Harshe na Breton
 Harshe na Breton | |
|---|---|
| nahawu | |
| Bayanai | |
| Bangare na |
Breton (en)  |
Breton yare ne na Brittonic Celtic a cikin iyalin Indo-Turai, kuma harshe yana da halaye da yawa da suka dace da waɗannan harsuna. Kamar yawancin harsunan Indo-Turai yana da Jima'i na ilimin lissafi, lambar ilimin lissafi. Baya ga tsarin mutum ɗaya, yana da tsarin rukuni ɗaya, mai kama da Welsh. Ba kamar sauran harsunan Brittonic ba, Breton yana da labarin da ba a bayyana ba, yayin da Welsh da Cornish ba su da labarin da aka bayyana ba kuma ba kamar sauran harkokin Celtic da ke akwai ba, Faransanci ya rinjayi Breton.
Sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jima'i
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda yake a yawancin sauran harsunan Indo-Turai, sunaye Breton suna cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na jinsi / nau'o-nau'i: namiji (gourel) da mace (gwregel). Neuter (tra">nepreizh), wanda ya wanzu a cikin kakannin Breton, Brittonic, ya tsira a cikin 'yan kalmomi, kamar tra (wani abu), wanda ke ɗaukarwa da haifar da maye gurbin sunan mace amma a duk sauran al'amuran ilimin lissafi yana nunawa kamar namiji ne.
Jima'i na suna yana da wuyar hangowa, kuma ga wasu kalmomi na iya bambanta daga yare zuwa yare. Koyaya, wasu ƙungiyoyin kalmomi na ma'ana suna cikin wani jinsi. Misali, sunayen ƙasashe da birane galibi mata ne, yayin da yawancin rarraba lokaci maza ne. Wasu ƙididdigar suna nuna jinsi ɗaya:
- Ma'anar maza sun haɗa da: -ach, -adur, -aj, -er, -lec'h, -our, -ti, -va.
- Ƙididdigar mata sun haɗa da: -eg, -ell, -enn (duba "ɗaya" a ƙasa), -enti, -er, -ez, -ezh, -ezon, -i.
Adadin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nouns may exist in as many as four numbers: collective / singulative (see below) or singular / plural. Most plural forms are formed with the addition of a suffix, often -ed for animate nouns and -(i)où for inanimates, for example, Breton "Breton" to Bretoned "Bretons", levr "book" to levroù, although some nouns referring to people take -où, such as test "witness" becoming testoù. Other suffixes also occur, for example, Saoz "Englishman" to Saozaon, ti "house" to tiez. A few nouns form their plural via vowel alternation, such as kastell "castle" to kestell, maen "stone" to mein, the combination of a suffix and vowel alternation, such as bran "crow" to brini, gad "hare" to geden while others are irregular, like den "person" to tud, ki "dog" to either kon or chas.[1]
Kazalika da samun nau'i na jam'i na yau da kullun, wasu sassan jiki suna nuna abubuwan tarihi na tsarin biyu, suna gabatar da daou- zuwa sunayen namiji da di (v) - zuwa sunayen mata. Misali na wannan shine lagad "ido", jam'i lagadoù "ido", daoulagad biyu " (ma'aurata) idanu". Siffofin biyu da kansu na iya samun nau'in jam'i, alal misali, daoulagadoù " (nau'i biyu) idanu".
Ɗaya daga cikin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani fasalin da ya bambanta kuma ba a saba gani ba na Harsunan Brythonic alama ce na musamman, wanda a cikin Breton an yi alama da ma'anar mata -enn. Duk da yake sunan rukuni gwez, alal misali, yana nufin "itace-itace (tare) ", ɗayan ɗayan gwezenn yana nufin " (itace ɗaya). Har ma ana iya sanya ƙarshen a cikin jam'i na yau da kullun gwezennoù tare da ma'anar "itace-itace da yawa (mutum) ".
Ƙananan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Breton yana samar da ƙananan sunaye ta amfani da -ig tare da jam'i da aka kafa ta hanyar sake maimaitawa na -inda, alal misali, prad "meadow", pradig "little meadows", pradouigoù "little moadows" (cf. wanda ba a rage shi ba pradoù "meadows").
Labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]In Breton, the article has both definite and indefinite forms. This is unlike other Celtic languages, which have only definite articles. The definite article is an before dentals, vowels and unpronounced h, al before l and ar elsewhere. Examples of this include an tan "the fire", al logodenn "the mouse", ar gador "the chair". The indefinite article, derived from the number un "one", follows the same pattern of final consonants: un tan "a fire", ul logodenn "a mouse", ur gador "a chair".
Takamaimen-contents="true" id="mw7A" title="Breton-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">an labarin na iya yin kwangila tare da prepositions da suka gabata, misali e "in" + an give en "in the".
Adjectives
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Za'a iya canza Adjectives don kwatanta su da suffixes -oc'h (kwatanta) da -añ (mafi girma). Wadannan suffixes suna haifar da ƙididdigar da suka gabata don samun tabbaci (duba gleb "ruwa" da ruz "ja" a cikin teburin). Mat "mai kyau" da drouk "mummunan" misalai ne na adjectives waɗanda zasu iya samun siffofi marasa daidaituwa.[1]
| mai kyau | kwatankwacin | mai girma |
|---|---|---|
| Hannun "babban" | brasoc'h "babban" | brasañ "mafi girma" |
| gleb "ruwa" | glepoc'h "mai ruwa" | glepañ "mafi kyau" |
| ruz "ja" | rusoc'h "mai tsayi" | rusañ "reddest" |
| mat "mai kyau" | Guguwa (oc'h) "mafi kyau" | Kyakkyawan kwayar cutar |
| drouk "mummunan" | droukoc'h, gwashoc'h "mafi muni" | droukañ, gwashañ "mafi muni" |
Baya ga siffofin da ke sama, wasu adjectives na iya samun nau'ikan daidaito daban-daban, misali, kement "kamar babba", koulz "kamar mai kyau", ken gwazh "kamar mummunar". Ana samar da daidaito na yau da kullun tare da ken "kamar yadda", alal misali, ken gleb "kamar rigar", ken drouk "kamar mummunan". Breton kuma yana da ma'anar -at, kamar yadda yake a cikin brasat " (yadda) babba!", glepat " (yaya) rigar!", Talklat " (yada) nagarta!", amma wannan ya zama tsohon yayi sai dai a wasu maganganu.
Adjectives kuma na iya samun karamin tsari a cikin -ik, alal misali, bihan "ƙarami" zuwa bihanik, bras "babban" zuwa brazik.
Adverbs
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Adverbs a cikin Breton ba sa canzawa. Za'a iya samar da adjectives daga adjectives ta hanyar ez', kamar yadda "da aminci" daga leal "mai aminci"
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda yake a wasu harsunan Celtic, gabatarwa a cikin Breton ko dai suna da sauƙi ko rikitarwa kuma suna iya ko bazai canza ga mutum, lamba da jinsi ba. A tarihi, prepositions masu juyawa sun samo asali ne daga raguwa tsakanin preposition da wakilin mutum.
Gabaɗaya, gabatarwa mai sauƙi wanda ke canzawa yana ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu masu yiwuwa na ƙayyadaddun. Tushen da aka yi amfani da shi don siffofin mutum na uku na iya bambanta da na wasu mutane. Ƙaddamar da prepositions suna rarrabe jinsi a cikin mutum na uku.
Kalmomin da ba su canzawa sun haɗa da eus da deus "daga", kent "kafin" da goude "bayan".
Matsayi mai rikitarwa yana canzawa ta hanyar interfixes, inda aka gabatar da kashi na biyu na sunan ta hanyar wakilci. Wannan yayi kama da yadda za a iya zama a madadin ni a cikin Turanci na dā. Za'a iya haifar da maye gurbi bayan nau'ikan sunaye daban-daban.