Harajin muhalli

'haraji muhalli', harajin muhallu (gajere don harajin mujallar), ko harajin kore haraji ne da ake karɓa akan ayyukan da ake la'akari da cutar da muhalli kuma an yi niyyar inganta hanyoyin da ke da kyau ta hanyar motsawar tattalin arziki. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali shine harajin carbon. Irin wannan manufofin na iya haɓaka ko hana buƙatar tsarin tsari (maki da sarrafawa). Sau da yawa, shawarar manufofin haraji na muhalli na iya ƙoƙarin kula da kudaden shiga na haraji gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rage wasu haraji (misali haraji akan albashi da harajin kuɗi ko harajin dukiya); irin waɗannan shawarwari an san su da canjin haraji na kore zuwa harajin muhalli. Harajin muhalli yana magance gazawar Kasuwanci kyauta don la'akari da Tasirin muhalli.

Harajin muhalli misalai ne na harajin Pigouvian, wanda haraji ne akan kayayyaki wanda samarwa ko amfani da su ke haifar da farashi na waje ko abubuwan waje. Misali na iya zama masanin falsafa Thomas Pogge ya gabatar da Global Resources Dividend . [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa] 

Nau'o'in harajin muhalli

Kalmar, harajin muhalli, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan haraji daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su don shigar da mummunan yanayin muhalli na waje, inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa, tallafawa kiyaye muhalli. Musamman, ana iya raba harajin muhalli zuwa manyan rukuni huɗu, wanda duk harajin mujallar ya faɗi. Ƙungiyoyin sune makamashi, sufuri, gurɓataccen haraji da albarkatu.

Harajin makamashi

Nau'in farko na ecotax, harajin makamashi, na iya bambanta sosai saboda ana iya ɗaukar su akan samarwa, rarrabawa, ko amfani da hanyoyin makamashi, musamman albarkatun mai kamar kwal, mai, iskar gas, da wani lokacin wutar lantarki.  [abubuwan da ake buƙata] Sau da yawa ana nufin yin tasiri ga tsarin amfani da makamashi da halaye, haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi, da ƙarfafa sauye-sauye zuwa mafi tsabta da tushen makamashi mai dorewa.  Misali, za su iya yin tasiri ga amfani da makamashi ta hanyar fitar da mafi girman ƙimar ecotax akan hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, waɗanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga babban matakan iskar CO2.  Wannan yana rage buƙatun hanyoyin samar da makamashi mara tsabta, kuma yana iya sa hanyoyin samar da makamashi da za a sabunta su zama masu gasa, ƙarfafa saka hannun jari da amfani a cikin fasahohin makamashi mai tsafta kamar hasken rana, iska, wutar lantarki, da wutar lantarki.  A duk duniya, harajin muhalli da aka fi amfani da shi ya faɗi cikin nau'in harajin "makamashi".   Ana iya rage harajin makamashi zuwa gaba zuwa "haraji na makamashi don dalilai na tsaye", kamar haraji akan iskar gas, kwal da man biofuels, "harajin makamashi don jigilar kayayyaki", tare da man fetur da dizal a matsayin misalai biyu mafi dacewa, kuma na ƙarshe "gasses gas".  Baya ga harajin makamashi na yau da kullun, harajin carbon, wani sanannen harajin makamashi shine “harajin kwal” a Amurka.  Ana biyan haraji a kan masu kera, a farkon siyar da gawayi.  A halin yanzu, adadin haraji, bayan an ƙara shi da sama da 50% a cikin 2020,  shine $1.10 akan kowace ton don kwal daga ma'adinan ƙasa da $0.55 akan kowace ton don kwal daga mahakar ƙasa.  [bukatar zance don tabbatarwa] Ana samar da kudaden shiga don ƙarin takamaiman dalili, wanda shine don tallafawa Shirin Baƙin Lung da Asusun Amincewa na Nakasa.  Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna biyan fa'ida ga masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke fama da cutar huhu.  Harajin na ci gaba da samar da daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara duk da kwangilar da masana'antar hakar ma'adinan kwal ke yi, saboda kudaden shiga na shekara ya ragu daga dala miliyan 644 a shekarar 2008 zuwa dala miliyan 177 a shekarar 2022.[2]  Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gwamnatoci, lokacin da suke sanya harajin ecotaxe don babban manufar samun kudaden shiga, gabaɗaya sun fi son harajin makamashi lokacin da suke ɗaukar harajin muhalli saboda gaskiyar cewa buƙatar makamashi tana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ma'ana gwamnati za ta iya amfani da irin waɗannan haraji don samun kuɗi mai yawa.  Ana iya amfani da wannan kudaden shiga don rage gibin kasafin kudi, inda mafi yawansu ke zuwa ga babban asusu.  Duk da haka, ana iya amfani da kudaden shiga da aka samu don tallafawa ayyuka masu kyau na samar da waje, wanda ake kira "rabi biyu" na harajin muhalli.  Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan haraji na iya rage asarar nauyi da ke haifar da mummunan waje.  A bisa irin wadannan dalilai, masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna goyon bayan harajin makamashi tare da masana muhalli, inda masu fafutuka sukan bayyana mahimmancin harajin makamashi wajen rage hayakin iskar gas da rage tasirin sauyin yanayi, yayin da masana tattalin arziki ke bayyana fa'idar harajin ga tattalin arzikin.  Sai dai masu adawa da juna suna ganin irin wannan harajin yana kara tsadar kayayyakin masarufi na yau da kullum, wanda ke cutar da talakawan mabukaci, musamman wadanda ke karkashin talauci[5].  Bugu da ƙari, ƙaƙƙarfan hujja game da harajin makamashi shi ne cewa za su iya yin tasiri, saboda yana iya ƙarfafa masana'antun da ake biyan haraji su koma kasashen da ke da rauni, ko harajin makamashi.  Wannan zai haifar da mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida, da kuma yanayin, sakamakon yawan harajin makamashi.  Wannan ana kiransa da zubar da ruwa.]  [mafi kyawun tushe da ake bukata]

Na biyu mafi shaharar harajin muhalli a duniya shine harajin sufuri.  Irin waɗannan haraji sun haɗa da aiwatar da su akan tikitin jirgin sama, zuwa siyan mota, ko ma rajistar mota.  Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sufuri, duk da haka, an haɗa su cikin harajin makamashi. [bayani da ake bukata]Kashin galibi ya ƙunshi haraji kan amfani ko mallakar ababen hawa.  Misalin harajin sufuri na gama gari shine harajin da aka sanya akan rajistar abin hawa.  Ana biyan wannan harajin ne a kan rajista bisa dalilai kamar nauyi, ingancin mai, ko fitar da hayaki, kuma ana amfani da shi don samar da kudaden shiga, da kuma inganta mallaki da amfani da na'urori masu tsabta, da ƙarin motocin da suka dace da mai.  Wani misali kuma shi ne harajin da aka sanya wa motocin da ke shiga wuraren cunkoso, kamar wasu wurare a cikin birnin New York, kuma ana iya haɗa wannan tare da ƙarin ecotax akan amfani da wasu hanyoyi, misali ta hanyar na'urorin tara kuɗin lantarki.  A dunkule, harajin makamashi da sufuri ne ke da mafi yawan harajin ecotaxes da aka sanya a duniya.  A cikin 2021, harajin biyu ya ƙunshi kashi 96% na ecotaxes da aka aiwatar a cikin EU.[3]  Ragowar kashi 3 cikin 100 na gurɓata muhalli da harajin albarkatun ƙasa.albarkatun.  

Haraji na albarkatu da gurɓataccen yanayi

Harajin gurɓatawa sun haɗa da haraji dakuma n ƙididdige hayaki na iska da ruwa, da sarrafa sharar gida da hayaniya.  Banda shi ne harajin CO2.  Nasarar gurbataccen ecotax shine "harajin jakar filastik" a Ireland.  Kasar na daukar harajin Yuro 0.22 kan buhunan robobi a wurin siyar da su, tare da fatan rage amfani da su ta hanyar rage bukatar buhunan saboda karuwar farashin.  Sun yi nasarar canza halayen mabukaci, kamar yadda ake iya gani ta hanyar karuwar amfani da buhunan takarda, wanda zai maye gurbin kore, da kuma faɗuwar gudummawar da jakunkunan filastik suka bayar ga yawan gurɓacewar datti a Ireland daga kashi 5% zuwa 0.13% a cikin shekaru 14.  Haka kuma ta samar da kudaden shiga sama da Yuro miliyan 200, wanda hakan ya zama babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga ga gwamnati.  Ƙarshe na rarrabuwa na ecotaxes, kuma tabbas mafi ƙarancin nau'in ecotaxes shine harajin albarkatun ƙasa.  A cikin nau'in ecotaxes na albarkatun albarkatu, haraji yana da alaƙa da hakar ko amfani da albarkatun ƙasa kamar ruwa, dazuzzuka, namun daji, da sauran nau'ikan flora da fauna.  Ana sanya wadannan kudaden haraji kan ayyukan da ke haifar da raguwar albarkatun kasa.   Harajin albarkatun ƙasa sune mafi ƙarancin ecotaxes.  Yawancin albarkatu ana ɗaukar su ne ta hanyar kuɗin gwamnati, misali, ƙididdige adadin da kuma nau'in albarkatun da aka fitar, sabanin harajin da aka sanya.   Misalan haraji waɗanda za a iya ragewa ko kawar da su ta hanyar sauya haraji sune:

• Kudin biyan kuɗi, samun kudin shiga, da kuma, zuwa ƙarami, harajin tallace-tallace.
• Harajin kamfanoni (haraji kan saka hannun jari da kasuwanci).
• Harajin dukiya a kan gine-gine da sauran ababen more rayuwa.

Misalan harajin muhalli wanda za'a iya aiwatarwa ko karawa sune:

• Harajin carbon akan amfani da man fetur ta hanyar iskar gas da aka samar. Tsohon harajin hydrocarbon ba ya hukunta samar da iskar gas (GHG). [yanawa da ake buƙata] 
• Ayyuka a kan kayayyakin da aka shigo da su dauke da mahimman abubuwan da ba na muhalli ba (zuwa matakin da ya dace don magance masana'antun gida)
• Haraji na tsauraran haraji akan hakar ma'adinai, makamashi, da kayan gandun daji.
• Kudin lasisi don sansani, yawo, kamun kifi da farauta da kayan aiki masu alaƙa.
• Takamaiman haraji a kan fasahohi da samfuran da ke da alaƙa da mummunan abubuwan waje.
• Harajin zubar da sharar gida da kudaden dawowa.
• Gudanar da haraji a kan magudanar ruwa, gurɓataccen yanayi da sauran sharar gida masu haɗari.
• Harajin darajar shafin akan darajar ƙasa da ba a inganta ba. [yanawa da ake buƙata] 

Tsarin tattalin arziki da dabarun amfani da sauya haraji

Canji a tsawon lokaci na kudaden shiga na harajin muhalli da na aiki ga kasashe membobin EU-27. Tushen: Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai

Abinda ke tattare da sauya haraji sau da yawa shine aiwatar da "cikakken lissafi" ko "cikakkiyar lissafi", ta amfani da manufofin kasafin kuɗi don gurɓata abubuwan waje na kasuwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙirƙirar wadata mai dorewa. Matakan da ake buƙata don wannan ana kiran su sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki na muhalli, musamman a Kanada, inda gwamnati ta yi amfani da wannan kalmar. A wasu ƙasashe sunan shine Tattalin arzikin kasuwar zamantakewa.

Canjin haraji yawanci ya haɗa da daidaita matakan haraji don zama tsaka-tsaki ga gwamnati da kuma kula da ci gaba gaba gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, yawanci ya haɗa da matakai don kare wadanda suka fi rauni, kamar haɓaka mafi ƙarancin kuɗin shiga don yin rajistar harajin kuɗin shiga gaba ɗaya, ko ƙaruwa ga matakan fansho da taimakon jama'a don daidaita ƙaruwar farashin amfani da man fetur.

Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta asali ta fahimci wanzuwar abubuwan waje da kuma tasirin su mara kyau. Har zuwa inda harajin kore ya dace da abubuwan waje kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, sun dace da ka'idar tattalin arziki ta yau da kullun. A aikace, duk da haka, saita matakin haraji daidai ko tsarin karɓar haraji da ake buƙata don yin hakan yana da wahala, kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice ko Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba.

Haraji kan amfani na iya ɗaukar hanyar "mai rauni" wanda Amory Lovins ya ba da shawarar, wanda ƙarin kudade a kan samfuran da ba su da ɗorewa - kamar Motocin motsa jiki - ana haɗa su don tallafawa tallafi a kan hanyoyin da suka fi ɗorewa, kamar motocin lantarki.

Koyaya, suna iya aiki ne kawai a matsayin ƙarfafawa don canza halaye da kuma saka hannun jari a cikin sabbin motoci ko kayan aiki masu inganci ko don inganta gine-gine. Ƙananan canje-canje a cikin harajin kamfanoni misali na iya canza dawowa sosai akan saka hannun jari na ayyukan babban birnin, musamman idan an yi la'akari da farashin da aka kauce wa amfani da man fetur na gaba.

Irin wannan tunanin ya shafi manyan sayen masu amfani. "Garin jinginar gida" kamar Gidan jinginar gida, alal misali, ya fahimci cewa mutanen da ba sa tuka motoci kuma suna rayuwa gabaɗaya suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan a kowane wata fiye da wasu kuma saboda haka suna da ƙarin kuɗin biyan kuɗin jinginar gida. Wannan ya tabbatar da ba su rancen kuɗi da yawa don inganta gida don amfani da ƙaramin makamashi gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon shi ne banki da ke karɓar ƙarin kowane wata daga kuɗin shiga na mabukaci yayin da kamfanonin kayan aiki da kamfanonin inshora na mota ke karɓar ƙasa, kuma an inganta kayan gida don amfani da mafi ƙarancin makamashi da za a iya amfani da shi tare da fasahar yanzu.

Baya ga makamashi, gyare-gyare gabaɗaya za su kasance waɗanda ake buƙata don zama mafi ƙanƙanta ga aikin nesa, lambunan permaculture (misali rufin kore), da salon rayuwa wanda gabaɗaya yake cikin al'umma ba bisa tafiye-tafiye ba. Yana haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa ba kawai ga unguwar ba har ma da dukan yankin da ke kewaye da ita. Abokan ciniki da ke rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin gidaje masu inganci gabaɗaya ba za su so su yi tafiya ba tare da niyya ba, alal misali, don adana 'yan daloli a kan sayen su. Maimakon haka, za su kasance kusa da gida kuma su kirkiro ayyuka a cikin isar da kayan masarufi da ƙananan kayan masarufin kwayoyin, suna kashe kuɗi kaɗan a kan man fetur da farashin aiki na mota koda kuwa sun biya ƙarin abinci.

Ci gaba ko koma baya?

An soki wasu shawarwarin sauya haraji na kore kamar yadda suke raguwa a fannin kudi (tallafi tare da matsakaicin haraji wanda ke raguwa yayin da kudin shiga na mai biyan haraji ke ƙaruwa). Haraji mara kyau na waje yawanci yana haifar da ɗaukar nauyi akan amfani, kuma tunda matalauta suna cinyewa da yawa kuma suna adanawa ko saka hannun jari kaɗan a matsayin rabo na kuɗin shiga, don haka duk wani canji zuwa harajin amfani na iya zama mai koma baya. A shekara ta 2004, bincike da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin da Gidauniyar Joseph Rowntree suka yi ya nuna cewa haraji mai laushi a kan shara ta cikin gida, makamashi, ruwa da amfani da sufuri zai sami tasiri mafi girma a kan gidaje marasa talauci.

Manufofin haraji na muhalli da aka kafa

  An kafa harajin muhalli a Jamus ta hanyar dokoki uku a cikin 1998, 1999 da 2002. Na farko ya gabatar da haraji a kan wutar lantarki da man fetur, a farashin canji bisa la'akari da muhalli; ba a biya haraji ga hanyoyin sabunta wutar lantarki ba. Na biyu ya daidaita harajin don tallafawa ingantaccen tashoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada. Na uku ya kara haraji a kan man fetur. A lokaci guda, an rage harajin samun kudin shiga daidai don jimlar nauyin haraji ya kasance daidai.

Gwamnatin yankin Tsibirin Balearic (wanda ke hannun hadin gwiwar ecosocialist) ta kafa harajin muhalli a cikin 1999. Tsibirin Balearic yana fama da matsin lamba daga yawon bude ido, wanda a lokaci guda ke samar da babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga. Harajin (€ 1.00 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana) za a biya shi ta hanyar baƙi da ke zaune a wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido. Masu adawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soki wannan kamar yadda ya saba wa bukatun kasuwanci, kuma sun soke harajin a shekara ta 2003 bayan sun kwace gwamnati.

Jihohi daban-daban a Amurka sun kafa haraji iri-iri (wanda ake kira "haraji mai yawa"). Kotun Koli ta Amurka da aka gudanar a cikin Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana, 453 US 609 (1981), cewa idan babu dokar tarayya akasin haka, jihohi na iya saita harajin muhalli kamar yadda suke so ba tare da keta Ma'anar Kasuwanci ko Ma'anar Mafi Girma na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ba.

Farawa daga Janairu 1, 2018, an aiwatar da harajin kore na farko na kasar Sin da nufin kare muhalli, Harajin Kare Muhalli, a hukumance, ya maye gurbin tsarin kuɗin fitar da gurɓataccen wanda ya kasance kusan shekaru 40. An ayyana harajin kare muhalli kuma ana biyan shi kowane kwata-kwata, kuma lokacin tattarawa na farko zai kasance daga Afrilu 1 zuwa 15, 2018. Matsayin haraji shine iska, ruwa, mai ƙarfi da gurɓataccen amo kai tsaye a cikin muhalli. A halin yanzu, ban da yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa, duk larduna, yankuna masu cin gashin kansu da kuma kananan hukumomi sun ba da takamaiman adadin haraji don gurɓataccen iska da gurɓata ruwa a yankunansu daidai da hanyoyin doka.

Aiwatar da duniya

A shekara ta 1993, gwamnatin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta gabatar da Fuel Price Escalator, wanda ke nuna karamin karuwar harajin man fetur, kamar yadda Weizsäcker da Jesinghaus suka gabatar a shekarar 1992. An dakatar da FPE a Aiki 2000, biyo bayan zanga-zangar kasa da kasa; yayin da man fetur ya kasance mai arha a cikin 1993, farashin man fetur yana daga cikin mafi girma a Turai. A karkashin gwamnatin Labour ta 1997-2007, duk da alkawarin Gordon Brown da ya yi akasin haka, harajin kore a matsayin kashi na harajin gaba ɗaya ya faɗi daga 9.4% zuwa 7.7%, bisa ga lissafin da Abokan Duniya suka yi.

A cikin wani tsari na shekara ta 2006, Sakataren Muhalli na Burtaniya na lokacin David Miliband ya yi magana da gwamnati a tattaunawar kan amfani da haraji daban-daban don rage gurɓataccen yanayi. Daga cikin harajin da aka gabatar, wanda aka yi niyyar zama tsaka-tsaki, Miliband ya ce: "Ba su da tushe don tada kudaden shiga".

Miliband ya ba da ƙarin tsokaci game da bukatunsu, yana cewa: "Canjin halayyar mutane ana samun sa ne kawai ta hanyar "dakarun kasuwa da siginar farashi", kuma "Yayin da fahimtarmu game da canjin yanayi ke ƙaruwa, a bayyane yake cewa ana buƙatar yin ƙarin. "

Farawa a cikin 1999, gwamnatin Ukraine tana tattara harajin muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da Fee na gurɓata muhalli (Ukrainian), wanda aka tattara daga dukkan ƙungiyoyi masu gurɓata, ko lokaci ɗaya ne ko ci gaba da gurɓata kuma ba tare da la'akari da ko aikin gurɓata doka ne ko ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin.

Indiya

  Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka, Gwamnatin Indiya, ta nemi Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Madras, Chennai, ta gudanar da nazarin haraji kan abubuwan da aka shigar da su a cikin shekara ta 2001. Raja Chelliah, Paul Appasamy, USSankar da Rita Pandey (Academic Foundation, 2007, New Delhi) sun ba da shawarar harajin muhalli a kan kwal, motoci, chlorine, kayan wankewa na phosphate, magungunan kashe kwari, takin sinadarai, batir na acid da filastik. Dubi Ecotaxes kan gurɓataccen shigarwa da fitarwa, Gidauniyar Ilimi, New Delhi,2007. Ministan Kudi ya gabatar da takardar kudi a farashin Rs 50 a kowace tan a cikin shekara ta 2010.

China

Kwamitin Dindindin na Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa ya kafa ka'idojin muhalli da haraji a cikin 1979, wanda aka lakafta shi a matsayin 'Farin Gudanar da gurbatacce' (PDF). Kudin fitar da gurbataccen abu, ya tabbatar da aiki a wasu sassan kasar kamar Arewacin China, duk da haka ya nuna mummunan sakamako a sassan kamar Yankin Karst na Kudu maso Yammacin China, yayin da yankin ya sami ci gaba a masana'antu da birane, wanda ya haifar da karancin ruwa da gurɓataccen yanki.

A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2018, kasar Sin ta maye gurbin tsarin "Polluant Discharge Fee" na yanzu, tare da harajin kare muhalli wanda aka saita don sanya tsarin kudi da haraji na "kore", yayin da yake ƙarfafa kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma kula da wuraren da aka gurɓata. Sabon harajin ya kuma taimaka wajen yaki da matsalolin da ke tattare da kudaden fitar da gurbataccen, kamar su kananan hukumomi da ke amfani da ramuka a cikin tsarin da kuma kare manyan kamfanoni daga matsalolin shari'a. Wannan sabuwar doka ta samar da nau'ikan keɓancewa guda biyar, gami da, da sauransu, keɓancewa don gurɓataccen aikin gona, gurɓata daga sufuri, da gurɓatawar daga datti da sharar gida. Masu biyan haraji na iya jin daɗin raguwar kashi 25% don rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa da kashi 30% ko fiye, ƙasa da matakin da aka haramta.

Dangane da bayanan da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta kasar Sin ta fitar, harajin kare muhalli na kasar Sin zai karɓi yuan biliyan 20.5 (RMB, iri ɗaya a ƙasa) a cikin 2023, da yuan biliyan 5.1 a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 2024. Kafin a karɓi harajin kare muhalli, kamfanoni da yawa na kasar Sin sun biya kuɗin fitar da gurɓataccen yanayi. Shekaru shida da suka gabata, sashen kudi na tashar wutar lantarki a Chongqing ya lissafa cewa idan samar da wutar lantarki bai canza ba, harajin kare muhalli da za a biya zai ninka kuɗin fitar da gurɓataccen asali. Canji yana gabatowa. Dalilin da ya sa ake sukar tashoshin wutar lantarki na "babban gurɓataccen" shine cewa mabuɗin shine fasahar baya, kamar ƙone kwal da ba cikakke ba da kuma rashin kayan aikin maganin gas. Tashar wutar lantarki ta aiwatar da canjin fitarwa mai zurfi a kan dukkan raka'a shida masu samarwa kuma ta kara iska da ƙura a cikin filin kwal. Sakamakon nan take ne. A cikin 2018, shekara ta farko ta aiwatar da Dokar Haraji ta Kare Muhalli, daidaitattun gurɓataccen da tashoshin wutar lantarki suka samar ya ragu da kashi 73.1% idan aka kwatanta da 2017, kuma harajin kare muhalli da aka biya ya kai yuan miliyan 2.14, wanda ya kasance kashi 73% ƙasa da kuɗin fitar da gurɓatawar yuan miliyan 7.96 da aka biya a cikin 2017. Idan an gano kamfanin a matsayin masana'antar masana'antu mai ci gaba, har ma yana iya jin daɗin ingantaccen masana'antar kerawa da ƙimar haraji.

Faransa

Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba da niyyar kafa sabon kuɗin a kan tikitin jirgin sama tare da manufar tallafawa hanyoyin da ke da kyau ga muhalli, kamar kayan aikin sufuri na muhalli. Harajin da aka gabatar zai kasance tsakanin Yuro 1.50 ($ 1.7) da Yuro 18 ($ 20) kuma ya shafi mafi yawan jiragen da ke tashi daga Faransa. Gwamnatin Faransa na sa ran sabon harajin zai tara sama da Yuro miliyan 180 ($ miliyan 200) daga 2020.

Harajin carbon

An aiwatar da harajin carbon a cikin bayan yunkurin da ba a yi nasara ba. Ba takamaiman haraji ba ne amma wani bangare ne na harajin amfani da gida akan man fetur, daidai da abubuwan da ke ciki na carbon. Ya dogara ne akan ka'idar "mai gurbatawa yana biyan kuɗi", '" bisa ga abin da duk mutane dole ne su ba da gudummawa ga gyaran lalacewar da suka haifar wa muhalli. Yana sanya farashi a kan kowane ton na CO da aka fitar don ƙarfafa masu amfani su ƙaura daga wasu samfuran ko halaye tare da hayakin gas mai yawa. A wasu kalmomi, don rage amfani da man fetur. Haraji ne na Pigouvian wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙididdigar farashin mummunan kayan waje da ayyuka.

The carbon tax is a "carbon component" integrated into the more global calculation of the domestic consumption tax on energy products, natural gas and coal. It is indexed to the carbon price, which serves as a climate reference for investment choices by public and private economic actors and is expressed in euros per ton of CO2. The carbon tax takes the form of a fee rather than a tax or an environmental tax in the strict sense of the word. It is a non-mandatory levy paid only by the use of a polluting service or good

Masu biyan haraji

Ana biyan harajin ta gidaje (a kan man fetur ko gas misali), kamfanoni da gwamnatoci. Koyaya, akwai banbanci da yawa: manyan masana'antu masu gurɓataccen gurɓata suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin Turai; jigilar iska da teku an cire su ta hanyar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da umarnin Turai; jigihar kogi na ƙasa, taksi, jigilar kaya, jigilar kayayyaki, jigilar jama'a da kuma amfani da aikin gona suma an cire su daga wannan harajin.

Sakamakon

Kusan tan miliyan 4 na Faransa ta kauce wa su a cikin 2018 godiya ga harajin carbon, bisa ga binciken OECD, wanda ke wakiltar raguwar 5% a cikin hayaki daga masana'antu tsakanin 2014 da 2018.

Karɓar jama'a

Saurin karuwar wannan haraji (daga Yuro 7 a kowace tan a cikin 2014 zuwa 14 a cikin 2015 da Yuro 44.6 a cikin 2018) ya sa farashin man fetur ya fashe, wanda, tare da karuwar farashin kayayyakin man fetur da iskar gas, ya ba da gudummawa ga haihuwar motsi mai launin rawaya.