibirai na Tekun Atlantika, da kogin ƙasan Mississippi, dubban bakaken fata suka yi amfani da wannan damar don kubuta ta hanyar gudu zuwa sansanonin Union. An yi ƙoƙarin dawo da su ga masu su na farko amma aka daina. Wadanda suka gudu daga bautar aka kira su 'contraband' – dukiyar da aka kwace ta yaƙi. Yawancinsu sun samu aiki a cikin layukan Union sannan iyalinsu suka biyo su."

Masu 'yanci a hedkwatar Janar Lafayette a Yorktown, Virginia

Kalmar "contraband" an baiwa bayin da suka tsere daga bautar ne daga Janar Benjamin Butler na Union. A 1861, mutane uku da ke bautar a Norfolk, Virginia — Shepard Mallory, Frank Baker, da James Townsend — sun tsere zuwa Fort Monroe, inda Butler ya ƙi aiwatar da Dokar Maidowa Bayi ta 1850. Maimakon haka, Butler ya ƙi mayar da su saboda sun kasance "dukiyar" Confederacy, ba na Amurka ba, inda aka gabatar da dokar. Wani rahoto daga National Trust for Historical Preservation ya bayyana: "...Butler ya gane rashin dacewar bin Dokar Maidowa Bayi, wadda ke buƙatar ya dawo da bayin uku. Sun taimaka wajen gina sansanin yaƙi da ke barazana ga sansanin sa. Me yasa zai dawo da su ya ƙara ƙarfin abokan gaba? Sai ya samo mafita ta siyasa: tun da Virginia ta balle daga Union, ba shi da wajibcin kundin tsarin mulki na mayar da bayin. A maimakon haka, ya kwace su a matsayin 'contraband' – dukiyar da abokan gaba ke amfani da ita a yaƙi."

Allon tunawa da sansanin 'contraband' na Corinth

Yayin da Yaƙin Basasa ke ci gaba, wurare da dama a Kudu da jihohin iyaka sun zama sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na masu neman 'yanci. Washington D.C. ta kasance babban wuri ga waɗanda suka tsere a lokacin yaƙin. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1862, Majalisar Tarayya ta zartar da Dokar Sakamakon Fitar da Bayi a cikin District of Columbia. Bayan hakan, masu neman 'yanci daga Virginia da Maryland suka tsere zuwa Washington D.C., kuma zuwa 1863, mutane 10,000 da suka tsere daga bautar suna zaune a birnin, adadin da ya ninka yawan bakaken fata a birnin. A lokacin yaƙin, bayi da ke kusa da Beaufort County, South Carolina sun tsere zuwa layukan Union a Beaufort, inda aka 'yanta bakaken fata bayan Battle of Port Royal a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1861 bayan masu gonaki sun gudu. An kafa sansanin gudun hijira domin kula da su. A farko akwai mutane 60 zuwa 70, daga baya adadin ya kai 320. Sojojin Union ba su da isassun abinci da tufafi don kula da su. Mutane 'yanci da mata da yara a sansanin sun yi aiki da Union a matsayin masu dafa abinci, masu wanki, bayin gida, da kuma masassa. Rundunar Union ta mamaye Corinth, Mississippi, kuma bayi daga gonaki kusa sun tsere zuwa layukan Union. Don kula da su, Janar Grenville M. Dodge ya kafa Sansanin Contraband na Corinth wanda ke da gidaje, makarantu, asibitoci, coci-coci, da aiki da ake biya. An kiyasta cewa sansanin ya samar da sabon rayuwa ga tsofaffin bayi 6,000.

Sojojin Ruwa na Tarayya da 'Yantarwa

Bakar fata masu 'yanci da waɗanda suka tsere daga bautar sun yi rajista don yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Tarayya da na Ruwa.

Sakataren Sojan Ruwa a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa shine Gideon Welles kuma a cikin Satumba na 1861 Welles ya ayyana cewa bayi da bakar fata masu 'yanci za su iya shiga aikin soja a mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi na "Yaro" a cikin Sojan Ruwa na Tarayya. Jiragen ruwa na Tarayya da ke cikin tashoshin kudanci sun karɓi adadin waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta ta hanyar ƙananan jiragen ruwa zuwa jiragen ruwa da ke cikin yankunan da Tarayya ke iko da su. Benjamin Gould ya rubuta a cikin mujallarsa cewa a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1862, masu neman 'yanci takwas sun isa USS Cambridge kuma wasu 20 masu gudun hijira sun isa makonni biyu bayan haka. Daya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsere daga masu neman 'yanci shine William Gould, wanda daga baya ya shiga Sojan Ruwa na Tarayya (Amurka) kuma ya yi yaƙi da Confederacy daga 1862 zuwa 1865. Jirgin ruwa na Tarayya USS Hartford ya taimaka wajen 'yantar da mutanen da aka bautar yayin da yake hawa kogin Mississippi. Bartholomew Diggins, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin jirgin, ya tuna abubuwan da suka faru na 'yantar da bayi. Ya ce: "mun ɗauki bayi da yawa waɗanda za su fito zuwa jiragen ruwa a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa a duk wurin da muka tsaya." Sauran jiragen ruwa na Tarayya waɗanda suka taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi sun haɗa da USS Essex da USS Iroquois. Wasu sojoji da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Tarayya sun mayar da bayi da suka tsere ga masu bautar su. A ƙarshen yaƙin, 179,000 tsoffin bayi da bakar fata masu 'yanci sun yi yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Tarayya, kuma 21,000 sun yi yaƙi a cikin Sojan Ruwa na Tarayya.

Daga Yaƙin 'Yancin Amirka, zuwa Yaƙin 1812, sannan kuma Yaƙin Basasa na Amirka, Underground Railroad ya ba da gudummawar ɗaruruwa kuma a wasu lokuta dubban gudun hijira na Baƙin Amurkawa.

Doka da siyasa

Lokacin da rikice-rikice tsakanin Arewa da Kudu suka ƙare a Yaƙin Basasa, baƙi da yawa, bayi da masu 'yanci, sun yi yaƙi don Sojojin Tarayya. Bayan nasarar Tarayya a Yaƙin Basasa, a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1865, Kwaskwarima na 13 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta bautar sai dai a matsayin hukunci don laifi. Bayan wucewarsa, a wasu lokuta Underground Railroad yana aiki a cikin kishiyar hanya, yayin da mutanen da suka tsere zuwa Kanada suka koma Amurka.

Zargi

Frederick Douglass marubuci ne kuma mai magana wanda ya tsere daga bauta. Ya rubuta da suka game da hankalin da aka jawo ga Underground Railroad a cikin littafinsa na farko, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845):

Ban taɓa amincewa da yadda wasu abokanmu na yamma suka gudanar da abin da suke kira Underground Railroad ba, amma wanda a ganina, ta hanyar bayyanannun bayyanannun su, an sanya shi mafi ƙarfi upperground railroad.

Ya ci gaba da cewa, ko da yake yana girmama motsi, yana jin cewa ƙoƙarin tallan ya fi mayar da hank

Zuwa Kasar Kanada

External video
"Underground Railroad" – Historica Canada. - Heritage Minutes (1:01 min)

International Underground Railroad Memorial a Windsor, Ontario

John Brown ya shiga cikin Underground Railroad a matsayin mai adawa da bautar bayi.

British North America (wadda ake kira Kanada a yau) ta kasance wurin mafaka mai kyau saboda iyakarta mai tsawo da dama wuraren shigowa, tana nesa da masu farautar bayi, kuma tana waje da ikon dokokin kama bayi na Amurka. Haka kuma, bautar bayi ta ƙare shekaru masu yawa kafin Amurka a Kanada. Birtaniya ta haramta bautar bayi a shekarar 1833 a karkashin dokar Slavery Abolition Act 1833, duk da cewa amfani da bayi ya ragu sosai a Kanada tun farkon karni na 19 saboda shari'o'in da suka ba bayi 'yanci ta kotu.

Yawancin wadanda suka tsere daga bautar bayi sun isa Kanada ta ruwa ta hanyar tafiya ta Lake Erie da Lake Ontario, kuma sun zauna a lardin Ontario. Ana kiyasta cewa sama da mutane 30,000 sun tsere zuwa can ta hanyar wannan hanyar a lokacin da aka fi amfani da ita na tsawon shekaru 20, duk da cewa kididdigar Amurka ta nuna kimanin 6,000 ne kawai. Labarai da yawa na waɗanda suka tsere an rubuta su a cikin littafin shekarar 1872 mai suna The Underground Railroad Records wanda William Still ya rubuta, wani mai adawa da bautar bayi wanda ke jagorantar Philadelphia Vigilance Committee.

Kiyasta adadi yana da bambanci, amma a kalla bayi 30,000—kuma wata kila fiye da 100,000—sun tsere zuwa Kanada ta hanyar Underground Railroad. Mafi yawan su sun zauna a Upper Canada (Ontario), wanda aka fi kira Canada West daga shekarar 1841. An kafa al’ummomi da dama na Baƙin Kanada a Kudancin Ontario, musamman a cikin wani yanki triangular tsakanin Niagara Falls, Toronto da Windsor. Wasu ƙauyuka a karkara da suka ƙunshi 'yan uwansu da suka tsere daga bauta sun kasance a Kent da Essex cikin Ontario.

Fort Malden, da ke Amherstburg, Ontario, an dauke shi a matsayin "babban wurin shigowa" ga bayi da suka tsere da ke neman shiga Kanada. Wani mai fafutukar yanci, Levi Coffin, wanda ya taimaka wa fiye da mutane 2,000, ya goyi bayan wannan wuri. Ya bayyana Fort Malden a matsayin "babban wajen sauka, kuma babban ƙarshen hanyar Underground Railroad ta yamma." Bayan shekarar 1850, ana kiyasta mutane 30 ke ketarewa zuwa Fort Malden a kowace rana ta jirgin ruwa. Daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa shi ne Sultana, wanda ke yin "safarar dawowa akai-akai" tsakanin tashoshin Lake Erie. Kapitansa, C.W. Appleby, wani jarumi mai ruwa, ya taimaka wajen tsallaka wasu daga cikin bayin da suka tsere. Wasu kuma William Wells Brown ya taimaka musu, wanda shi kansa ya tsere daga bauta. Ya samu aiki a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Lake Erie, kuma ya kai mutane da dama zuwa Kanada daga Cleveland ta hanyar Buffalo ko Detroit. Ya ce, "An san cewa mutane da dama suna tserewa zuwa Kanada ta hanyar Cleaveland… Abokan bayi suna sanin cewa zan dauke su ba tare da caji ba, kuma kullum akwai wadanda ke jiransa."

Martha Coffin Wright ta mayar da gidanta a Auburn, New York, matsayin matakin tsayawa a kan Underground Railroad, kuma Harriet Tubman ta sha ziyarta lokacin da take ceto bayi. Gidanta ya haɗu da wasu gidajen tsaro a New York da suka kai Kanada.

Wani muhimmin wurin da mutane suka nufa shi ne Nova Scotia, wanda aka fara zama da Baƙin Loyalists lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Amurka, sannan daga baya da Black Refugees a lokacin Yaƙin 1812 (duba Black Nova Scotians). Haka kuma, wasu muhimman wuraren zama na bakaken fata sun taso a wasu sassan British North America (Kanada a yau), ciki har da Lower Canada (Quebec) da Vancouver Island, inda Gwamna James Douglas ya karfafa shigowar bakaken fata saboda rashin goyon bayansa ga bauta. Ya kuma yi fatan al’umma mai yawa ta bakaken fata za ta zama kariya daga masu goyon bayan haɗewar yankin da Amurka.

Lokacin da suka isa wuraren da suke nufi, mutane da dama sun fusata saboda rayuwa a Kanada ba ta da sauki. Ko da yake ba su fuskantar haɗarin kama su ba, saboda suna cikin wata ƙasa daban, rashin nuna bambanci ya yadu. Sabbin zuwan su na fuskantar gasa daga dimbin ’yan hijira daga Turai wajen neman aiki, kuma wariyar launin fata ta kasance gama-gari. Misali, a matsayin martani ga saukar da Baƙin Loyalists a gabashin Kanada, birnin Saint John, New Brunswick ya gyara tsarin mulkinsa a shekarar 1785 domin hana baƙi gudanar da sana’a, sayar da kaya, kamun kifi ko samun ’yanci; wadannan dokokin sun ci gaba har zuwa 1870.

Da barkewar Yaƙin Basasa a Amurka, da dama daga cikin ‘yan gudun hijira bakaken fata sun bar Kanada domin shiga dakarun Union Army. Wasu daga cikinsu sun koma Kanada daga baya, amma da yawa sun ci gaba da zama a Amurka. Dubban mutane kuma sun koma Kudancin Amurka bayan yaƙin ya ƙare saboda ƙoƙarin sake haɗuwa da dangi da kuma fatan cewa sauye-sauyen da kwance bauta da zamanin Reconstruction zai kawo canji.

Tatsuniyoyi

Tun daga shekarun 1980, wasu mutane sun fara ikirarin cewa ana amfani da zane-zanen barguna don nuna hanyoyi da taimako ga bayi da suka tsere. Bisa ga magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi, ana amfani da nau'ikan zane goma na bargu don bai wa bayi da suka tsere umarni ko shawarwari. Ana rataye bargunan daki-daki a kan katanga don ba da sako ta hanyar rashin magana ga bayin da ke kokarin tserewa. Wannan lambar tana da ma'ana biyu: farko don nuna wa bayi su shirya tserewa, na biyu kuma don bayar da shawarwari ko jagoranci a tafiya.

Amma masana tarihi da suka kware kan tarihin barguna sun musanta wannan ra'ayi. Littafi na farko da ya rubuta wannan labari ta hanyar baka ya fito ne a 1999, yayin da ake ganin wani littafin yara na 1980 ne ya fara wallafa wannan ra'ayi. Masana tarihi da suka yi nazari kan lokacin kafin yakin basasa (1820–1860) sun soki wannan tatsuniya. Babu wata shaida ta zamani da ke nuna cewa akwai wata lambar bargu, kuma masana kamar Pat Cummings da Barbara Brackman sun yi tambayoyi masu zurfi game da wannan ra'ayi. Haka kuma, masanin tarihi Giles Wright ya rubuta wata takarda da ta karyata wannan labari.

Haka zalika, wasu kafofin bayanai na jama'a da ba na ilimi ba suna ikirarin cewa wakoki na ruhi da sauran wakoki, irin su "Steal Away" ko "Follow the Drinking Gourd", suna dauke da lambobi da suka taimaka wa bayin da suka tsere wajen samun hanya. Amma sun kasa gabatar da hujjoji masu karfi. Masana ilimi sun fi yarda cewa wakokin bayi sun bayyana bege da fatan samun 'yanci, amma ba su kasance da cikakken taimako na zahiri ga bayin da ke tserewa ba.

Jirgin kasa na karkashin kasa ya zama tushen ayyukan al’adu. Misali, "Song of the Free", da aka rubuta a 1860 game da wani mutum da ya tsere daga bauta a Tennessee zuwa Kanada, an tsara shi a kan waƙar "Oh! Susanna". Kowanne baitin wakar yana karewa da ambato ga Kanada a matsayin ƙasa "inda bakaken fata ke da 'yanci". Bauta a Upper Canada (yanzu Ontario) ta kasance haramun tun 1793; a 1819, John Robinson, lauya janar na Upper Canada, ya bayyana cewa duk bakaken da ke zaune a Kanada su 'yantattu ne, kuma kotunan Kanada za su kare 'yancinsu. Bauta a Kanada baki daya ta fara raguwa bayan hukuncin kotu a 1803, kuma an haramta ta gaba daya a 1834.

Mutane Masu Fice

• Ann Bamford
• John Brown
• Owen Brown (mahaifi)
• Owen Brown (ɗa)
• Samuel Burris
• Obadiah Bush
• Levi Coffin
• Elizabeth Rous Comstock
• George Corson
• Moses Dickson
• Frederick Douglass
• Asa Drury
• George Hussey Earle Sr.
• Calvin Fairbank
• Bartholomew Fussell
• Matilda Joslyn Gage
• Thomas Galt
• Thomas Garrett
• Sydney Howard Gay
• Josiah Bushnell Grinnell
• Frances Harper
• Laura Smith Haviland
• Lewis Hayden
• John Hunn
• Roger Hooker Leavitt
• Jermain Wesley Loguen
• Samuel Joseph May
• John Berry Meachum
• Mary Meachum
• Cynthia Catlin Miller
• William M. Mitchell
• Solomon Northup
• John Parker
• Elijah F. Pennypacker
• Mary Ellen Pleasant
• John Wesley Posey
• Amy and Isaac Post
• Peter Quire
• John Rankin
• Alexander Milton Ross
• David Ruggles
• Gerrit Smith
• George Luther Stearns
• William Still
• John Ton
• Charles Turner Torrey
• William Troy
• Harriet Tubman
• Martha Coffin Wright
• John Van Zandt
• Bernardhus Van Leer
• Silvia and John Webber
• Edward Wetherill

Kundin National Underground Railroad

File:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad NHP VC4.jpg|thumb|Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park a Gundumar Dorchester, Maryland

Bayan dokar da aka wuce a shekara ta 1990 da ta umurci Hukumar Kula da Filayen Al’umma ta Kasa ta gudanar da nazari na musamman kan hanyar Underground Railroad, a shekarar 1997, Majalisar Dokoki ta 105 ta gabatar da kuma amince da H.R. 1635 – Dokar National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom ta 1998, wanda Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu ya zama doka a waccan shekarar. Wannan doka ta bai wa Hukumar Kula da Filayen Al’umma ikon kafa shirin National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom don tantance wuraren da suka shafi wannan hanyar, da kuma kiyaye su tare da yada labaran wadanda suka taka rawa a wannan tarihin. Hukumar ta rarraba wurare daban-daban da ke cikin wannan tsarin, tana wallafa labarai game da mutane da wurare, tana daukar nauyin gasa ta rubutu, kuma tana shirya taron kasa a kowane watan Mayu ko Yuni dangane da wannan hanyar Underground Railroad.

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park, wanda ya hada da hanyoyin Underground Railroad a cikin gundumomi uku na gabashin Maryland da wurin da Harriet Tubman ta fito, an kirkire shi ne daga Shugaba Barack Obama a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2013 karkashin Dokar Kayayyakin Tarihi. Wurin ajiyar tarihin ‘yar uwa da wannan park din, Harriet Tubman National Historical Park a Auburn, New York, an kafa shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2017, kuma yana mai da hankali kan shekaru na karshen rayuwar Tubman da kuma rawar da ta taka a hanyar Underground Railroad da kuma fafutukar kawar da bauta.

Watan Kasa da Kasa na Underground Railroad

An ware watan Satumba a matsayin Watan Kasa da Kasa na Underground Railroad, saboda Satumba ne lokacin da Harriet Tubman da Frederick Douglass suka tsere daga bauta.

A cikin Al'adu

File:2023 Ohio American Innovation Dollar.jpg|thumb|An tunawa da Underground Railroad a baya na 2023 Ohio American Innovation dollar

Shawarwari don Kirkira

• The Underground Railroad wani littafi ne na 2016 wanda Colson Whitehead ya rubuta. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta National Book Award a 2016 da kuma Pulitzer Prize for Fiction a 2017.
• The Underground Railroad jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na 2021 da aka dogara da littafin Whitehead.
• Underground wani shiri ne na talabijin na Amurka da ya fara a 2016, a kan WGN America.

Littattafai

• David Walker (1829) Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
• Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Caroline Lee Hentz (1854) The Planter's Northern Bride
• William M. Mitchell (1860) The Under-Ground Railroad
• Sarah Hopkins Bradford (1869) Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman; (1896) Harriet Tubman, Moses of Her People
• Barbara Smucker (1977) Underground to Canada

Waka

Underground Railroad wani kamfani ne da Tupac Shakur, Big D the Impossible, Shock G, Pee Wee, Jeremy, Raw Fusion da Live Squad suka kafa don tallafa wa matasa maza da mata baki wajen kirkirar wakoki, da ba su damar fara da ci gaba da aikinsu na waka.

Kwafi (Comics)

A cikin Big Jim and the White Boy, David F. Walker da Marcus Kwame Anderson sun sake fasalta labarin Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn a cikin sabuwar labarin zane, inda Big Jim da Huck suka zama wakilan Underground Railroad yayin da suke tafiya cikin Amurka a lokacin yakin basasa don ceton dangin da aka bautar.

Manazarta

Majiya

• Bird, Tyson (January 28, 2021). "The Little Known History of Texas' Underground Railroad". Texas Highways (in Turanci). Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
• Blight, David W., ed. (2004). Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-157-7.
• Bordewich, Fergus M. (2005). Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-052430-8.
• Brown, William W. (1848). Narrative of William W. Brown, a fugitive slave (2nd ed.). Boston: The Anti-slavery Office.
• Burnett, John (February 28, 2021). "A Chapter In U.S. History Often Ignored: The Flight Of Runaway Slaves To Mexico". Georgia Public Broadcasting (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-08. (heard on All Things Considered)
• Calarco, Tom (2008). People of the Underground Railroad: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313339240. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
• —; Vogel, Cynthia; Grover, Kathryn; Hallstrom, Rae; Pope, Sharron L.; Waddy-Thibodeaux, Melissa (2011). Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide. Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.5040/9798400697135. ISBN 978-0313381461.
• Chadwick, Bruce (2000). Traveling the Underground Railroad: A Visitor's Guide to More Than 300 Sites. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2093-0.
• Contreras, Russell (September 16, 2020a). "Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention". The Washington Post (in Turanci). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
• — (September 17, 2020b). "Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention". Sentinel Colorado (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
• Crable, Margaret (February 1, 2021). "USC Dornsife historian uncovers the Underground Railroad that ran to Mexico > News > USC Dornsife". Dornsife, University of Southern California (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
• Foner, Eric (2015). Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-35219-1.
• Forbes, Ella (1998). But We Have No Country: The 1851 Christiana Pennsylvania Resistance. Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers. ISBN 978-0965330817.
• Frost, Karolyn Smardz; Osei, Kwasi (2007). I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16481-2.
• Griffler, Keith P. (2004). Front Line of Freedom: African Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2298-8. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
• Hagedorn, Ann (2004). Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-87066-5.
• Hendrick, George; Hendrick, Willene (2003). Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of the Underground Railroad As Told by Levi Coffin and William Still. Ivan R. Dee Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-546-2.
• —; — (2010), Black refugees in Canada: accounts of escape during the era of slavery, McFarland & Co, ISBN 9780786447336, archived from the original on July 9, 2020, retrieved November 20, 2015
• Hudson, J. Blaine (2002). Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1345-X.
• — (January 9, 2015). Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 9781476602301. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
• LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer (2014). Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
• Little, Becky (October 25, 2018). "Forgotten History: Mexico accepted slave migrants fleeing the U.S." Vallarta Daily News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
• — (January 29, 2021). "The Little-Known Underground Railroad That Ran South to Mexico". HISTORY (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
• Potter, David M. (1976). The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131929-5.
• "Operating the Underground Railroad". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
• "Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad". Africans in America c. 1780–1862: Judgment Day. PBS. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2017.

Ƙarin karatu

• Blackett, R.J.M. (2013). Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0877-8.
• Bolton, S. Charles (2019). Fugitivism: Escaping Slavery in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1820–1860. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781682260999.
• Clifford Larson, Kate (2004). Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-45627-0.
• Curtis, Anna L. (1941). Stories of the Underground Railroad. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad)
• Diemer, Andrew K. (2022). Vigilance: The Life of William Still, Father of the Underground Railroad. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780593534380.
• Frost, Karolyn Smardz (2007). I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374531256.
• Jones, Leesa Bailey (January 7, 2020). "Leesa Jones Interview". State Archives of North Carolina (Oral History) (Interview). Interviewed by Brooks, Ellen. Washington, N.C. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
• Still, William (1872). The Underground Railroad: A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom, As Related by Themselves and Others, or Witnessed by the Author. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia).
  • Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg.
  • "Book at Internet Archive". 1872.
  • Samfuri:Librivox book
• Strother, Horatio T. (1962). The Underground Railroad in Connecticut. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819560124.
• Turner, Glennette Tilley (2001). The Underground Railroad in Illinois. Newman Educational Pub. ISBN 978-0938990055.
• Walker, Timothy Dale, ed. (2021). Sailing to Freedom: Maritime Dimensions of the Underground Railroad. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1625345936.
• Whitehead, Colson (2016). The Underground Railroad. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-54236-4.; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history.

Tatsuniya da almara

• "Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts". historyofquilts.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2004.
• "New Jersey's Underground Railroad Myth-Buster: Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History". Historic Camden County.
• "Putting it in Perspective: The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts". quilthistory.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2004.
• "Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs". Womenfolk.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2004.

Mahaɗa

• Underground Railroad – National Park Service
  • Underground Railroad: Language of Slavery
• Underground Railroad Studies
• Underground Railroad Timeline Archived 2025-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
• Friends of the Underground Railroad
• National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
• Samfuri:Usurped
• Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York: A bibliography by The Buffalo History Museum
• Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com