Harshe na Huave

Harshe na Huave
'Yan asalin magana	harshen asali: 18,827 (2020)
Dangin harshen	Harshe na Huave;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	no value
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	huav1256

Huave (wanda kuma ake kira Wabe) yare ne da aka ware wanda 'yan asalin Huave ke magana a bakin tekun Pacific na jihar Oaxaca ta Mexico. Ana magana da yaren a ƙauyuka huɗu a kan Isthmus na Tehuantepec, a kudu maso gabashin jihar, kusan mutane 20,000 (duba tebur da ke ƙasa).

Constenla Umaña (1994) ta nuna cewa Huave na iya kasancewa harshen Tacacho, ƙungiyar da ke zaune a wani gari da ake kira Yacacoyaua wanda ke cikin yankin Maribio a ƙarni na sha shida na Nicaragua.[1]

Sunan yaren

Mutanen hua na San Mateo del Mar, waɗanda ke kiran kansu Ikoots, ma'ana "mu", suna magana da yarensu a matsayin ombeayiiüts, ma'anar "harshenmu". A cikin San Francisco del Mar, kalmomin da suka dace sune Kunajts ("mu") da Umbeyajts ("harshenmu"). Kalmar "Huave" ana zaton ta fito ne daga yarukan Zapotec, ma'ana "mutane da suka ruɓe a cikin danshi", a cewar masanin tarihin Mutanen Espanya na karni na 17 Burgoa. Koyaya, Martínez Gracida (1888) ya yi iƙirarin ma'anar kalmar tana nufin 'mutane da yawa' a cikin Isthmus Zapotec, yana fassara hua a matsayin "mai yawa" kuma ya zama a matsayin gajeren nau'in binni ("mutane"). Maganar kalmar tana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Babu wani daga cikin kalmomin da ke sama da masu magana da Isthmus Zapotec suka yi hukunci mai yiwuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]}

Rarraba

Kodayake an gabatar da alaƙar kwayar halitta tsakanin yaren Huave da iyalai da yawa, babu wanda aka tabbatar da shi, kuma Huave ya ci gaba da kasancewa a ware (Campbell 1997 shafi na 161). Paul Radin ya ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin Huave da Maya da Mixe-Zoquean, kuma Morris Swadesh ya ba da shawara game da haɗin kai ga yarukan Oto-Manguean wanda Rensch ya ci gaba da bincika (1976), amma duk shawarwarin ba su kammala ba.

Wani bincike na atomatik (ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013) ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin Huave, Totozoquean, da Chitimacha. Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, kamanceceniya na iya zama ko dai saboda rance na juna ko gado na kwayar halitta.

Amfani da matsayi na yanzu

Duk da yake Huave har yanzu ana amfani dashi a yawancin yankuna na rayuwar zamantakewa a akalla ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka huɗu inda ake magana da shi, yare ne mai haɗari. Kwanan nan, an gudanar da ayyukan gona da sake farfadowa a cikin al'ummomin Huave ta jami'o'i na ƙasashe daban-daban.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, an ruwaito cewa matasa sun fara aika saƙo a cikin Huave, don su iya sadarwa ba tare da iyayensu su san abin da suke fada ba.^[2] (An kirkiro jawabin kiɗa na Mexican Kickapoos a kusa da 1915 saboda wannan dalili.) ^[3] ^[4] Hakanan tun daga 2011, tashar rediyo a San Mateo del Mar, Radio Ikoots, tana watsa shirye-shirye a Huave.

Fasahar sauti

Huave na San Mateo del Mar wani bangare ne na sautin, yana rarrabe tsakanin sautin da ke da ƙarfi da ƙananan sautin kawai. Huave yana daya daga cikin harsuna biyu na Mesoamerica da ba su da alamar murya (sauran shine Purépecha).

Jerin sauti, wanda aka sake ginawa don kakanninmu na yau da kullun na nau'ikan Huave guda huɗu kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin Campbell 1997, kamar haka:

Consonants: [p, t, ts, k, kw, mb, nd, ŋɡ, ɡw, s, l, r, w, h] (kuma [ɾ, j, ð] a matsayin alamomi na gefe)
Sautin: [i, e, a, ɨ, o, u] (kuma, dangane da iri-iri, tsawon wasula, sautin ƙasa da mai girma, burin).

Wadannan phonemes sun fito ne daga phonology na San Francisco del Mar Huave . Yaren San Dionisio del Mar yana da ƙarin sautin sautin, /y/, wanda ke da alaƙa da /e/ a cikin San Mateo.

Sautin: /i, e, u, o, ɑ/. Duk sautin suna da siffofi masu ban sha'awa.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
		Biyuwa	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Gishiri
		Biyuwa	Alveolar	Palatal	fili	<small id="mwfA">Labialized</small>	Gishiri
Dakatar da	ba tare da murya ba	p	t		k	kw
Dakatar da	<small id="mwiw">da aka haifa kafin a yi aure</small>	mb	nd		ŋɡ	ŋɡw
Rashin lafiya	ba tare da murya ba		t͡s
Rashin lafiya	<small id="mwoA">da aka haifa kafin a yi aure</small>		nt͡s
Fricative		Sanya	s				h
Hanci		m	n
Kusanci		w	l	j
Trill			r
Flap			ɾ

Harshen harshe

Huave yayi kama da yarukan Mayan a cikin kasancewa duka morphologically da syntactically ergative da kuma ci gaba da sanya alama a kai.^[5] Ba shi da rikitarwa fiye da yarukan Mayan, duk da haka, kuma yawanci kowane kalma yana da 'yan kaɗan kawai. Akwai nau'o'in tilas a kan aikatau na mutum mai mahimmanci da na yanzu, baya ko nan gaba, tare da ƙarin nau'o-nau'in batun mai wucewa, batun da ba a bayyana ba da kuma tunani.^[6]

Kalmomi masu rikitarwa a cikin Huave sau da yawa suna haɗa kalmomi da yawa kowannensu yana juyawa ga mutumin da ya dace. Wani fasalin mai ban sha'awa na Huave shine cewa ana iya amfani da aikatau da ke nufin "ba" don samar da ma'anar ma'ana, yayin da ake amfani da aikatawa da ke nufin" zuwa don samar da sassan manufar (watau ma'anar "don" a cikin Turanci). Akwai wasu sassan manufa da aka gabatar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin talakawa inda aka canza aikatau don yanayin ƙasa na musamman.

Tsarin kalma, kamar yanayin kalma, a cikin Huave yana bin cikakken tsari na ergative. Za'a iya bayyana tsari na asali a matsayin Ergative Verb Absolutive . ^[7] Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da a cikin sassan wucewa tsari na kalma shine AVO, a cikin sashe marasa wucewa tsari ne na kalma (VS). Ana iya sanya Adjectives da demonstratives ko dai kafin ko bayan sunan da suke magana a kai, yayin da lambobi dole ne su riga sunayensu.

Reduplication tsari ne mai amfani sosai a cikin Huave. An sake maimaita tushen aikatau kuma ma'anar sabuwar kalmar da aka kafa ita ce mai ƙarfi ko maimaita ma'anar ma'anar aikatau na asali. Huave kuma ya ƙunshi wasu raguwa, inda kawai wani ɓangare na tushen ya sake Maimaitawa (yawanci jerin VC na ƙarshe). Ba kamar cikakken reduplication ba, wannan tsari ba shi da amfani.

Harsuna

Wurin garuruwa huɗu masu magana da Huave a cikin jihar Oaxaca

Ana magana da Huave a cikin garuruwa huɗu na bakin teku na San Francisco del Mar, San Dionisio del Mar, san Mateo del Mar da Santa Catarina del Mar. Al'ummar magana mafi ƙarfi suna cikin San Mateo del Mar wanda aka ware har zuwa kwanan nan. Halin masu magana mara kyau game da yarensu da kuma matsin lamba mai karfi na zamantakewa daga Harshen Mutanen Espanya shine manyan dalilan haɗarin Huave.

Harshe da wuri	Adadin masu magana (ca.)	ISO 639-3 (SIL)
San Dionisio del Mar	5,000	hve
San Francisco del Mar	900	Hannu
San Mateo del Mar	12,000	huv
Santa María del Mar	500	hvv

Kodayake SIL ta yi la'akari da harsuna daban-daban bisa ga bukatun kayan karatu da rubutu, Campbell (1997) ya dauke su yaruka na yare ɗaya. INALI ta bambanta nau'o'i biyu, Gabas (Dionisio da Francisco) da Yamma (Mateo da Maria).

Misali na rubuce-rubucen Huave

A halin yanzu masu magana da suka iya karatu da rubutu suna amfani da orthographies masu amfani a San Mateo, San Francisco, San Dionisio da Santa María del Mar. Akwai ƙoƙari da ke gudana daga INALI na Mexico (National Institute for Indigenous Languages) don daidaita orthography tare da masu magana daga dukkan al'ummomi huɗu.

Misali mai zuwa wani sashi ne daga Cuentos Huaves III wanda Instituto Lingüístico de Verano ya buga:

Bayani

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshe na Huave". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.
↑ Ritzenthaler, Robert E.; Peterson, Frederick A. (1954). "Courtship Whistling of the Mexican Kickapoo Indians". American Anthropologist. American Anthropological Association. 56: 1088–1089. doi:10.1525/aa.1954.56.6.02a00110. JSTOR 664763.
↑ Rock, Margaret (2011-06-29). "Teenagers Revive Dead Languages Through Texting". Mobiledia. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
↑ The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Suarez 66-67
↑ The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.

Manazarta

Empty citation (help)
"Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015". site.inali.gob.mx. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Radin, P. (1929). "Huave Texts". International Journal of American Linguistics. 5: 1-56. doi:10.1086/463772. S2CID 224806475.

Haɗin waje

Abubuwan OLAC

Samfuri:Mesoamerican families Samfuri:Language families Samfuri:Languages of Mexico Samfuri:Indigenous people of Oaxaca Samfuri:North American languages

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshe na Huave". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.

[Ritz-3] Ritzenthaler, Robert E.; Peterson, Frederick A. (1954). "Courtship Whistling of the Mexican Kickapoo Indians". American Anthropologist. American Anthropological Association. 56: 1088–1089. doi:10.1525/aa.1954.56.6.02a00110. JSTOR 664763.

[4] Rock, Margaret (2011-06-29). "Teenagers Revive Dead Languages Through Texting". Mobiledia. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2012-10-06.

[5] The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.

[Suarez_66-67-6] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Suarez 66-67

[7] The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.

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