Harshe na Proto-Cushitic

Harshe na Proto-Cushitic
Dangin harshen	Harshe na Proto-Cushitic
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Proto-Cushitic shine tsohuwar tsohuwar yaren Cushitic. Kalmominsa da tushensa ba a tabbatar da su kai tsaye a cikin kowane rubuce-rubuce ba, amma an sake ginawa su ta hanyar kwatanta, wanda ke samun kamanceceniya ta yau da kullun tsakanin harsuna da ba a bayyana su ta hanyar daidaituwa ko aro kalma ba, kuma yana fitar da tsoffin siffofi daga waɗannan kamanceceniyar.

Babu wata yarjejeniya game da ainihin wurin asalin Proto-Cushitic; Christopher Ehret ya yi tunanin cewa yana iya samo asali ne daga Dutsen Red Sea. Harsunan Cushitic reshe ne na dangin Afroasiatic mafi girma.

Saitin tarihi

Christopher Ehret yayi jayayya game da harshen Proto-Cushitic da aka haɗa a cikin Dutsen Bahar Maliya har zuwa farkon Holocene. Dangane da shaidar onomastic, an yi imanin cewa Medjay da Blemmyes na arewacin Nubia suna magana da yarukan Cushitic da ke da alaƙa da Harshen Beja na zamani.[6] Ƙananan tabbas sune ra'ayoyin da ke ba da shawarar cewa mutanen al'adun C-Group a arewacin Nubia, ko mutanen al'adar Kerma a kudancin Nubia ne ke magana da harsunan Cushitic.[7][8]

Fasahar sauti

Ehret (1987) ya gabatar da sake fasalin sauti na farko na Proto-Cushitic.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Kayan aiki na Proto-Cushitic

		Labari	Dental			Postalveolar / Palatal	Velar		Faringel	Gishiri
			Al'ada	Fricitated	Hanyar gefen		Filayen	Labialized
Tsayawa	Rashin murya	(*p)	*t	(*ts)	*tɬ?		*k	*kw?		*ʔ
	Magana	*b	*d	(*dz)	*Sanya /*tɬʼ ?		*g	*gw?
	Manufar	(*pʼ)	*tʼ	*tsʼ		*tʃʼ	*kʼ	*kʼw?
Rashin jituwa	Rashin murya	*f		*s	*ɬ?	*ʃ	*x	*xw?	*ħ	*h
	Magana			*z			*ɣ?	*ɣw?	*Inda wannan ya faru
Hanci		*m	*n				(*ŋ)	(*ŋw)
Rhotic			*r
Ƙididdigar					*l	*j		*w

Ehret ya lura cewa musamman africates *ts, *dz, da velar nasals *ŋ, *ŋw sun dogara da ƙananan shaidu, kuma cewa *p, *pʼ suna da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu consonants a cikin kayan kwatankwacin; waɗannan an nuna su a kan duhu a sama.

Yawancin sauran consonants suna da daidai daidai daidai a cikin sake gina Proto-East Cushitic, ban da waɗanda aka yi alama a nan tare da alamar tambaya mai zuwa. Tsarin da Appleyard ya bayar a matsayin "wanda aka yarda da shi" ya cire waɗannan sassan da aka yi tambaya, amma ya haɗa da *tʃ, *dʒ da bambancin *ɗ da *tʼ. Bender ya goyi bayan *ts, *dz, *ŋ da labialized velars na Ehret, amma a cikin bincikensa bai sami ma'anar ma'anar waɗannan ba, ko kuma ga fricatives na gefe, velar da pharyngeal ko kowane ejectives.

Wadannan takardun asali na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden sun bi Sasse (1979), tare da takardun Beja da Agaw daga Ehret (1987) da takardon Dahalo daga Tosco (2000):

Proto-Cushitic (Ehret)	Beja	Proto-Agaw (Appleyard)	Proto-EastCushitic ( (Sass) )	Ƙasar Lowland East Cushitic?						H.E.C.	Dullay	Yaaku	Dahalo
				Saho-Afar	Somaliya	Rarraba	Arbore	Oromo	Konso
*b	b	*b	*b	b	b	b	b	b	p	*b	p, b 1	p	ɓ-, -b-
*d	d	*d	*d	d	d	d	d	d	t	*d	t, d 1	t	ɗ-, -d̪-
*z	d-, -y-	*dz, *z	*z	d, z 2	d	j	z	d	t	*dz 2	s, z 1	s	d̪
*t	t	*t	*t	t	t, -d-	t	t	t	t	*t	t, tʃ	t	t̪
*g	g	*g	*g	g	g	g	g	g	k	*g	k, g 1	k	g
*k	k	*k	*k	k	k, -g-	k	k	k	k, x 3	*k	x, h 3	k, x	k
*tʼ	s	*ts	*ɗ	Abin da ya faru	Abin da ya faru	Abin da ya faru	ɗ	ɗ	ɗ	*tʼ	ɗ	ɗ	tʼ
*kʼ	k	*q	*kʼ	K, da kuma	q	x	kʼ	kʼ	Sanya	*kʼ	kʼ, q	q	kʼ
*f	f	*f	*f	f	f	f	f	f	f	*f	f	p	f
*s	s	*s	*s	s	s	s	s	f, s	s	*s	s	s	s
*ʃ	ʃ	*ts	*ʃ					s		*ʃ	ʃ		?
*ħ	h	Sanya	*ħ	ħ	ħ	ħ	h	H, da kuma	h	h	ħ	h	ħ
*h			*h	h	h	h					Sanya		h
*Inda wannan ya faru	ʔ	*ʔ	*Inda wannan ya faru	Sanya	Sanya	Sanya	ʔ	Sanya, Sanya	Sanya, Sanya	ʔ	Sanya	ʔ	Sanya
*ʔ 4			*ʔ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ					Sanya, Sanya		ʔ

Ƙarin ƙwayoyin

Sasse tentatively reconstructs *x as Proto-East Cushitic based on Dullay and Yaaku, but finds correspondences elsewhere to be unclear. Ehret identifies these further with *x, *xʷ occurring in South Cushitic and Agaw, and finds in Beja reflexes as the stops /k/, /kʷ/. For corresponding voiced *ɣ, *ɣʷ in Agaw, which occur only word-medially, he proposes correspondences as Beja /g/, /gʷ/; most East Cushitic *g, but implosive /ɠ/ in Yaaku and Dullay; the voiceless fricatives *x, *xʷ in South Cushitic. A remaining word-initial correspondence of /k-/, /kʷ-/ in Beja and Agaw but again *x, *xʷ in South Cushitic is then assigned to represent Proto-Cushitic *ɣ, *ɣʷ word-initially.

Sautin sautin

Yawancin harsunan Cushitic sun yarda da tsarin wasali mai sauƙi na /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ da kuma Tsawon wasula. Wannan tsarin an sake gina shi kamar yadda Ehret ya riga ya zama Proto-Cushitic. Bender bai sami sautunan tsakiya *e, *ee, *o, *oo da za a goyi bayan su ta hanyar bayyane a waje da Gabashin Cushitic ba.