Harshen Athpare
| Harshen Athpare | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
aph |
| Glottolog |
athp1241[1] |
Athpare, wanda aka fi sani da Athapre, Athpariya, Athpre, Arthare, Arthore-Khesang, ko Jamindar, wanda aka rubuta Athpariya I don rarrabe shi daga Belhariya (Athpariya II), yare ne na gabashin Kiranti.
Wuraren da aka yi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu mutane 5,000 da ke zaune a Gundumar Dhankuta a gabashin Nepal suna magana da Athpare. Ana magana da yaren a arewacin Tamur, a yammacin Dhankuta khola, da gabashin Tangkhuwa, kuma ana magana da shi a cikin garin Dhankuta da Bhirgau VDC .
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana nuna consonants a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Maganganun murya suna da wuya a matsayi na farko. A cikin matsayi na tsakiya na aikatau, ƙididdigar murya sune bambance-bambance. Muradin yana da sauti a matsayi na farko. Babu fricatives sai dai ga [s] da [h].
| Labari | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Gishiri | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive / Africate Rashin lafiya |
ba tare da murya ba | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| da ake nema | pʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| murya | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| murya mai burin | bʱ | dʱ | dʒʱ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Hanci | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Kusanci | tsakiya | w | j | |||
| gefen | l | |||||
| Trill | murya | r | ||||
| da ake nema | rʱ | |||||
Ana samun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden a cikin aikatau tare da ƙarshen [tt] kuma sakamakon daidaitawa zuwa ƙayyadammar ƙayyadayyar ƙayyadagwar ƙayyadyadadden (misali, -ma: pap (t) - + ma -> pamma 'don karkatar").
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai wasula biyar a cikin Athpare: /i, e, a, o, u/ . Ana ɗan tsawaita sautin a cikin sautin tushen buɗewa, amma wannan fasalin mai yiwuwa ne allophonic. Diphthongs suna da iyaka a cikin Athpare - ai, oi da ui an nuna sun wanzu amma a cikin kalmomi kaɗan.
Yanayin Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana gane alamun mutum da abu a wani bangare a matsayin prefixes, a wani bangere a matsayin suffixes. Akwai ƙididdigar lambobi daban-daban da alamomi na lokaci, wasu daga cikinsu suna biye da kwafin alamar mutum. Abubuwan da ke tattare da lokaci (cikakke da ci gaba) an cika su da ilimin harshe. Athpare yana da ergative, tare da rabuwa tsakanin mutum na 1 da sauran. Ana amfani da ƙananan nau'ikan aikatau marasa iyaka: Kalmomin da aka haɗa sun ƙunshi aikatau biyu da aka yi alama don mutum da lokaci, masu biyayya suna bin aikatau masu juyawa.
Athpare has an extremely complex verbal system, with both actor and undergoer being marked on the verb. There are also several types of suffix copying, resulting in the longest suffix chains of any Kiranti language, e.g.,[2][page needed]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Athpare". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Ebert 1997.