Harshen Balinese

Harshen Balinese
Basa Bali
'Yan asalin magana	4,000,000 harshen asali: 3,300,000 (2000)
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) Malayo-Sumbawan (en) Harshen Balinese
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Balinese (en) da Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	ban
ISO 639-3	ban
Glottolog	bali1278

Balinese harshe ne na Australiya da ake magana a tsibirin Bali na Indonesiya, da kuma Arewacin Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, [1] Sumatra ta Kudu, da Sulawesi. [2] Yawancin masu magana da Balinese kuma suna amfani da Indonesiya . Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 2000 ta yi rikodin 3.3 miliyoyin mutane masu magana da Balinese, duk da haka Hukumar Al'adu ta Bali ta kiyasta a cikin 2011 cewa adadin mutanen da har yanzu suke amfani da yaren Balinese a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun ba su kai 1 ba. miliyan. An rarraba harshen a matsayin "ba a cikin haɗari" ta Glottolog. [3]

Manyan manyan rajista na harshen suna aro da yawa daga Javanese : wani tsohon nau'in Javanese na gargajiya, Kawi, ana amfani da shi a Bali azaman harshen addini da na biki.

Rabewa

Balinese yaren Austronesia ne na reshen Malayo-Polynesia na dangi. A cikin Malayo-Polynesian, yanki ne na rukunin rukunin Bali – Sasak – Sumbawa . A ciki, Balinese yana da nau'i daban-daban guda uku; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, da Nusa Penida Balinese .

Alkaluma

Taswirar Rarraba harshen Balinese a tsibirin Bali da Java (ja)

Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2000, harshen Balinese yana magana da 3.3 mutane miliyan a Indonesia, galibi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tsibirin Bali da kewaye.

A cikin 2011, Hukumar Al'adu ta Bali ta kiyasta cewa adadin mutanen da har yanzu suke amfani da yaren Balinese a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun a tsibirin Bali bai wuce 1 ba. miliyan, kamar yadda a cikin birane iyayensu kawai suna shigar da harshen Indonesiya ko ma Ingilishi a matsayin yaren waje, yayin da tattaunawar yau da kullun a cikin cibiyoyi da kafofin watsa labarai suka ɓace. Rubuce-rubucen harshen Balinese yana ƙara zama wanda ba a sani ba kuma yawancin mutanen Balinese suna amfani da harshen Balinese kawai a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta baka, sau da yawa suna haɗa shi da Indonesian a cikin maganganunsu na yau da kullum. Koyaya, a cikin wuraren ƙaura daga tsibirin Bali, ana amfani da yaren Baline da yawa kuma an yi imanin cewa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban harshen.

Ilimin sauti

Wasula

Wasan Balinese

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Babban	i		u
Tsakar	e	ə	o
Ƙananan		a

Harafin hukuma yana nuna duka /a/ kuma na ƙarshe /ə/ ta ⟨ ⟩ . Koyaya, ⟨ a ⟩ yawanci ana kiransa [ə] lokacin da ya ƙare kalma, kuma [ə] yana faruwa kuma a cikin prefixes ma-, pa- da da- . A wuraren da ba na ƙarshe ba, /ə/ ana nuna ta ⟨e⟩.

Consonants

Harshen Balinese

	Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m		n		ɲ		ŋ
Tsaya / Haɗin kai	p	b	t	d	tʃ	dʒ	k	g
Mai sassautawa			s						h
Kusanci		w		l		j
Trill				r

Dangane da yare, sautin wayar /t/ An gane a matsayin alveolar ko retroflex mara murya. Wannan ya bambanta da yawancin sauran harsunan yammacin Indonesiya (ciki har da Standard Indonesian ), waɗanda ke da hakori /t/ yin tsari tare da wani nau'in wayar alveolar.

Damuwa

Damuwa ta faɗi akan maƙalar ƙarshe.

Kalmomi

Masu yin rijista

Ko da yake yawancin ƙamus na asali a cikin Balinese da Indonesiya sun samo asali ne daga Austronesian da Sanskrit, yawancin cognates suna da bambanci tsakanin harsuna. Balinese yana da rajista daban-daban guda huɗu: ƙananan ( basa kétah ), tsakiya ( basa madiâ ), da babba ( basa sínggíh ), amfani da su ya dogara da dangantaka da matsayi na masu magana da waɗanda ake magana akai. Ba a saba amfani da High Balinese sai dai don yin magana da pedandas, don haka kaɗan ne ke da hankali a ciki. Maye gurbin gama gari a cikin kalmomin Balinese da aka gada sune:

• r > h / #_, r > h / V_V, da r > h / _#. Wato, r yana canzawa zuwa h a farkon kowace kalma, da ƙarshen kowace kalma, da tsakanin kowace wasula biyu.
• h > ku/! _#. Wayar wayar h ta ɓace ko'ina sai a ƙarshen kalmomi.