Haratin
Haratin ( Arabic , mufuradi Ḥarṭānī ), wanda kuma aka rubuta Haratine ko Harratin, ƙabila ce da ake samu a yammacin Sahel da kudu maso yammacin Maghreb . [1] [2] Haratin galibi ana samun su a Mauritania na zamani (inda suka zama jam'i), Maroko, Yammacin Sahara, Senegal, da Aljeriya . A Tunisiya da Libya, ana kiran su Shwashin ( Chouachin, Chouachine ; guda ɗaya: Shwashin, Chouchan ).
Haratin suna magana da yarukan Larabci na Maghrebi . A al'adance an kwatanta su a matsayin zuriyar tsoffin bayi na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. [3] [4]
Sun kafa ƙungiyar ƙabilanci mafi girma a ƙasar Mauritania inda suke da kashi 40% na yawan jama'a (~ miliyan 1.5). A wasu sassan Larabawa-Berber Maghreb, wani lokaci ana kiran su da "ajin ma'aikata daban-daban".
Haratin sun kasance, kuma har yanzu ana keɓance su a cikin jama'a a wasu ƙasashen Maghrebi, suna zaune a keɓe, ghettos na Haratin-kawai. Ana ganin su da yawa a matsayin rukuni na baya-bayan nan na tsoffin bayi ko zuriyar bayi. [5] Sun musulunta a karkashin Larabawa da Berbers [6] kuma Isma'il Ibn Sharif (Sultan na Maroko daga 1672-1727) ya tilasta su shiga cikin sojojin Morocco don ƙarfafa iko. [5]
A al'adance, da yawa Haratin sun gudanar da sana'o'i a cikin aikin noma - a matsayin serfs, makiyaya, da ma'aikatan da ba a san su ba .
Asalin suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin da ma'anar sunan Haratin (hartani guda ɗaya) yana da rigima. Wasu suna da'awar cewa ya fito daga kalmar Berber ahardan (pl. ihardin ) tana nufin launin fata, musamman "launi mai duhu". [7] [8] Wannan kalma ba ta cikin harshen larabci kuma kabilar Sanhaja da kabilar Zenata sun yi amfani da ita kafin zuwan Beni Ḥassan . Wasu kuma suna da'awar cewa ya fito ne daga jumlar Larabci al-Hurr al-Thani ko aji na biyu (rukunin 'yantattu na biyu). Babu ɗayan waɗannan ikirari da ke da hujja mai yawa. [9] A madadin, an ba da shawarar cewa sunan na iya fitowa daga kalmar kalmar larabci haratha ma'ana "noma" wanda zai iya zama kamar abin da ya dace tun lokacin da aka san Haratin a matsayin masu noma a kudancin Maroko. [10]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haratin sun kasance wata kabila da ta bambanta da al'ummar Larabawa da Abzinawa, da kuma kabilun yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na wannan zamani. [7] A Mauritaniya, duk da haka, inda akwai kusan Haratin miliyan 1.5, sun ƙirƙiri wata ma'ana ta kabilanci.
A lokacin mamayar Romawa na Mauretania, kabilar Godala Berber sun gudu zuwa kudu zuwa yankin Draa kuma suka bautar da al'ummar Haratin na gida. A tarihi sun gaji matsayin bawa da aikin iyali, sun kasance na baya-baya, kuma sun rabu cikin zamantakewa. [5] Wasu al'ummomi sun banbanta nau'ikan bayi guda biyu, wanda ake kira 'Abid ko "bawa" da Haratin ko "yantaccen bawa". Duk da haka, a cewar masanin ɗan adam John Shoup, 'Abid da Haratin ba su da 'yancin mallakar fili ko kuma suna da makamancin haƙƙin mallaka . Ko da sun kasance masu 'yanci a fasaha ko a'a, an ɗauke su a matsayin marasa ƙarfi a cikin al'ummomin da suke zaune a ciki. Da yake an hana su haƙƙin mallaka da ikon mallakar kowace ƙasa, a tarihi sun tsira ta hanyar karɓar dangantakar abokantaka da abokin ciniki ko dai a matsayin ma'aikacin gida ko kuma aikin rabon gonaki ( khammasin ).
Sun zama abin da sarkin Moroko Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif (shi kansa yana da uwa mai Haratin) ya zama ruwan dare gama gari na shiga aikin soja na dole yayin da yake neman gina sojojin da ba su da alaka da zamantakewa ko al'ada ga wata kungiyar Larabawa ko Berber a Magrib. Ya dauki mafi yawan maza Haratin da 'Abid wadanda suke a Maroko a lokacin. Daga nan sai aka rika tursasa wannan runduna cikin jerin yake-yake domin karfafa ikon Ibn Sharif. [5]
Al'ummar Haratin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Haratin sun bazu a yammacin hamadar Sahara, galibi a Mauritania, Maroko, da Yammacin Sahara. Duk da haka, ƙananan adadi kuma suna bazu cikin ƙasashe da yawa, kamar Senegal da Aljeriya .
Mauritania
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A kasar Mauritaniya, Haratin sun kasance daya daga cikin manyan kabilu kuma sun kai kusan kashi 40% na Mauritaniya. Wani lokaci ana kiran su da "Black Moors ", sabanin Beidane, ko kuma "Farin Moors". Haratin na Mauritania kuma yana magana da harshen Larabci Hassaniya .
Haratin na Mauritania, a cewar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Joseph Hellweg, wanda ya ƙware a nazarin nazarin Afirka ta Yamma, a tarihi ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin zamantakewar al'umma wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga gadon Badawiyya tsakanin ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16. "Hassan" ya keɓanta ayyukan da suka shafi yaƙi da siyasa, "Zwaya" (Zawaya) matsayin addini, "Bidan" (Farin Moors) sun mallaki dukiya da kuma rike bayi (Haratins, Black Moors). [1] Kowanne daga cikin wadannan siminti ne da ba za a iya motsi ba, na dawwama, tare da sana’o’in gado da kuma inda manya-manyan sassan suka tattara haraji ( horma ) daga kaskannin al’ummar Mauritaniya, suna la’akari da su na kasa da al’umma, kuma sun hana su ‘yancin mallakar filaye ko makamai ta yadda za a samar da tsarin rufaffiyar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
A cikin 1981, Mauritania ta soke bautar a hukumance. [11] Duk da haka, ko da bayan ka'idoji, sokewa, da sababbin dokoki, har yanzu ana nuna wariya ga Haratin, kuma da yawa suna ci gaba da zama bayi, ga dukkan dalilai masu amfani, yayin da adadi mai yawa suna rayuwa a wasu nau'o'in dogaro na yau da kullun ga tsoffin iyayengiji. [12] Ko da yake an soke bautar da dokar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1981, ba a yi laifi ba a karon farko a cikin 2007 kuma a cikin 2015, ba a cika aiwatar da aikin kawar da bauta a Mauritania ba. [13]
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Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa a cikin 1994, Haratine 90,000 har yanzu suna rayuwa a matsayin "dukiya" na ubangijinsu, tare da rahoton ya nuna cewa "bautar da Mauritania ya fi mamaye a cikin manyan al'adun gargajiya na Moors." A cewar jami'an Mauritania, duk wata alaƙa tsakanin ubangida da ma'aikacin haɗin gwiwa ce. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyin fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun yi tambaya kan wannan matsayi.
Rahoton na Amnesty International ya ce "halayen zamantakewa sun canza a tsakanin yawancin Moors na birane, amma a yankunan karkara, tsohuwar rarrabuwar kawuna tana raye." An yi yunƙuri da dama na tantance ainihin tsawaita bautar da ake yi a ƙasar Mauritaniya ta zamani, amma waɗannan galibi sun yi takaicin matakin da gwamnatin Nouakchott ta ɗauka na cewa an kawar da wannan al'ada. Amnesty ta kuma yi kiyasin cewa wasu ’yantattun bayi 300,000 ne ke ci gaba da yi wa tsofaffin ubangidansu hidima.
A ranar 27 ga Afrilun 2007, an zabi Messaoud Ould Boulkheir a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar, inda ya zama Bakar fata na farko da ya rike mukamin. [14]
Maroko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haratin a Maroko galibi sun taru ne a kudancin yankin Drâa-Tafilalet, musamman garuruwa irin su Zagora inda suke da wani kaso mai tsoka na yawan jama'a. [15]
Haratin sun kasance bawan al'ummar Moroko ta cikin tarihin da aka rubuta. [5] An mallake su a kowane gari da cibiyar noma kafin zamanin sarkin Morocco Ismail Ibn Sharif . Sun ba da aikin cikin gida, aikin gona, aikin motsa jiki a cikin garuruwa da kasuwanni, tare da tura sojoji yaƙi.
A cewar Remco Ensel – farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam wanda ya kware a karatun Maghreb, kalmar “Haratin” a Moroccan wata ƙaƙƙarfa ce da ke nuni da “ƙasƙanci, rashin mutunci” da kuma a cikin adabi na zamani; sau da yawa ana maye gurbinsa da "Drawi", "Drawa", "Sahrawi", "Sahrawa", ko wasu kalmomin yanki. [1] [2] Haritin na Moroko, in ji Chouki El Hamel, farfesa a tarihi da ya ƙware a Nazarin Afirka, ƴan baƙar fata ne na Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda aka yi jigilar su da ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin Sahara kuma aka sayar da su a kasuwannin bayi na Morocco tsawon ƙarni. Sun rungumi dabi'un larabawa a mafi girman fassarar Musulunci", in ji El Hamel, a cikin tsararraki kuma suna ganin kansu a matsayin musulmin Moroko, maimakon kabila ko 'yan asalinsu
Haratin strata, a matsayin ma'aikatan bayi, sun kasance babbar cibiyar al'ummar Moroccan har zuwa karni na 19. Amma duk da haka, an sami ƙarancin bayanan tarihi game da asalinsu da tarihinsu, wanda ya haifar da shawarwari da yawa da aka gina, kuma ambatonsu a cikin tsoffin adabin Moroccan gabaɗaya ya iyakance ga matsayinsu na bayi kuma sun fi mai da hankali kan haƙƙin masu mallakar su. Warewa tattalin arzikinsu da zamantakewar jama'a na wannan zamani ne ya tada sabon sha'awar tarihinsu da tarihinsu na baka. [16]
Haratin sun kasance ma'aikata masu mahimmanci a cikin al'ummomin oases na zamani, in ji Ensel, kuma ana ci gaba da zalunta su da bambanci da na sama da ake kira "Shurfa". A cewar Remco Ensel, Haratin, tare da Swasin a Maroko da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Sahara, sun kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da manyan manyan mutane, ƙwararrun addini, da masu karatu, masu 'yanci, makiyaya makiyaya, da bayi. Haratin sun fi Abid ( zuriyar bayi) sama da matsayi a kasa, amma kasa da Ahrar . Wannan matsayi, na jihar Ensel, an kwatanta shi daban-daban a matsayin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci, gidaje, ƙabila, ƙabila, ko aji.
Haratin a tarihi sun rayu a keɓe da babbar al'umma, a cikin keɓewar ƙauye. Ƙullawarsu a wasu lokuta manyan mutane da wasu malaman addini suna tabbatar da akidarsu, duk da cewa wasu sun yi sabani. Rarraba zamantakewar Haratin da alakar da suke da ita da sauran al’umma ta bambanta ta kwari da kuma lungu da sako, amma ko Haratin ba a zahiri ‘marasa ‘yanci, ko ‘yantacce, ko ‘yanta’ bayi, sai a yi la’akari da su a matsayin ‘yan kasa da sauran bangarori na al’umma. Haratin ya kasance al'ummar Maroko da aka ware, kamar sauran kungiyoyi irinsu a duniya.
Yammacin Sahara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rahoton ya lura cewa Polisario ya yi iƙirarin adawa da duk wani irin wannan wariyar, amma yana haifar da tambayoyi game da yuwuwar haɗa baki a hukumance, ko kuma nuna halin ko-in-kula ga al'adar. Bugu da kari, HRW ta sami wani batu na takarda a hukumance da ke ba da yanci ga rukunin iyalai da aka yi bauta. Takardun da ake tambaya kwanan nan kamar 2007. Wani alkali ko wani ma'aikacin gwamnati ne ya sanya hannu kan takardar. Bauta har yanzu tana cikin abubuwan tunawa saboda dalilai na tarihi da na gargajiya, kuma irin waɗannan lokuta ba su da ban tsoro kamar yadda mutum zai yi tunani ga al'ummar sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi. [17] Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kammala babinta na bautar kamar haka, "A takaice majiyoyi masu sahihanci sun shaida wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch game da yanayin bautar da ke ci gaba da shafar rayuwar wani bangare na bakar fata a sansanonin Tindouf. Ayyukan sun hada da alaka ta tarihi tsakanin iyalai da suka hada da wasu hakkoki da wajibai wadanda ba a ko da yaushe ba. Kasancewa bawa ba lallai ba ne ya hana cin moriyar walwala."
Da yake amsa tambayoyi game da bautar, Polisario ya yarda da rayuwa "zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na wasu ayyuka da suka shafi tunanin da suka gabata" kuma ta ce "ta ƙudura don yaƙar su da kuma kawar da su a duk lokacin da suka fito kuma ko da wane nau'i ne." "Muna maraba da wannan bayani kuma muna kira ga kungiyar Polisario da ta yi taka tsantsan wajen cimma wannan manufa," in ji HRW. [17]
Aljeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yankin Saharar Aljeriya, 'yan Haratin da Faransa ta mayar da su saniyar ware a lokacin mulkin mallaka, sun samu ci gaban zamantakewa da siyasa bayan samun 'yancin kai. [18] An fara wannan haɗin kai ne a lokacin yaƙin 'yantar da 'yanci ; Jawabin 'yantar da jama'a da kuma rashin nuna wariyar launin fata na jihohi, wanda ya zama al'adar kishin kasa ta Aljeriya, ya yi nasarar tattara wannan nau'in zamantakewa. [18] Nasarar zamantakewa ta hanyar ilimi ya ba da damar tsohon Haratin ya wakilci a cikin al'ummomin gida da kuma samun damar samun matsayi mafi tasiri. [18]
Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Sabine, Partouche. "L'Encyclopédie berbère". Institut de recherches et d'études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans Iremam - UMR 7310. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
- ↑ Jacques-Meunie, Denise (1972). "L'Notes sur l'histoire des populations du sud marocain". Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée. 11: 137–150. doi:10.3406/remmm.1972.1148. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
- ↑ Keita, S. O. Y. (1993). "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships". History in Africa. 20: 129–154. doi:10.2307/3171969. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171969. S2CID 162330365.
- ↑ McDougall, E. Ann (2015). "Hidden in Plain Sight: "Haratine" in Nouakchott's "Niche-Settlements"". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 48 (2): 251–279. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 44723360.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Meyers, Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center. 10 (3): 427–442. doi:10.2307/216736. JSTOR 216736.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAppiahGates2010p549 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gast, M. (2000). "Harṭâni". Encyclopédie berbère - Hadrumetum – Hidjaba. 22.
- ↑ Hamel, Chouki El (2002). "Race, slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies. Routledge. 7 (3): 29–52. doi:10.1080/13629380208718472. S2CID 219625829.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedShoup2011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ Santacroce, Léia (2021-04-12). "Fin de l'esclavage en Mauritanie ? Le cas présumé d'une femme offerte comme dot relance le débat". Geo.fr (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2024-03-27.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAppiah, Kwame Anthony and Henry Louis Gates Jr. 2010 549 - ↑ J. King, Stephen (2021-08-26). "Ending Hereditary Slavery in Mauritania: Bidan (Whites) and Black "Slaves" in 2021". Arab Reform Initiative (in Turanci).
- ↑ "Former Mauritanian Opposition Leader Takes Charge of National Assembly". Voice of America (in Turanci). 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ↑ "À Zagora, les fantômes de la ségrégation". huffpostmaghreb. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedHamel2014p4 - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Goldstein, Eric (19 December 2008). "Human Rights in Western Sahara and the Tindouf Refugee Camps". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Yousfi, Badreddine (30 Jun 2017). "Les territoires sahariens en Algérie. Gouvernance, acteurs et recomposition territoriale". L'Année du Maghreb (in Faransanci) (16): 53–69. doi:10.4000/anneemaghreb.2951. ISSN 1952-8108. Retrieved 22 Mar 2021.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- El Hamel, Chouki (Fall 2002). "'Race', Slavery and Islam in the Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco". Journal of North African Studies. 29 (38).
- Amnesty International, 7 November 2002, Mauritania, A future free from slavery? The formal abolition of slavery in 1981 has not led to real and effective abolition for various reasons, including a lack of legislation to ensure its implementation.