Harshen Baluan-Pam
| Harshen Baluan-Pam | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
blq |
| Glottolog |
balu1257[1] |
Baluan-Pam yare ne na Oceanic na Lardin Manus, Papua New Guinea . Ana magana da shi a Tsibirin Baluan da Tsibirin Pam da ke kusa. Adadin masu magana, bisa ga sabon ƙididdigar da aka yi bisa ga ƙididdigat na 2000, ya kai 2,000. Masu magana a tsibirin Baluan sun fi son komawa ga yarensu tare da sunansa na asali Paluai .
Harshen yana da nau'in agglutinating tare da ɗan ƙaramin yanayin da ke da amfani. Tsarin tsari na asali shine batun-kalma-abu (SVO).
Iri-iri da harsuna masu alaƙa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsibirin Baluan da tsibirin Pam na yaren kusan iri ɗaya ne, ban da bambance-bambance da yawa. Harshen yana da alaƙa da Lou, wanda ake magana a Tsibirin Lou. Lou ya samar da sarkar yare, tare da nau'ikan da ake magana a gefen tsibirin, yana fuskantar ƙasar Manus, ya bambanta da Paluai kuma waɗanda ke gefen da ke fuskantar tsibirin Baluan shine mafi kusa.
A cikin Lardin Manus, ana magana da kusan harsuna 32, dukansu na reshen Admiralties, wani rukuni mafi girma na Oceanic, wanda ke cikin reshen Malayo-Polynesian na Austronesian. Yawancin harsunan lardin Manus ba a rubuta su sosai ba. An buga wani bayani na Loniu a cikin shekara ta 1994.
Akwai 'yan tsiraru na masu magana da Titan a kan Baluan, baƙi na baya-bayan nan da ke zaune a ƙauyen Mouk. Mutanen Titan sun zama sanannun ta hanyar aikin Margaret Mead. Masu magana da yawa suna da aƙalla umarni na Titan da Lou. Bugu da kari, ana magana da yaren Creole Tok Pisin a ko'ina a tsibirin, kuma yawancin mutane suna da akalla umarni na asali na Turanci.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin da ke tattare da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna alamun ma'anar a cikin harshe.
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | mʷ | n | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | pʷ | t | k | (kʷ) |
| Fricative | s | (h) | |||
| Approximant | l | (j) | (w) | ||
| Vibrant | (ɾ~r) | ||||
Ya bambanta da yawancin yarukan Manus, babu ma'anar bilabial ko ma'anar ma'anar. Abubuwan da ke tattare da su suna da sauƙi, tare da hanci da kuma hanci ban da bilabial, apico-alveolar da dorso-velar stops da hanci. Akwai kawai fricative guda ɗaya, /s/, tare da /h/ kasancewa mai ƙarancin sauti. /t/ yana da bututu ko trill a matsayin bambanci. Ana nazarin glides [j] da [w] a matsayin bambance-bambance marasa sauti na /i/ da /u/, bi da bi.[2]
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasula na Baluan-Pam sune /i, e, ɛ, ɐ, ɔ, o, u/ .
Jerin wasula ya ƙunshi daidaitattun wasula guda biyar da aka fi sani da su a cikin harsunan Oceanic, tare da ƙarin ɓangarori biyu: buɗe-tsaki /ɛ/ da /ɔ/, waɗanda ke faruwa akai-akai. Ga matasa masu magana, /e/ ya bayyana yana haɗuwa da /ɛ/ kuma /o/ ya bayyana ya haɗu da /u/.
Tsarin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin syllable shine (C) V (C). Ba sautin da yawa suna farawa da wasali ba. Saboda asarar kalmomin ƙarshe da sautin sautin, wanda shine fasalin harsunan Admiralties na gabashin, yaren yana ba da izini ga consonants a cikin syllable coda kuma yana da kalmomi masu yawa tare da nau'in CVC.
Darussan kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kayan karatu masu budewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan maganganun Kalmomin guda biyu masu bude sunan suna da aikatau (tare da manyan ƙananan kalmomi), tare da Adjectives" id="mwsQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Adjectives">adjectives da adverbs a matsayin ƙananan ɗalibai da suka bambanta daga duka suna da aikatawa da kuma juna. Verb zuwa suna da verb zuwa adjective derivations sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma ba akasin haka ba. Yawancin maganganu suna jagorantar aikatau mai rikitarwa, amma sunaye, adjectives, lambobi da wasu prepositions na iya aiki azaman jigon maganganu. Kalmomin kawai, duk da haka, zasu iya ɗaukar sunayen da aka ɗaure kuma a canza su ta hanyar yanayin yanayi (TAM).
Kwalejin da aka rufe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan ɗakunan da aka rufe a cikin harshe, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da kalmomin aiki, sune sunayen, masu nunawa, gabatarwa, lambobi, ƙididdiga, da kalmomin tambaya. Tsarin wakilin ya bambanta mutum ɗaya, biyu, ƙanƙanta da adadi da mutum na farko, na biyu da na uku, amma ba jinsi ba. Yankin siffofin adpositional yana da iyaka, tunda yawancin alaƙar sararin samaniya ana bayyana su ko dai ta hanyar sunan sararin samaniya kai tsaye, ko kuma ta hanyar tsarin aikatau na serial wanda ke dauke da shugabanci.
Harshen harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harshen ba shi da shari'ar'a ko lambar lamba a kan sunaye. Halin da ake amfani da shi kawai a cikin harshe yana aiki don nuna mallaka. Ana yin bambanci a cikin gine-ginen mallaka tsakanin mallaka kai tsaye da kai tsaye. Wannan yana da alaƙa da, amma ba ya dace gaba ɗaya da, bambancin ma'ana tsakanin mallakar da ba za a iya raba ta ba. Tare da mallakar kai tsaye, an kara ma'anar da ke nuna mutum da lambar mai shi kai tsaye zuwa ma'anar sunan. Tare da mallaka ta kai tsaye, an kara wannan ma'anar zuwa wani abu mai mallaka ta-. Yawancin kalmomin dangi da kalmomin ɓangaren jiki ko dai ana iya amfani da su ko kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su a cikin gine-ginen mallakar kai tsaye. Bugu da kari, sunayen sararin samaniya, suna nufin ra'ayoyi kamar "cikin", "a saman" da "bayan", ana amfani da su a cikin gine-gine kai tsaye.
Halin Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halin da aka samo daga magana yana iyakance ga prefix mai haifar da pe-, da aikace-aikace -ek, da reduplication.
Dalili
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]pe- mai haifar da shi- ya sa mai wucewa ya zama kalma mai wucewa. Za'a iya samar da abubuwan da ke haifar da sakamako, amma kawai tare da aikatau masu tsayayya. Wani mai haifar da ya kara karin "mai haifar da" gardama, yana rage asalin gardamar S na aikatau mai mahimmanci zuwa matsayi na O. Misalan su ne mat 'mutuwa, ka mutu' → pemat 'kashe'.
Aikace-aikacen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A aikace-aikacen a cikin wannan harshe ne valency-rearranging maimakon wani valence-creasing na'urar. Yana inganta kayan aiki na Oblique wanda ke cikin aikatau zuwa matsayi na O. Ba a saukar da asalin O ba, amma ya bi wanda aka inganta a matsayin abu na biyu. Ana samun mai amfani a cikin wani takamaiman Magana / tsarin bayani. Ana amfani dashi azaman na'urar Anaphorical don komawa zuwa wani abu da aka ambata a baya, yawanci a cikin sashi na baya, kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Baluan-Pam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Schokkin 2014.