Jump to content

Harshen Arrernte

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Upper Arrernte
Arrernte
Furucci aer
Asali a Australia
Yanki Northern Territory
Ƙabila Arrernte people, Alyawarre, Anmatyerre, Ayerrereng, Yuruwinga
'Yan asalin magana
  1. REDIRECT Template:Significant figures
Samfuri:Redirect category shell (2021 census)[1]
Pama–Nyungan
Latin
Arrernte Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 Variously:
amx – Anmatjirra
aly – Alyawarr
adg – Antekerrepenhe
aer – Eastern Arrernte
are – Western Arrernte
axe – Ayerrerenge
Glottolog aran1263[2]
AIATSIS[3] C8 Arrernte, C14 Alyawarr, C8.1 Anmatyerre, C12 Antekerrepenh, G12 Ayerrerenge, C28 Akarre
Map of where Arandic is spoken
Arrernte is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Arrernte ko Aranda (/ˈʌrə enfer/; ko kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa Upper Arrernte (Upper Aranda), gungu ne na yare a cikin rukunin harshen Arandic da ake magana da shi a sassan Arewacin Territory, Ostiraliya, ta mutanen Arrernte. Sauran bambancin rubutun su ne Arunta ko Arrarnta, kuma duk yarukan suna da wasu sunaye masu yawa

Akwai kusan masu magana 1,800 na Gabas/Central Arrernte, suna yin wannan yare ɗaya daga cikin mafi faɗin yare na kowane yare a Ostiraliya, wanda galibi ake kira Arrernte da wanda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Ana magana da shi a yankin Alice Springs kuma ana koyarwa a makarantu da jami'o'i, ana jin ta ta kafofin watsa labarai kuma ana amfani da ita a cikin ƙananan hukumomi.

Babban yare na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar shine Alyawarre. Wasu daga cikin sauran yarukan mutane kalilan ne ke magana, wanda hakan ya haifar da kokarin farfado da amfani da su; wasu yanzu sun bace gaba daya.

Harsunan Arrernte / Aranda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar da ke nuna harsuna

"Aranda" wani abu ne mai sauƙi, kusanci na Turanci na Australiya na furcin gargajiya na sunan Arrernte [aus cómo] . [4]

Glottolog ya bayyana rukunin yarukan Arandic da ya ƙunshi yaruka Aranda (Arrernte) 5, da yaruka daban-daban guda biyu, Kaytetye (Koch, 2004) da Lower Southern (ko ƙananan) Aranda, yare maras kyau.[5] Ethnologue ya bayyana harsuna 8 na Arandic kuma ya rarraba su dan kadan.

Ana magana da yaruka biyu fiye da sauran:

  • Yaren Arrernte na Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da Arrernte ta Tsakiya) sun haɗa da Akarre, Antekerrepenh, Ikngerripenhe, Mparntwe Arrernte . [6] Ana magana a yankin Alice Springs da sauransu, akwai masu magana 1,910 a cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2016, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi yawan Arrernte, da Aboriginal na Australiya.[7] Wannan shi ne yaren da aka fi sani da "Arrernte" kuma mafi karfi a cikin rukuni. Akwai wani aikin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da shi, Apmere angkentye-kenhe, [8]
  • Mutanen Alyawarra ne ke magana da yaren Alyawarra, a yankunan Sandover da Tennant Creek da Queensland. A cikin 2016 akwai masu magana da yaren 1,550 wanda ya ba shi matsayin "Ci gaba". [9] Ya yi kama da Yammacin Arrernte . (Kaytetye yana da alaƙa da wannan yaren, amma an sanya shi a matsayin yare daban. [10] )

Duk sauran yarukan suna fuskantar barazana ko kuma sun ƙare:

  • Ana magana da <b id="mwcw">Andegerebinha</b> (ko Antekerrepenhe ko Ayerrerenge) a yankin Hay River (gabas na Alice Springs), amma yanzu ya ƙare.[11]
    • Ayerrerenge, (wanda aka fi sani da Yuruwinga, Bularnu da sauran bambance-bambance) mutanen Yuruwinga / Yaringa ne ke magana da shi shine memba mafi arewa maso gabashin ƙungiyar yarukan Arrernte, kuma mafi ƙarancin nazarin. [12][10] An yi magana a fadin iyakar Queensland a cikin Headingly, Urandangi, Lake Nash, Barkly Downs da Dutsen Isa, da kuma kusa da Dutsen Hogarth, Bathurst, da Argadargada a cikin NT.[13][14] Yanzu ya ƙare.[14] [lower-alpha 1] Breen (2001) ya ce wasu masu magana sun dauki yaren a matsayin iri ɗaya ko makamancin Andegerebinha / Antekerrepenhe, [11] kuma Glottolog ya dauke shi a matsayin yaren sa.[10]
Mai zane Albert Namatjira mutum ne na Yammacin Arrernte .
  • Anmatyerr (kuma ana rubuta shi Anmatyerr da sauran bambance-bambance), [15] wanda aka raba zuwa Gabas da Yamma, mutanen Anmatyerra (ko Anmatjirra) ne ke magana. [16] Hanyar Gabas tana da alaƙa da Arrernte na Gabas da Kudancin Alywarre fiye da Yammacin Anmatyerre, wanda ya bambanta da sauran yarukan Arandic.[10] Ana magana da shi a yankunan Dutsen Allan da arewa maso yammacin Alice Springs. Tare da masu magana 640 kawai a cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2016, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin barazana.[17]
  • Yammacin Arrarnta (Western Arrernte, Western Aranda, Akara, Southern Aranda, mai yiwuwa sub-dialect Akerre [18]), ana magana a yammacin Alice Springs, kusan ya ƙare, mutane 440 ne kawai ke magana a cikin 2016. [19] Sauran kalmomi sune Tyuretye Arrernte da Arrernte Alturlerenj .[20] [lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] Breen ya bambanta Tyurretye Arrernte (wanda da farko ya kira Mbunghara) daga yammacin Arrernte, yana cewa masu magana guda biyu sun fara rubutawa, daga Standley Chasm da Mbunghara, ba a san su ba har zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kuma yana iya zama "ainihin" Western Arrernte, kafin karshen ya hade tare da Kudancin Arrernte (Permanburg) a Ofishin Jakadancin na Kudancin.[10] Anna Kenny ta lura cewa mutanen Upper Finke River sun fi son yarensu a san su da Western Aranda . [23] Wannan yaren yana da kamanceceniya da Alyawarre da Kaytetye .

Harshen kurame

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har ila yau, akwai yaren kurame na Anmatyerr da ake kira iltyem-iltyem wanda yawancin masu magana da Anmatyerra ke amfani da shi don sadarwa ba tare da magana ba; kalmar malja tana nufin 'hannu, yatsa' kuma kalmar tana fassara 'signa da hannu'.[24][25] Ana amfani da yaren kurame lokacin da mutanen Anmatyerr ke farauta, lokacin da suke magana da kurma, lokacin da wani ya mutu kuma lokacin da suke tattaunawa da dattawa.

Amfani da yanzu da karatun

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Arewa tana da wani shiri na koyar da al’adu da harsunan ‘yan asalin kasar, wanda wani shiri mai taken Kiyaye Harsuna da Al’adun ‘yan asali – Tsari na Koyar da Harsuna da Al’adun Gargajiya a yankin Arewa tare da mataki na biyu na shirin daga 2018 zuwa 2020.[26][27]

[28]Cibiyar Harshen Alice Springs tana ba da koyarwar harshe a makarantun firamare, na tsakiya da manyan makarantu, tana ba da Arrernte, Indonesiya, Jafananci, Sifen da Sinanci.

Akwai darussan biyu da ke koyar da Arrernte a matakin sakandare: a Cibiyar Batchelor da Jami'ar Charles Darwin.[29]

Akwai littattafai a cikin yarukan Arandic a cikin Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages . [30]

Ana gudanar da ayyukan don farfado da yarukan da ke mutuwa na yaren, kamar Southern Arrernte / Pertame.[31]

Gabas / Tsakiyar Arrernte

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wannan bayanin yana da alaƙa da Arrernte na Tsakiya ko Gabas.

Fasahar sauti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin waje Coronal
Laminal Abinda ke da ban sha'awa
Biyuwa Velar Rashin ƙarfi Palatal Dental Alveolar Retroflex
Dakatar da p pwpʷ k kwkʷ c cwcʷ t̪ t̪wt̪ʷ t biyutʷ Ya kamata a yi amfani da shiʈʷ
Hanci m mwmʷ ŋwŋʷ ɲwɲʷ n̪wn̪ʷ n nwnʷ Ƙarshen Ƙarshenɳʷ
Hanci da aka yi amfani da shi pm pmwᵖmʷ kŋ kŋwᵏŋʷ cɲ cɲwᶜɲʷ tn̪ tnᵗn̪ʷ tn tnwᵗnʷ tɳwᵗɳʷ
Tsayar da aka yi amfani da shi mb mbwᵐbʷ ŋɡ ŋɡwᵑɡʷ ɲɟwᶮɟʷ nd̪ nd̪wⁿd̪ʷ nd ndwⁿdʷ nɖ nɖwⁿɖʷ
Hanyar gefen ʎ ʎʎʷ l̪ l̪wl̪ʷ l lwlʷ Ya kamata a yi amfani da shiɭʷ
Kusanci β̞ Sanya ~ Sanyaʁ̞ j jwjʷ Ya kamata a yi amfani da shiɻʷ
Tap ɾ ɾwɾʷ

Breen & Dobson (2005) da kuma uvular Henderson (2003) sun bayyana shi a matsayin velar.

Tsayawa ba su da iska.[36] Ana yin sautin tasha da ba a kai ba a ko'ina; prestopped hanci ba su da murya a lokacin tasha. Waɗannan sautunan sun taso azaman gungu na baƙar fata na yau da kullun; Ladefoged ya bayyana cewa a yanzu haka suna faruwa ne tun farko, inda aka haramta hada hadaddiyar giyar, saboda asarar wasulan farko a tarihi; duk da haka, an kuma yi jayayya cewa irin waɗannan kalmomi suna farawa da schwa na sauti, wanda bazai furta shi ba (duba ƙasa).

Sautin sautin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
sautin sautin na Tsakiyar Arrernte, daga Breen & Dobson (2005:251). Matsayi na wasula kawai kusan ne, saboda suna da nau'ikan allophones masu yawa. /u/ bazai zama phoneme ba amma kawai ɗaya daga cikin allophones na /ə/.
A gaba Tsakiya Komawa
Babba (i) (u)
Tsakanin ə
Ƙananan a

Dukkanin yaruka suna da aƙalla /ə a/ .

Tsarin wasali na Gabas/Tsakiya Arrernte abu ne da ba a saba gani ba domin akwai wasu wayoyi guda biyu masu bambanta, /a/ da /ə/. Tsarin wasali biyu ba kasafai ba ne a duk duniya, amma kuma ana samun su a wasu harsunan Arewa maso Yamma na Caucasian. Da alama tsarin wasali ya samo asali ne daga na baya mai yawan sautin wayoyi, amma bayan da aka samar da labilised bak'i a kusa da wasulan zagaye, wasulan sun rasa bambance-bambancen zagaye/baya, sun hade zuwa wayoyi biyu kacal. Akwai ɗan bambancin allophonic a cikin mahallin mabambantan ra'ayi don wasulan. Madadin haka, ana iya gane sautin wayar ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta. Misali, ana iya furta sunan sautin /ə/ [ɪ ~ e ~ ə ~ ʊ] a yawancin mahallin. Koyaya, ana buƙatar zama [ʊ] lokacin jumla-farko kafin baƙon labialized (duba ƙasa).

Fonotactics

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin syllable na Gabas / Tsakiyar Arrernte ana jayayya da shi VC (C), tare da codas na tilas kuma babu farawa.[39] Magana ta farko /ə/ an fahimta a matsayin sifili, sai dai a gaban ma'anar da aka zagaye inda, ta hanyar tsarin zagaye na amfani gaba ɗaya, an fahimta a cikin [ʊ]. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga jimloli su ɗauki ƙarshen [ə] wanda ya dace da wani ɓangaren da ke ƙasa.[40]

Daga cikin shaidun wannan bincike shine cewa wasu suffixes suna da bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen guda ɗaya da tushe na bisyllabic. Tushen da suka bayyana monosyllabic kuma suna farawa da baƙar fata a zahiri zaɓi bambancin bisyllabic. Damuwa ya fada kan tsakiya na farko da wani baƙo ya rigaye shi, wanda ta wannan bincike za a iya bayyana shi daidai da kalma ta biyu. Kuma akai-akai yana samuwa ta hanyar sake maimaita kalmar VC ta ƙarshe na tushe na fi'ili; bai haɗa da na ƙarshe [ə].

Rubutun kalmomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsakiyar / Gabashin Arrernte orthography ba ta rubuta kalma-farko /ə/,da kuma tana ƙara e zuwa ƙarshen kowane kalma.[32]

Yankin waje Coronal
Laminal Abinda ke da ban sha'awa
Biyuwa Velar Rashin ƙarfi Palatal Dental Alveolar Retroflex
Dakatar da p pw k kw tyw thw t biyu rt rtw
Hanci m mw ng ngw nyw NF1 n nw rn rnw
Hanci da aka yi amfani da shi pm pmw kng kngw tny tnyw tnh/thn tnhw/thnw tn tnw rtn rtnw
Tsayar da aka yi amfani da shi mp mpw ngk ngkw nty nthw ntw rnt rntw
Hanyar gefen ly lyw lh lhw L lw rl rlw
Kusanci w h da kuma yw r r r r
Tap/Trill rrw
A gaba Tsakiya Komawa
Babba (I/ey) (mu/mu)
Tsakanin da kuma
Ƙananan a

Harshen harshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kai Kai Western Arrernte, mai yiwuwa mai magana da Upper Arrernte; c. 1900.

Gabas da Tsakiyar Arrernte yana da tsari na kalma kyauta amma yana karkata zuwa SOV. Gabaɗaya yana da wulakanci, amma yana da zargi a cikin karin magana. Za a iya sanya alamar karin magana ga duality da rukunin fata.

Suffixes (Eastern /Central Arrernte)
ƙayyadaddun gloss
+aye jaddadawa
+ewe Ƙarfafawa
+eyewe da gaske karfi jaddada
+ke don
+le mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jumla
+le kayan aiki
+le wurin
+le-rashin tare, tare da
+nge daga
-A bayyane yake samun
-arenye daga (asalin), haɗin kai
- mai zane-zane kamanceceniya
-atheke zuwa
-iperre, -ipenhe bayan, daga
-kenhe ya kasance a cikin
-ketye saboda (mummunan sakamako)
-kwenye ba tare da samun ba, ba tare da
-mpele ta hanyar, ta hanyar
-ntyele daga
-werne zuwa
+ke baya
+Lena tunani
+me halin yanzu
+rre/+irre musayar
+tyale mummunan mahimmanci
+yawar-yawar Rashin kyau
+tyeke manufar ko niyya
+tyenhe nan gaba
Sanya wajibi ne

Wakilan sunaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hut na Gabashin Arrernte Basedow, mutanen Arrernte na Gabas, gundumar Arltunga, Yankin Arewa; Agusta 1920.

Sunayen sun ragu tare da mai suna maimakon daidaituwa:

Wakilan da ba na fata ba (Eastern / Central Arrernte) [43]
mutum lambar batun abu dative mallaka
1 na musamman ayenge/the ayenge/ayenhe atyenge atyenhe/atyinhe
biyu ilerne ilernenhe ilerneke ilernekenhe
jam'i anwerne anwernenhe anwerneke anwernekenhe
2 na musamman unte ngenhe ngkwenge ngkwinhe
biyu mpwele mpwelenhe mpweleke mpwelekenhe
jam'i arrantherre arrenhantherre arrekantherre arrekantherrenhe
3 na musamman re renhe ikwere ikwerenhe
biyu re-atherre renhe-atherre
renhe-atherrenhe 		ikwere-atherre ikwere-atherrenhe
jam'i itne itnenhe itneke itnekenhe

Sassan jiki galibi suna buƙatar sunayen da ba su da alaƙa (mallaka marar iyaka), kodayake matasa masu magana na iya amfani da mallaka a wannan yanayin ma (misali akaperte ayenge ko akaperte atyinhe 'kai na').[44]

Misalan Arrernte na Gabas da Tsakiya [33]
Rashin ƙarfi Turanci
werte
ware
 G'day, Menene Sabon?
Babu wani abu da yawa
Unte mwerre?
Ye, ayenge mwerre
 Shin kun da kyau?
Haka ne, ina da kyau
Urreke aretyenhenge
Kele aretyenhenge
 Ganin ku daga baya OK, Ganin ku bayan
OK, Duba ku daga baya

Bayanan al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na Peter Sculthorpe Rites of Passage (1972-1973) an rubuta wani ɓangare a cikin Arrernte kuma wani ɓangare a cikin Latin.
  • An yi amfani da Yammacin da Kudancin Arrernte a sassan libertto don Andrew Schultz' da Gordon Williams' Journey to Horseshoe Bend, bisa ga labari na Ted Strehlow.

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). "Cultural diversity: Census". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Aranda". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ C8 Arrernte at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
  4. ↑ Turpin 2004.
  5. ↑ "Arandic". Glottolog. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  6. ↑ "Ikngerripenhe". Glottolog. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  7. ↑ "Eastern Arrernte". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  8. ↑ "Home page". Apmere angkentye-kenhe. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  9. ↑ "Alyawarr". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 (David ed.). OCLC Alpher Check |oclc= value (help). Invalid |url-access=Austin (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Andegerebinha". Glottolog. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  12. ↑ "G12: Ayerrerenge". Austlang. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  13. ↑ "Argadargada Waterhole (with map)". Bonzle. Retrieved 12 June 2019.[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Ayerrerenge". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  15. ↑ C8.1 Anmatyerr at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  16. ↑ "Anmatyerre". Glottolog. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  17. ↑ "Anmatyerre". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  18. ↑ "Akerre". Glottolog. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  19. ↑ "Western Arrarnte". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  20. ↑ Dixon 2002.
  21. ↑ Kenny 2017, p. xvii.
  22. ↑ Kenny 2017, p. 6.
  23. ↑ Kenny, Anna (17 November 2017). "Aranda, Arrernte or Arrarnta? The Politics of Orthography and Identity on the Upper Finke River". Oceania. 87 (3): 261–281. doi:10.1002/ocea.5169.
  24. ↑ "Iltyem-iltyem – Australian Indigenous Sign Languages". www.iltyemiltyem.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  25. ↑ "Iltyem-iltyem Indigenous Sign Languages of Central Australia". Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  26. ↑ Northern Territory Government, April 2018.
  27. ↑ Northern Territory Government 2017.
  28. ↑ Schools.
  29. ↑ ULPA search.
  30. ↑ Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages.
  31. ↑ Pertame Project.
  32. ↑ "Arrernte language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  33. ↑ "Fact Sheet 3" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009. (681 KB)


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harshen_Arrernte&oldid=686730"