Harriet Lane

Harriet Lane
Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka 4 ga Maris, 1857 - 4 ga Maris, 1861 ← Jane Pierce (mul) - Mary Todd Lincoln →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Mercersburg (en) , 9 Mayu 1830
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Narragansett (en) , 3 ga Yuli, 1903
Makwanci	Green Mount Cemetery (en)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Elliott Toll Lane
Mahaifiya	Jane Buchanan
Ƴan uwa	view James Buchanan (mul) (kawu, adoptive father (en) )
Karatu
Makaranta	Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Imani
Addini	Episcopal Church (en)

Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (9 ga Mayu, 1830 – 3 ga Yuli, 1903) ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban Amurka a lokacin gwamnatin kawunta, shugaban ƙasa James Buchanan, daga 1857 zuwa 1861. An siffanta ta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko a zamanin yau, kasancewarta mai masaukin baki ta diflomasiyya, wacce aka kwafi salon suturarta, kuma wacce ta tallata kyawawan halaye. A cikin wasiyyarta, ta bar kuɗi don wani sabon makaranta a filin Washington National Cathedral. An sanya wa jiragen ruwa da dama suna don girmama ta, ciki har da mai yanke USCGC Harriet Lane, wanda har yanzu yana aiki.

Matsayi

Lane ita ce kaɗai mace da ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ga wani shugaban ƙasa da ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, Buchanan ita ce kaɗai shugabar Amurka da ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. Tana cikin mata 11 da suka taɓa yin aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, amma ba su yi aure da shugaban ƙasa ba, inda yawancin sauran matan dangin shugabannin da ba su yi aure ba ne.

Rayuwar farko

Iyalan Harriet Lane sun fito ne daga gundumar Franklin, Pennsylvania . Ita ce ƙaramar ɗa ga Elliott Tole Lane, wani ɗan kasuwa, da Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. Ta rasa mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru tara; lokacin da mutuwar mahaifinta bayan shekaru biyu ta mayar da ita maraya, ta nemi a naɗa kawunta da ta fi so, James Buchanan, a matsayin mai kula da ita bisa doka. Buchanan, wani sanata ɗan Democrat mara aure daga Pennsylvania, ya ba wa 'yar'uwarsa da 'yar'uwarta kyauta, inda ya yi musu rajista a makarantun kwana a Charles Town, Virginia (daga baya na tsawon shekaru biyu a Georgetown Visitation Monastery da ke yankin Georgetown na Washington, DC ). A wannan lokacin, Buchanan shi ne Sakataren Harkokin Waje, kuma, kamar yadda ya yi alkawari, ya gabatar da ita ga da'irori masu salo da siyasa.

A shekara ta 1854, ta haɗu da shi a Landan, inda ya zama minista a Kotun St. James . Sarauniya Victoria ta ba wa "ƙaunatacciyar Miss Lane" matsayin matar jakada; waɗanda suka yi mata sha'awar neman aure sun ba ta suna ta zama kyakkyawar mace. A bayyanarta, "Hal" Lane tana da tsayi matsakaici, tare da gashi mai haske, kusan launin zinare. Tana da idanu waɗanda aka kwatanta da "launin shuɗi".

Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Amurka Mai Rikon Mukami

Babban birnin ya yi maraba da sabuwar "Sarauniyar Dimokuradiyya" zuwa Fadar White House a shekarar 1857. Harriet ta kasance mai masaukin baki a cikin shekaru huɗu na shugabancin Buchanan. Mata sun kwaikwayi salon gashinta da tufafinta (musamman lokacin da ta rage wuyan rigarta ta farko da maki 2.5). inci), iyaye sun sanya wa 'ya'yansu mata suna saboda ita, kuma an keɓe wata waƙar shahara (" Listen to the Mockingbird ") ga ta. Yayin da take cikin Fadar White House, ta yi amfani da matsayinta don haɓaka manufofin zamantakewa, kamar inganta yanayin rayuwar ' yan asalin Amurka a wuraren ajiyar kaya . Ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin gayyatar masu fasaha da mawaƙa zuwa bukukuwan Fadar White House. Saboda shahararta da aikinta na kare haƙƙin jama'a, an siffanta ta a matsayin matar farko ta shugaban ƙasa ta zamani, kuma shahararta a lokacin an kwatanta ta da ta Jacqueline Kennedy a shekarun 1960. An sanya wa jirgin ruwan shugaban ƙasa suna saboda ita—na farko daga cikin jiragen ruwa da dama da aka sanya wa suna bayanta, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana nan a aiki.

Harriet Lane

Yayin da rikicin da ke tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu ya ƙaru, ta tsara wuraren zama don liyafar cin abincin dare ta mako-mako da kulawa ta musamman, don bai wa manyan mutane fifikonsu da kuma ci gaba da raba maƙiyan siyasa. Dabarunta bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba, amma aikinta ya zama ba zai yiwu ba - kamar na kawunta. Jihohi bakwai sun rabu lokacin da Buchanan ya yi ritaya daga mulki ya dawo tare da 'yar'uwarsa zuwa babban gidansa na ƙauye, Wheatland, kusa da Lancaster, Pennsylvania .

A cikin binciken Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta 1982, wanda ya nemi masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka, Lane da wasu mata na "masu riƙon amana" da dama an haɗa su. Binciken matan shugabannin, wanda aka gudanar lokaci-lokaci tun daga lokacin, ya sanya matan shugabannin bisa ga jimillar maki kan ka'idoji masu zaman kansu na asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da aka samu, mutunci, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata na kansu, mutuncin jama'a, da kuma darajar shugaban ƙasa. A cikin binciken na 1982, daga cikin matan shugabannin 42 da mata na mukamai, an tantance Lane a matsayin ta 29 mafi daraja a tsakanin masana tarihi. An cire mata na mukamai na shugabannin kamar Lane daga maimaita wannan binciken.

Soyayya da aure

A lokacin da take Ingila, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, babban lauyan Firayim Minista Palmerston na lokacin, ya nemi a yi mata aure; Sarauniya Victoria ta goyi bayan wannan matakin, domin zai ci gaba da zama a Lane a Ingila.

Lane ta yi la'akari da fa'idodin wasu samari. Kawunta ya gargaɗi Lane da kada ya yi gaggawar shiga cikin aure ba da daɗewa ba, domin 'yarsa ta ga waɗanda za su aura "masu daɗi amma masu matuƙar wahala". Daga ƙarshe Lane ta auri Henry Elliott Johnston, ma'aikacin banki a Baltimore, yana da shekaru 36. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: James Buchanan Johnston (1866–1881) da Henry Elliot Johnston (1869–1882), amma a cikin shekaru 18. shekaru daga 1867 zuwa 1885, kawunta, mijinta, da 'ya'yanta duk sun mutu.

Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa

Harriet ta rubuta wasiyyarta a shekarar 1895 ta kuma sake rayuwa shekaru takwas, inda arzikin ƙasar ya ƙara darajar kadarorinta sosai. Ta ƙara wani littafi a shekarar 1899 da ke umurtan a gina ginin makaranta a filin gidan babban cocin Washington National Cathedral kuma ta nemi a kira shi da Ginin Lane-Johnston "don a danganta sunayen iyalan mijina da ni da gadon da aka yi don tunawa da 'ya'yanmu maza." Wani littafi a shekarar 1903 ya ƙara kyautarta da kashi ɗaya bisa uku amma ta ce rabin jimillar ne kawai za a kashe a kan ginin. Sauran kuma "musamman don samar da kulawa, ilimi da horar da mawaƙa kyauta, musamman waɗanda ke hidimar cocin." Wannan gado ya kafa makarantar yara maza mai daraja wadda a yau ake kira St.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwWg">&nbsp;</span>Makarantar Albans, wacce aka buɗe a watan Oktoba 1909.

Ginin Lane-Johnston, Makarantar St. Albans

A jana'izar Harriet Lane Johnston, Bishop Satterlee da Canon DeVries na Babban Cocin Washington sun gudanar da jana'izar. An binne ta a makabartar Green Mount, Baltimore, Maryland, kabarinta an yi mata alamar giciye ta Celtic kamar Peace Cross a kusa da babban cocin . A shekarar 1905, an gayyaci baƙi su ga ginshiƙin ginin farko na St. An gina makarantar Albans, wanda aka yi wa gayyatar da aka kira "Makarantar Mawaka ta Lane Johnston don Maza na Cathedral ta Washington".

Gado

Lane ta bar wasiyya a cikin wasiyyarta wadda ta kafa asibitin yara da makarantar yara maza, kuma ta ba da gudummawar tarin zane-zanenta ga Smithsonian. An sanya wa jiragen ruwa da dama na rundunar sojojin ruwa da na bakin teku suna don girmama ta.

An saka wurin haihuwarta, Lane House, a cikin Rijistar Wurare Masu Tarihi na Ƙasa a shekarar 1972.

Asibiti da makaranta

Ta sadaukar da dala $400,000 ( equivalent to $14,300,000 a shekarar 2025 ) don kafa Gidan Harriet Lane ga Yara Marasa Lafiya a Asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, Maryland a matsayin abin tunawa ga 'ya'ya maza biyu da suka mutu tun suna ƙanana. A watan Oktoban 1912 aka buɗe Gidan Harriet Lane a hukumance. Shi ne asibitin yara na farko a Amurka da aka haɗa shi da makarantar likitanci. Daga ƙarshe an yi wa sama da 60,000 magani. yara a kowace shekara, Harriet Lane Home ta zama cibiyar kula da lafiya, koyarwa, da bincike.

Daga 1930 zuwa 1963, Helen Taussig, wacce ta taimaka wajen haɓaka aikin tiyatar jarirai mai launin shuɗi, ta jagoranci asibitin zuciya na yara. Likitan tabin hankali na yara Leo Kanner ya yi bincike kan yara masu fama da autism. Lawson Wilkins ya kafa asibitin endocrine wanda ya ƙirƙiro hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a duniya don magance yara masu wasu cututtukan glandular, gami da ƙanƙantar da kai. John E. Bordley da William G. Hardy sun yi fice wajen gano matsalolin ji a cikin ƙananan yara. Ya zama sanannen cibiyar kula da yara; Asibitocin Kula da Marasa Lafiya na Harriet Lane suna hidimar dubban yara a yau, kuma littafin da ake amfani da shi sosai ga jami'an kula da yara, The Harriet Lane Handbook, yana ɗauke da sunanta.

Asibitocin marasa lafiya na Harriet Lane suna ci gaba da aiki a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya.

Jerin littattafan maganin yara na Harriet Lane Handbook ya ci gaba a bugawa da kuma a yanar gizo, tare da lakabi da yawa. Sunan asali (wanda aka yiwa lakabi da A Manual for Pediatric House Officers ) yana cikin shekara ta 22. bugu, wanda Mosby ya buga.

Tarin zane-zane

Tana da tarin zane-zane da aka gina bisa ga ayyukan Turai, wanda ta bar wa gwamnatin Amurka. Cibiyar Smithsonian ta kira ta "Uwargidan Farko ta Tarin Fasaha ta Ƙasa" bayan an karɓi tarin nata a hannun jama'a.

Jiragen ruwa masu suna

An sanya wa rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka sunaye uku don girmama ta. Na farko shine USRC <i id="mwlg">Harriet Lane</i>, wacce aka tura zuwa Hukumar Yanke Haraji ta Amurka (wanda ya riga USCG) a shekarar 1857. An mayar da wannan mai yanke ga rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka a shekarar 1861 saboda Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka .

Mai yanka na biyu da aka sanya wa suna Harriet Lane shine 125 ƙafar USCGC Harriet Lane (WSC-141), an ƙaddamar da shi a 1926 kuma an soke aikinsa a 1946.

An yi amfani da na'urar yanke itace ta uku da aka sanya wa suna Harriet Lane (USCGC <i id="mwow">Harriet Lane</i> ) wajen yanke itace. An fara aikin yanke itace a watan Mayu na shekarar 1984, kuma As of 2021 , har yanzu yana cikin aiki.

Ƙarin karatu

• Balcerski, Thomas J. "Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston." a cikin littafin A Companion to First Ladies (2016): 197-213.

• Rosenberger, Homer Tope. "Har zuwa wane mataki Harriet Lance ta yi tasiri ga manufofin jama'a na James Buchanan?" Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Lancaster County, 1970. akan layi

• (Ms. Johnston is a character in Updike's fictional play about President Buchanan.)

• Works by or about Harriet Lane at the Internet Archive
• "Harriet Lane". firstladies.org. CNN.

Lakabi na girmamawa
Magabata {{{before}}}	First Lady of the United States Acting	Magaji {{{after}}}