Harákmbut harshe

Harákmbut harshe
Linguistic classification	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) indigenous languages of South America (en) Harákmbut harshe
Glottolog	hara1260

Harákmbut ko Harakmbet (matsi a kan syllable na biyu) yare ne na asalin mutanen Harakmbut na yankin Peru . Ana magana da shi a gefen Madre de Dios da Kogin Colorado, a cikin ƙasar da mutane suka haɗu. Akwai yaruka guda biyu da suka kasance masu mahimmanci: Amarakaeri (Arakmbut) da Watipaeri (Huachipaeri), waɗanda aka ruwaito cewa suna fahimtar juna. Dangantaka tsakanin masu magana da yarukan biyu ba ta da kyau ko basa shiri da juna .

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, yara a wasu al'ummomi har yanzu suna koyon Amarakaeri. Akwai kashi 5% na karatu da rubutu idan aka kwatanta da kashi 75% na karatu da rubuce-rubuce a cikin harshen Mutanen Espanya na biyu. Suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin Puerto Luz, Shintuya, San José Del Karene, Barranco Chico, Boca Inambari, Boca Ishiriwe, Puerto Azul, Masenawa da Kotsimba. Sunan Amarakaeri, daga wa-mba-arak-a-eri "masu kisan kai", an dauke shi da wulakanci; an fi son sunan Arakmbut.

Masu magana da Watipaeri (wa-tipa-eri) galibi suna mai da hankali ne a cikin al'ummomin Queros da Santa Rosa de Huacaria, a cikin gandun daji na Peruvian. Membobinsu suna fuskantar asarar al'adu, gami da rikitarwa na yarensu, musamman saboda rata tsakanin dattawa da matasa.

Rarraba

An yarda da Harakmbut a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa tun daga shekarun 1960. Adelaar (2000, 2007) ya gabatar da mafi yawan shaidu na ƙamus cewa yana da alaƙa da iyalin Katukinan na Brazil; tasirin daga yarukan Tupian kuma yana nuna asalin Brazil. Campbell (2012) ya yarda da shaidar a matsayin "mai rinjaye". Jolkesky (2011) ya yarda, kuma ya kara Arawan ga iyali.Glottolog ya lura da "haɗin haɗin ƙamus tare da Katukina [...] tare da adadi mai yawa na siffofi iri ɗaya, amma tsarin sunayen, lambobi ko ƙayyadaddun yanayin ba su nuna ƙwarewa ba.  Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Pano, Puinave-Nadahup, Tupian, da Arawak saboda hulɗa. Kamance-kamance tare da Tupian na iya nuna asalin da ya gabata a cikin Kogin Madeira River hulɗa.

Harsuna

Akwai yaruka shida da aka rubuta na Harákmbut, babu wani daga cikinsu da ya fi 'yan kaɗan da suka rage masu magana da kyau.

• Amarakaeri (autonym: Arakmbut), yaren da aka fi magana da shi, ana magana da shi a cikin al'ummomin Puerto Luz, Shintuya, San José Del Karene, Barranco Chico, Boca Inambari, Boca Ishiriwe, Puerto Azul, Masenawa, da Kotsimba. Akwai yawan kabilanci na 1043 a shekarar 2007.
• Watipaeri, tare da kabilanci 392 a Queros da Santa Rosa de Huacaria
• Arasaeri yana da kabilanci 317 a cikin Arazaeri (arãsã-eri, mutanen Kogin Marcatapa; ana magana da su a cikin Arazeeri)
• Pukirieri tana da kabilanci 168 (pukiri-eri, mutanen Kogin Pukiri)
• Sapiteri da Kisambaeri (yawan jama'a 47, a Barranco Chico)
• Toyoeri: ya ƙare (toyo (dn) -eri, mutane a cikin kogi)

Matsayin kwayar halitta na Toyoeri yana da jayayya. Wasu masu bincike sun raba yarukan zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu, tare da Watipaeri da Toyoeri a cikin sauti da kuma lexically daban-daban daga Amarakaeri / Arakmbut, Arasaeri da Sapiteri. Bayanai daga Aza (1936) da Peck (1958), duk da haka, sun nuna cewa Arakmbut ya bambanta da sauran huɗu, waɗanda suke kama da juna.

Fasahar sauti

Amarakaeri has ten distinct vowels and only nine distinct consonants. When adjacent to /a/, /e/ tends to rise to /i/ or /j/. This can cause palatalization of a preceding consonant, e.g. kate-apo 'why?' as [ˈkatiabɔ] or [ˈkaʧabɔ]. Similarly, /o/ tends to rise to /u/ or /w/ when adjacent to /a/ or /e/, e.g. ĩ-nõ-põ-ẽ-ỹ 'I know' as [ĩˈnɔ̃pwɛ̃j̃].

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ		u ũ
Close-mid	ɛ ɛ̃		ɔ ɔ̃
Open		a ã

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

	Biyuwa	Alveolar	Velar
Hanci	m	n	ŋ
Dakatar da	p	t	k
Fricative		s
Kusanci			w
Flap		ɾ

Matsayin sauti na [h] da [ʔ] ba a bayyane yake ba. Sun bambanta tsakanin yaruka, amma kuma tsakanin masu magana har ma da wannan mai magana a Arakmbut. Suna iya zama ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba kalmomin da ba su da farawa ko ƙayyadyadaddun.

Sauran yaruka sun bayyana sun bambanta ne kawai a gaban /h/ ko rashin /w/.

/t k n s/ yana faruwa a cikin syllable codas, kuma /ŋ/ kawai a cikin sylable codas.

Tsayawa yana zuwa ga [b d ɡ] a cikin matsayi na intervocalic. (A cikin Toyoeri da Sapiteri, an ruwaito wannan ne kawai don /k/.) Daga cikin matasa, kuma sau da yawa daga cikin dattawan su, alveolars /t n/ palatalize zuwa [tzʃ] da [ɲ] (ko [[nd͜ʒ]]) kafin /i, ĩ/; /s/ palatalizes zuwa [ʃ] kafin /i، ĩ/ da /u, ũ/. (A cikin Toyoeri da Sapiteri, an ruwaito wannan ne kawai don /t/.)

Harshen hanci suna da fahimta daban-daban, dangane da ko wasula da ke kusa da baki ne ko hanci, tare da /m/ da /n/ da ya shafi kafin wasula ta baki, da /n / da /ŋ/ da ya shafa bayan daya: