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Harajin carbon

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Harajin carbon
type of tax (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na climate tax (en) Fassara
Fuskar Siyasa na canjin yanayi, polluter pays principle (en) Fassara da carbon dioxide emissions (en) Fassara

Harajin carbon haraji ne da ake sakawa akan hayakin da ake fitarwa daga samar da kaya da ayyuka. An yi niyyar harajin carbon ne don a bayyane ɓoyayyun halin da ake ciki na hayakin carbon . An ƙera su ne don rage hayakin iskar gas ta hanyar ƙara farashin man fetur da gaske . Wannan duka yana rage buƙatar kaya da sabis waɗanda ke samar da hayaki mai yawa da ƙarfafa sa su ƙasa da ƙarfin carbon . [1] Idan aka kona man fetur kamar kwal, man fetur, ko iskar gas, yawancin carbon ɗinsa yana canzawa zuwa CO . Fitar da iskar gas na Greenhouse yana haifar da sauyin yanayi . Ana iya rage wannan mummunan waje ta hanyar harajin abun ciki na carbon a kowane wuri a cikin tsarin samfurin. [2] [3] [4]

Ana amfani da harajin carbon da kuma Kasuwancin fitar da carbon a cikin manufar . Hanyoyi biyu na tattalin arziki na yau da kullun ga harajin carbon sune izinin kasuwanci tare da kudaden carbon da tallafi. A cikin mafi sauki, harajin carbon yana rufe kawai. Hakanan yana iya rufe wasu iskar gas, kamar methane ko nitrous oxide, ta hanyar biyan haraji irin wannan hayaki bisa ga yiwuwar dumama duniya ta CO2.[5] Bincike ya nuna cewa harajin carbon sau da yawa yana rage hayaki.[6] Masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna jayayya cewa harajin carbon shine hanya mafi inganci (mafi ƙarancin farashi) don magance canjin yanayi.[7][8] Ya zuwa 2019, an aiwatar da harajin carbon ko kuma an tsara su don aiwatarwa a cikin ƙasashe 25. Kasashe 46 sun sanya wasu nau'ikan farashi a kan carbon, ko dai ta hanyar harajin carbon ko tsarin kasuwancin fitar da carbon.

Wasu masana sun lura cewa harajin carbon na iya shafar jin daɗin jama'a, yana iya kaiwa ga gidaje masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin karfi kuma yana sa bukatun su fi tsada (alal misali, harajin na iya sa farashi ya hau, a ce, man fetur da wutar lantarki ). A madadin haka, harajin na iya zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, yana yin "ƙananan raguwa a cikin hayaki gaba ɗaya".[9] Don yin harajin carbon mafi adalci, masu tsara manufofi na iya ƙoƙarin sake rarraba kudaden shiga da aka samu daga harajin carbon ga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi ta hanyoyi daban-daban.[10] Irin wannan shirin manufofi ya zama kuɗin carbon da kuma raba, maimakon haraji mai sauƙi.[11]

 

Manufar

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Carbon dioxide yana daya daga cikin iskar gas mai zafi da yawa (wasu sun haɗa da methane da tururin ruwa) wanda aka fitar sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ita ce hayakin iskar gas mai guba da mutum ya haifar shine babban dalilin canjin yanayi, kuma cewa carbon dioxide shine mafi mahimmancin iskar gas din mai guba. [12] A duk duniya, ana samar da tan biliyan 27 na carbon dioxide ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam a kowace shekara. Za'a iya auna tasirin jiki na CO2 a cikin yanayi a matsayin canji a cikin ma'aunin makamashi na duniya-hasken sararin samaniya - tilasta radiative na CO2 . [13]  –

Gas daban-daban na greenhouse suna da halaye daban-daban: yiwuwar dumama duniya shine sikelin da aka yarda da shi a duniya na daidaito ga wasu iskar gas a cikin raka'a na ton na carbon dioxide daidai. An tsara Harajin carbon don rage hayakin gas ta hanyar kara farashin burbushin da ke fitar da su lokacin da aka ƙone su. Wannan duka yana rage buƙatun kayayyaki da aiyuka waɗanda ke samar da hayaki mai yawa kuma yana ƙarfafa su sa su zama marasa amfani da carbon.[1]

Ka'idar tattalin arziki

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Tarihi da Dalili

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Harajin carbon wani nau'i ne na harajin gurɓata. David Gordon Wilson ya fara gabatar da irin wannan haraji a shekarar 1973.[14] Ba kamar ka'idojin umarni da sarrafawa na gargajiya ba, wanda ke iyakance ko hana hayaki ta kowane mai gurɓataccen iska, harajin carbon yana da niyyar ba da damar dakarun kasuwa su ƙayyade hanyar da ta fi dacewa don rage gurɓatawar. Harajin carbon haraji ne na kai tsaye - haraji a kan ma'amala - sabanin haraji kai tsaye, wanda ke biyan haraji. Harajin carbon kayan aiki ne na farashi tunda sun saita farashi maimakon iyakar fitarwa.[15]

Baya ga samar da abubuwan motsawa don kiyaye makamashi, harajin carbon yana sanya makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar iska, hasken rana da geothermal a kan mafi kyawun gasa. A cikin ka'idar tattalin arziki, gurɓataccen abu ne mara kyau, mummunan sakamako ga wani ɓangare na uku wanda ba ya da hannu kai tsaye a cikin ma'amala, kuma wani nau'in gazawar kasuwa. Don fuskantar batun, masanin tattalin arziki Arthur Pigou ya ba da shawarar biyan haraji ga kayayyaki (a wannan yanayin man fetur na hydrocarbon), wanda shine tushen abubuwan waje (CO2) don nuna ainihin farashin kayayyaki ga al'umma, don haka ya haɗa farashin samarwa. Haraji a kan mummunan waje ana kiransa Harajin Pigovian, wanda ya kamata ya daidaita farashin.[16]

A cikin tsarin Pigou, canje-canjen da ke ciki ba su da yawa, kuma ana ɗaukar girman waje ya zama ƙarami don kada ya karkatar da tattalin arziki.[17] An yi iƙirarin canjin yanayi ya haifar da canje-canje na bala'i (marginal). "Ba-marginal" yana nufin cewa tasirin zai iya rage yawan ci gaban samun kudin shiga da jin dadin jama'a. Adadin albarkatun da ya kamata a sadaukar da su don rage canjin yanayi yana da rikici.[18] Manufofin da aka tsara don rage hayakin carbon na iya samun tasiri mara kyau, amma ana tabbatar da cewa ba bala'i ba ne.[19]

Tsarin

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Tsarin harajin carbon ya ƙunshi dalilai biyu na farko: matakin haraji, da kuma amfani da kudaden shiga.[20] Tsohon ya dogara ne akan farashin zamantakewar carbon (SCC), wanda ke ƙoƙarin lissafin farashin lambobi na abubuwan da ke waje na gurɓataccen carbon. Takamaiman adadin shine batun muhawara a cikin muhalli da manufofi. Babban SCC ya dace da kimantawa mafi girma na farashin gurɓataccen carbon a kan al'umma. Masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Stanford sun kiyasta farashin zamantakewar carbon ya kai sama da $ 200 a kowace tan.[21] Ƙarin ƙididdigar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun haɗa farashin a kusa da $ 50.[22][23]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Akkaya, Sahin; Bakkal, Ufuk (2020-06-01). "Carbon Leakage Along with the Green Paradox Against Carbon Abatement? A Review Based on Carbon Tax". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia. 20 (1): 25–44. doi:10.2478/foli-2020-0002. ISSN 1898-0198. S2CID 221372046. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Kalkuhl, Matthias (September 2013). "Renewable energy subsidies: Second-best policy or fatal aberration for mitigation?" (PDF). Resource and Energy Economics. 35 (3): 217–234. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.01.002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ "Costs and Benefits to Agriculture from Climate Change Policy". www.card.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  6. ↑ "Carbon Taxes: What Can We Learn From International Experience?". Econofact (in Turanci). 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ "Economists' Statement on Carbon Dividends". clcouncil.org. 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  9. ↑ "What Is A Carbon Tax?". www.weforum.org/. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  10. ↑ "What a carbon tax can do and why it cannot do it all". blogs.worldbank.org (in Turanci). 2022-01-19. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  11. ↑ "Powering America Forward to Clean Energy". Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  12. ↑ IPCC (2007). "Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report" (PDF). International Panel Climate Change. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  13. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  14. ↑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (November 5, 2013). "Emeritus: David Wilson was an early proponent of the concept of energy-use fees". Phys.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  15. ↑ Hepburn, C. (2006). "Regulation by prices, quantities or both: an update and an overview". Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 22 (2): 226–247. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grj014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  16. ↑ Helm, D. (2005). "Economic Instruments and Environmental Policy" (PDF). The Economic and Social Review. 36 (3): 205–228. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  17. ↑ Helm, Dieter (2005). "Economic Instruments and Environmental Policy" (PDF). The Economic and Social Review. 36 (3). ISSN 0012-9984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named helmsurvey2
  19. ↑ Helm, D. (2008). "Climate-change policy: why has so little been achieved?". Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 24 (2): 211–238. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn014. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
  20. ↑ Gleckman, Howard. "How Should The U.S. Spend Carbon Tax Revenue?". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  21. ↑ "Estimated social cost of climate change not accurate, Stanford scientists say". Stanford Report (in Turanci). 2015-01-12. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  22. ↑ "The Trump EPA is vastly underestimating the cost of carbon dioxide pollution to society, new research finds » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections (in Turanci). 2020-07-30. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  23. ↑ "Social Cost of Carbon: What Is It, and Why Do We Need to Calculate It?". State of the Planet (in Turanci). 2021-04-01. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
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