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Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa

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Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa

Bayanai
Iri resistance movement (en) Fassara da road network (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ideology (en) Fassara Kau da Bautan Bayi
Administrator (en) Fassara National Park Service (en) Fassara
Subdivisions
Dissolved 1863

Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta hanyoyin sirri da kuma gidaje masu aminci da masu neman 'yanci ke amfani da su don tserewa zuwa Arewacin Amurka [1] da Gabashin Kanada. ’Yan Afirka da aka bautar da Ba-Amurkawa sun kuɓuta daga bauta a farkon ƙarni na 16, kuma da yawa daga cikin tsirar da suka yi ba su sami taimako ba; [2] [3] duk da haka, cibiyar sadarwa na gidaje masu aminci da aka fi sani da Underground Railroad ya fara tsarawa a cikin shekarar 1780s tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Abolitionist a Arewa. [4] [5] Ta gudu zuwa arewa kuma ta girma har zuwa lokacin da Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar 'Yanci a shekarar 1863. Masu tserewa sun nemi da farko don tserewa zuwa jihohi masu 'yanci, kuma mai yiwuwa daga can zuwa Kanada.

Cibiyar sadarwa, da farko aikin Amurkawa 'yanci da bautar, an taimaka ta hanyar kawarwa da wasu masu tausayi ga dalilin tserewa. Mutanen da aka bautar da suka yi kasadar kamawa da waɗanda suka taimaka musu, su ma a haɗe ake kiransu da fasinjoji da masu gudanar da Titin Jirgin ƙasa, bi da bi. [6] Hanyoyi daban-daban sun kai ga Mexico, [7] inda aka kawar da bautar, da kuma tsibiran da ke cikin Caribbean waɗanda ba sa cikin cinikin bayi. Hanyar tserewa ta farko tana tafiya kudu zuwa Florida, sannan mallakar Espanya (sai dai 1763-1783), ta kasance daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 har zuwa kusan 1790. A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, masu neman 'yanci sun tsere zuwa layin Union a Kudu don samun 'yancinsu. Wani ƙiyasin ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 1850, kusan bayi 100,000 sun tsere zuwa 'yanci ta hanyar sadarwa. A cewar tsohon farfesa na nazarin Pan-African J. Blaine Hudson, wanda shi ne shugaban Kwalejin fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar Louisville, a ƙarshen yakin basasa, 500,000 ko fiye da 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun sami kansu daga bauta a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa. [1]

Asalin sunan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Eric Foner ya rubuta cewa kalmar "watakila wata jarida ta Washington ta fara amfani da ita a cikin shekarar 1839, yana ambaton wani matashin bawa da ke fatan tserewa daga bauta ta hanyar layin dogo wanda ya bi ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa har zuwa Boston". [8] Dokta Robert Clemens Smedley ya rubuta cewa bayan binciken da masu kama bayi suka ƙasa yi da kuma rasa alamun ’yan gudun hijira har zuwa arewacin Columbia, Pennsylvania, sun bayyana cikin ruɗani cewa "dole ne a sami hanyar jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa a wani wuri," suna ba da asalin kalmar.[9] Scott Shane ya rubuta cewa farkon rubuce-rubucen amfani da kalmar yana cikin labarin da Thomas Smallwood ya rubuta a cikin watan Agusta 10, 1842, bugun Tocsin of Liberty, jaridar abolitionist da aka buga a Albany. Ya kuma rubuta cewa littafin Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad na shekarar 1879 ya ce an ambaci kalmar a cikin labarin jaridar Washington na shekarar 1839 kuma marubucin littafin ya ce bayan shekaru 40 cewa ya nakalto labarin daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar yadda zai iya.[10][11]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hudson 2015.
  2. ↑ "What is the Underground Railroad?". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2025-02-08. Retrieved 9 September 2024.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  3. ↑ "New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage". New Jersey Historical Commission. New Jersey State Library. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  4. ↑ "Historic Context for the Underground Railroad". Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad. The National Park Service. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  5. ↑ "The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862". Africans in America. PBS. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  6. ↑ "The Underground Railroad". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  7. ↑ Leanos, Reynaldo Jr. (2017). "This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  8. ↑ Foner 2015.
  9. ↑ Pettit, Eber M. (1999) [1879]. Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad. Westfield, NY: Chautauqua Region Press. ISBN 0-9658955-3-X., p. 131
  10. ↑ Shane, Scott (September 11, 2023). "How the Underground Railroad Got Its Name". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
  11. ↑ Shane, Scott, Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.
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