Harshen Avava

Harshen Avava
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Southern Oceanic (en) ; North and Central Vanuatu (en) ; Malekula Interior (en) ; Harshen Avava; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	tmb
Glottolog	katb1237

Avava (Navava), wanda aka fi sani da Katbol, Tembimbe-Katbol, ko Bangsa" yare ne na Oceanic na tsakiyar Malekula, Vanuatu . Yana da fricatives na nasalized da kuma bilabial trill.

Ƙauyuka huɗu masu magana da Avava suna magana ko magana, yare daban-daban. Har yanzu ana magana da Timbembe da Nevaar (Nɨviar). Harsunan Nivat (Nevat) da Bangasa (Umbrul) sun ƙare. Bangasa / Bangsa', ko kuma daidai Bangasak, an san shi da Numbuwul ta maƙwabtanta a arewa; sunan shi ne Umbbuul [ (u) mʹuːl].

Sunayen

Sauran sunayen Avava sune Bangsa", Katbol, Mallicolo, Navava, Taremp, Tembimbe-Katbol da Tisvel.^[2]

Fasahar sauti

Lokacin da sashi na ƙarshe ya kasance haske (CV), damuwa tana da matsayi na ƙarshe. Lokacin da sashi na ƙarshe ya yi nauyi (CVC, CVV, CVː), damuwa tana da mahimmanci.

Sautin sautin

Akwai jimlar wasula takwas a cikin Avava: gajerun wasula biyar da dogon wasula uku. Halayen gajerun sautin Avava guda biyar, /a e i o u/ . /u/ ana furta shi [ʉ] tsakanin bilabial trill da alveolar kuma, a cikin sassan ƙarshe, tsakanin bilabiel trill da /k/ . Kimanin kashi 2% na wasula suna da tsawo. Tsawon /eː/ ba a tabbatar da shi ba, kuma tsawo /oː/ yana da iyaka. Wannan tsari ne da aka raba tare da Naman. A ƙarshen sashi na prosodic - a cikin nau'in ambato, furci-a ƙarshe kuma lokacin da ake magana a hankali - sautin kalma na ƙarshe ban da /i / ana maye gurbinsa da "diphthongs" /Vi / . Kalmomin farko na kalma da ke cikin nau'in ambato suna ɓacewa lokacin da kalmar ke da alaƙa da wasu, misali lokacin da batun aikatau ko kuma ya mallaki wakilin. Wannan shine dalilin madadin sunan yaren, Kawa.

Wani sanannen bambancin wannan sautin da aka nuna tare da gajerun wasula shine lokacin da /u/ ke fuskantar tsakiya zuwa [ʉ] a cikin saituna daban-daban guda biyu: a cikin sassan da aka rufe tsakanin ma'anar bilabial da ma'anar alveolar mai zuwa, kuma a cikin sashi marasa ƙarshe tsakanin ma'aunin bilabial le ma'anar ma'anar.

Tsawon wasula guda uku a cikin Avava sune /i:/, /u:/, da /a:/ . Kodayake akwai shaidar dogon /o / / , ana nuna wasula ne kawai a cikin kalmomi uku a cikin dukan ƙamus na Avava.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

/s/ shine post-alveolar. Tsayawa marasa murya suna da ɗan burin. In ba haka ba, ƙwayoyin suna da ƙimar rubutun IPA da suka bayar.

/h/ ba ya faruwa a farkon kalma. Ana samun sassan labialized ne kawai kafin /a e i/ . Akwai wasu mahallin ilimin lissafi kuma watakila yanayi na bazuwar lokacin da aka maye gurbin kalma-farko /k/ da /t/ da /ɡ/ da /d/. /pw/ an san shi daga kalma ɗaya kawai. Kalmar ƙarshe /k/ ta ɓace lokacin da aka haɗa kalmar ko kuma mai gyara ya biyo baya.

Za'a iya bayyana trills ɗin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin /mī, nr/, tare da dakatarwar da za a iya ji a matsayin mai wuce gona da iri, ko kuma a matsayin /bī, dr/, tare le wakilci na yau da kullun a yankin da aka yi magana da su a cikin murya kamar yadda kawai aka bayyana. /mbī/ ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yaren. Gabaɗaya ana zagaye, kuma kalma-a ƙarshe an saki aƙalla wani ɓangare, [mbmbw]. Yana iya faruwa a matsayi na ƙarshe bayan kowane wasali, amma a matsayin CV wasali mai zuwa shine /u/, kodayake wasu wasula suna faruwa, misali /sumbīwat/ 'coral'. An samar da shi ta hanyar nahawu lokacin da aka gabatar da 3sg-irrealis /b (w) V/ zuwa tushen aikatau wanda ya fara da /v, vw, v/, kamar yadda yake a cikin /bwe-vwel/ > /mbwel/ 's/ zai zo'.

Allophones masu amfani

Ana kiyaye Prenasalization bayan ƙayyadaddun baki, misali [[ⁿdirⁿdir]] 'girgizar ƙasa', amma ya ɓace bayan hanci, misali [[luᵑɡamɡem]] 'pin rufin bamboo'. Tsayawa na Prenasalized a wasu lokuta kalma ce a ƙarshe, misali [andramb ~ andramp] 'mud'.

/p/ wani lokaci yana da saki mai laushi lokacin da /ur/ ya biyo baya: [phura ~ pʹura] 'saki'.

Hanci da ruwa suna da syllabified a cikin kalma-ƙarshe CN, CL clusters da kuma a cikin matsakaici CNC, CLC clusters: [ŋɡitn̩tl̩] 'mu (paucal hada) ', [[kopm̩tl̩]) 'mu (na musamman) '.

/k/ shine [k] kalma-da farko, kalma-a ƙarshe, a gaban wani ma'ana, kuma tsakanin wasula na gaba; Har ila yau, shine mafi yawan allophone tsakanin wasula ta gaba da wadanda ba na gaba ba. Yana da [ɣ] tsakanin sautunan da ba na gaba ba, kuma wannan shine mafi yawan allophone tsakanin sautuna marasa gaba.

/v, vw/ gabaɗaya [f, fw] kalma ce-da farko.

Sunayen da Kalmomin

Wakilan sunaye

Amfani da sunayen sarauta a cikin Avava yana nufin mutumin da batun yake ciki, yawan masu magana, da kuma hadawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa

		na musamman	biyu	paucal	jam'i
Mutum na farko	exclusive	na	kopmdru	kopmtl	kopm
Mutum na farko	inclusive	na	gitdru	gitntl	git
Mutum na biyu		ong	kamdru	kamtl	kam
Mutum na uku		da kuma	ierdru	iertl	Yarda

Hanyar kalma da jam'i na kalma gabaɗaya ana nuna ta da yawan batutuwa. Wakilan paucal sun haɗa da ƙaramin adadi, mafi girma fiye da biyu amma ƙasa da goma. Hanyoyin paucal da jam'i sun bambanta a tsarin yayin da suka bambanta a cikin -dur da -tl.

Bayyanawa

Harshen Avava yana amfani da tsarin nomalisation don ƙirƙirar kalmomi daga waɗanda suka riga sun kasance. Magana ta kalmomi ta ƙunshi ƙara -ian. A wasu lokuta, nau'in da aka tsara na aikatau mai maimaitawa ya ƙunshi tushen da ba a maimaita shi ba. Wani tsari na nominalization ya haɗa da ƙara -ian da kuma ƙara wasula na farko na kalma zuwa farkon kalma don ƙirƙirar suna daga aikatau.

Wurin da ya samo asali

Gabatarwa, ma-, lokacin da aka kara da sunan wuri, yana nufin mutumin da ya fito daga wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade.

Kasuwanci

Ana iya raba sunaye a cikin Avava zuwa kashi biyu: sunayen da aka mallaka kai tsaye da sunayen da ke da kai tsaye.

Sunayen da aka mallaka kai tsaye

Za'a iya ba da maganganu masu zuwa game da batun waɗannan nau'ikan sunaye:

mafi yawan sassan jiki na waje
gabobin ciki da yawa, kodayake wasu ba su fada ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni ba
wasu kayayyakin jiki (saliva), kodayake da yawa ba su fada ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni ba
sassa da yawa na jiki da kayayyakin da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan dabbobi
wasu kalmomin dangi (ɗan / 'yar)
sassa da yawa na bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Avava". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ "Glottolog 5.1 - Avava". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-02-13.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Avava". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] "Glottolog 5.1 - Avava". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-02-13.

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