Harshe na Himyaritic
| Harshe na Himyaritic | |
|---|---|
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| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Himyaritic [1] yaren Semitic ne wanda ba a tantance shi ba ko kaɗan wanda aka yi magana a ƙasar Yaman ta dā, ta Himyariyawa . [2] Yaren Semitic ne amma ko dai baya cikin harsunan Tsohon Kudancin Larabawa ( Sayhadic ) a cewar Kirista Robin ko kuma, kamar yadda aka fi yarda da shi, ba wani yare dabam daga Sabaic ba. [3] Ba a san takamaiman matsayi a cikin Semitic ba saboda ƙarancin ilimin harshe idan da gaske yare ne dabam daga Sabaic. da yake masarautar Himyar ta kasance muhimmiyar iko a Kudancin Larabawa tun daga karni na 1 BC, ilimin da ake zaton yaren Himyaritic yana da iyaka sosai idan ko kadan yare ne, domin duk sanannun rubutun Himyarite an rubuta su cikin Sabaic, tsohon harshen Larabawa ta Kudu. Nassosin Himyaritic guda uku sun bayyana kamar ana waƙa ( sigla ZI 11, Ja 2353 da Waƙar Qāniya ). An san Himyaritic ne kawai daga maganganun malaman Larabawa tun ƙarni na farko bayan hawan Musulunci. Kamar yadda suka bayyana ba a iya fahimtar masu magana da Larabci don haka me yasa yake da lakabin wulakanci na /tˤumtˤumaːnijja/; kalmar da aka bayyana a matsayin ' nau'in magana mai kama da wanda ba Larabawa ba '.
Shaida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani ɓangare na batun tare da ayyana Himyaritic shi ne cewa kalmar kanta ita ce kama-duk lokacin da masu ilimin nahawu na Larabawa ke amfani da su bayan Larabawa na tsaunukan Yaman kuma a zahiri na iya wakiltar nau'ikan nau'ikan magana da ke cikin reshen Sayhadic na tsakiyar Semitic, ma'ana cewa a ƙarshe yanke shawarar " rarrabuwar " yaren da aka faɗi zai iya zama yaudara. Kamar yadda Peter Stein ya ba da shawara cewa yaren Himyarawa bazai bambanta da na maƙwabtan mutanen Sabaic ba don haka abin da aka rubuta a cikin ayyuka irin su al- Iklīl na al- Hamdani na iya zama gauraye kalamai na daidaikun mutanen da ke magana da harshen Larabci na farko tare da tasiri daga harsunan Sayhadic da ake magana a lokacin. Stein ya yi nuni da cewa ƴan misalan da ake zaton na Himyaritic sun kasance a wajen ƙasar Himyarite kuma a maimakon haka a wuraren da suke magana a tarihi na Sabaic tare da Qāniya da Ja 2353 ana rubuta su a wani yanki da tarihi ya yi amfani da yaren Radmanite na Sabaic da ZI 11 da suka fito daga Mārib, cibiyar tarihi ta harshen Sabaic da ƙasar Sabae. Kamar yadda Alessandra Avanzini ya lura da matsala tare da bayar da shawarar cewa Himyarites suna da nasu yare daban da za su fara da shi shine cewa har yanzu rubuce-rubuce na sirri daga wancan zamanin na tarihin Kudancin Larabawa har yanzu suna cikin Sabaic kuma shawarar da Robin ya bayar na cewa an maye gurbin Sabaic da wannan yaren Himyarite a wannan lokacin, wannan yana da wuya cewa wasiƙu na sirri za su kasance cikin matattun harshe.
An ba da shawarar cewa harsunan tsaunukan Yaman ba a maye gurbinsu kai tsaye da Larabci ba amma a maimakon haka saboda kusancin da suke da shi a hankali nau'in magana ya zama " Larabawa " a cikin la'akari da abin da Larabawa za su iya ɗauka a matsayin Larabci, [4] ya kara da batun Stein cewa " Hiyaritic " kamar yadda aka sani ga al-Hamdani a takamaiman na iya kasancewa a zahiri Arabized Sayhadic kalaman ko kuma wani rukuni na Larabci iri-iri na Larabci. Restö (2000:115) ya tafi kamar yadda yake ba da shawarar cewa ko da a zamanin yau irin wannan motsi na iya kasancewa ga abin da ake kira k-dialects na highland Yemen inda " duk sauran abubuwan da ke haɗa su da sauran yarukan Larabci sune aro " kuma a gaskiya suna iya tsira daga maganganun Sayhadic. Ayyuka irin su al-Hamdani' Sifat Jazīrat al-Arab ba su bayyana ainihin bayanin nau'in magana da fasalinsu ba amma a maimakon haka ya ba da ra'ayi kan yadda aka yi la'akari da harshe dangane da martabar da al-Hamdani ya ɗauki al'ummomi daban-daban, ajin zamantakewa, da sauransu. Yawancin abin da al-Hamdani ya lura da shi a matsayin / ʃajʔun mina l-taħmir/ ( 'an element of Himyaritic' ) maimakon haka ba daidai ba ne a cikin harshen Larabci da ba zai iya siffanta shi da Larabci na gargajiya ba da bayaninsa na / ʔal-ħimjarijja ʔal-quħħa ʔal-muta/ com ; a wasu sassan yankin tarihi na kawancen Himyarite na iya yin bayanin duk wata al'umma da ta rage ta yin amfani da harsunan Sayhadic; duk da cewa su Saba'a ne ko kuma wani abu ba zai damu ba idan aka yi la'akari da cewa wani abu wanda ba na Larabawa ba ne kuma ya bambanta da yankin a lokacin " Hiyaritic " ne kawai.
Siffofin harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fitaccen abin da aka sani na abin da ake kira Himyaritic shine tabbataccen labarin /ʔan-/~/ʔam-/. An raba shi, ko da yake, tare da wasu yarukan Larabci a yammacin yankin Larabawa . Ana samun labarin /ʔam-/ a cikin wasu yarukan Larabci na zamani a cikin yankin Larabawa amma ba a tabbatar da shi a cikin abin da ake kira k-yarukan Yemen da Saudi Arabia ba sabanin labarin /ʔan-/. Babu wata shaida a cikin wannan labarin a cikin harshen Sabaic da ke bayan yiwuwar *hn- siffofin da aka samu a cikin Waƙar Qāniya; tare da *h mai yiwuwa yana wakiltar wasalin /a/. Stein ya buɗe tambayar cewa watakila saboda salon rubutu ana barin furcin tabbataccen yawanci, da kuma cewa amfani da /ʔam-/ a cikin waƙar baka na masu magana da yarukan Larabci na Yemen daban-daban na iya kasancewa na asali. [3]
Bayan haka kuma, karikan kamala (suffix conjugation) a mutum na farko da na biyu ya fara da /-k-/, yayin da mafi yawan nau'in Larabci suna da /-t-/. Hakanan ana samun wannan fasalin a cikin Sayhadic, Afrosemitic da Larabawa ta Kudu ta Zamani . K-suffix a cikin nau'in magana na zamani na kudancin Larabawa ana samun alal misali a cikin yarukan Yafi'i na kudancin Yemen; wadannan cikakkun siffofin lafazi sun fito ne daga yaren Jabal Yazidi: [5]
| Mufuradi | Jam'i | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | /wasˤalku/ | /wasˤalna/ | |
| Na biyu | Namiji | /watsa/ | /wasˤalku/ː |
| Na mata | /wasˤalʃi/ | /wasˤalkeːn/ | |
| 3rd | Namiji | /wasˤal/ | /wasˤaluː/ |
| Na mata | /wasˤalah/ | /wasˤaleːn/ | |
Daya daga cikin sifofin da ake ganin sun bambanta ga al-Hamdani shi ne abin da ake zaton " dral " da masu magana da harshen Himyaritic (jad͡ʒurruːna fiː kalaːmihim), wanda aka ce ya kasance saboda rashin damuwa a Sayhadic ko a kalla damuwa kamar yadda masu jin Larabci suka saba. Dakatar da (muʕaqqad) da Larabawa nahawu na Himyaritic da nau'ikan Larabci suka yi tasiri da harsunan Sayhadic waɗanda suka faɗo a cikin wannan rukunin na iya zama farkon shedar tatsuniyoyi da aka samu a yawancin maganganu na zamani a Kudancin Larabawa, misalin misalin daga lafazin sunanˀ Khalid " a cikin kalaman Alxamali :ːt.
Stein (2008:208) ya lissafo abubuwa daban-daban na lexical da aka tabbatar daga tushe na nahawu na Larabci kuma ya jera makamancinsu iri-iri na Sabaic:
| "Himyaritic" | fassarar | Sabaic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tsari | shaida | ||
| /ɗiː/ | (dangi) | *ð- | Farkon-Late Sab. |
| /da͡ʒ/ | 'kamar' | *Ag > zan | Farkon-Late Sab. |
| /bahala/ | 'ka ce' | *bhl | Farko/Sabar Tsakiya. |
| /halla/ | 'zama' | [-] | [-] |
| /ʃaʔama/ | 'don saya' | *s²ʔm | Farkon-Late Sab. |
| /ʔawala/ | 'kawo' | *wl | Tsakiyar-Late Sab. |
| /ʔasija/ | 'don samu' | * ʔs¹j | Tsakiyar-Late Sab. |
| /dawa/ | (mara kyau) | d; | Late Sab. |
| /Aw/ | 'har zuwa' | *w | Late Sab. |
| /wababa/ | 'zauna' | * ku b | (Farkon)/Late Sab. |
An rubuta kalmar ' ba ' da aka danganta ga Himyaritic a matsayin /daw/, wadda aka tabbatar a cikin Sabaic a matsayin *dʔ. Ga alama an adana shi a kudu maso yammacin Yemen tsakanin al-Mukha (dawʔ) da Ta'izz (daʔ), kuma mai yiyuwa ne a cikin jawabin tsofaffin masu magana da yuwuwar yaren Sayhadic na zamani Faifi (ʔinda). [6]
Misalai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jumlolin Himyaritic kaɗan ne kawai aka san su. An ba da rahoton cewa an yi wannan jumla a cikin 654/5 AD a Dhamar . Tun da yake an watsa shi cikin rubutun Larabci mara sauti, ba a san ainihin yadda ake furtawa ba; sake ginawa da aka yi a nan ya dogara ne akan Larabci na gargajiya.
Akwai kuma wata gajeriyar waka, wadda ake ganin tana nuna tasirin Larabci:
/jaː bna zubajrin tˤaːla maː ʕasˤajka/ ( Son of Zubair, long have you been disloyal )
/wa-tˤaːla maː ʕannajkanaː ʔilajka/ ( Long have you troubled us to come to you )
/la-taħzananna bi-llaɗiː ʔatajka/ ( You will grieve for what is coming to you )
/la-naɮˤriban bi-sajfina qafajka/ ( Da takobinmu za mu yanke wuyanka )
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-30. Retrieved 2017-05-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ Playfair, Col (1867). "On the Himyaritic Inscriptions Lately brought to England from Southern Arabia". Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London. 5: 174–177. doi:10.2307/3014224. JSTOR 3014224.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stein, Peter (2008-01-01). "The "Ḥimyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen. A Critical Re-evaluation". Semitica et Classica. 1: 203–212. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.100253. ISSN 2031-5937. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ RETSÖ, JAN. “‘KAŠKAŠA’, T-PASSIVES AND THE ANCIENT DIALECTS IN ARABIA.” Oriente Moderno, vol. 19 (80), no. 1, Istituto per l’Oriente C. A. Nallino, 2000, pp. 111–18, JSTOR 25817704.
- ↑ Vanhove, Martine. “NOTES ON THE ARABIC DIALECTAL AREA OF YĀFIʿ (YEMEN).” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 25, Archaeopress, 1995, pp. 141–52, JSTOR 41223556.
- ↑ Behnstedt, Peter. Dialect Atlas of North Yemen and Adjacent Areas. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 20 Jul. 2017. doi:10.1163/9789004326422 Web.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Chaim Rabin: Ancient West-Arabian. London, 1951.
- Peter Stein, The "Himyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation, Semitica et Classica 1, 2008, 203-212.
- Christian Robin, Ḥimyaritic, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 2, 2007, 256-261.