Harshen Carolinian
| Harshen Carolinian | |
|---|---|
| Refaluwasch | |
'Yan asalin magana | 5,700 |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
cal |
| Glottolog |
caro1242[1] |
Carolinian yare ne na Austronesian wanda ya samo asali ne daga Tsibirin Caroline, amma ana magana da shi a Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa. Harshen hukuma ne (tare da Turanci) na Mutanen Carolinian.[1] Carolinian yare ne mai barazana bisa ga Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat), amma bayanan da ke akwai ba su da yawa. Akwai kusan masu magana da asali 3,100 a duniya.[2] Carolinian yana da kamanceceniya ta 95% tare da Satawalese, 88% tare da Woleaian da Puluwatese; 81% tare da Mortlockese; 78% tare da Chuukese, 74% tare da Ulithian.[3]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Commonwealth na Arewacin Marianas yana da jerin tsibirai 14 a cikin Pacific, kimanin kilomita 1,300 kudu maso gabashin Japan. Jimlar yankin ƙasar ta ƙunshi murabba'in mil 183.5, kuma wasu tsibirai ba su da mazauna. Yawancin Carolinians suna zaune a Saipan, tsibirin mafi girma, kodayake wani karamin tsibiri, Agrigan, an ruwaito cewa Carolinians ne kawai ke zaune a cikin harshen Carolinian.
Carolinian, wanda aka fi sani da Saipan Carolinian, an haife shi ne daga harsuna da yawa a cikin yaren Carolinian, saboda ƙarni na ƙaura daga tsibirin Carolinian na yamma zuwa tsibirin Marianas na Arewacin Saipan. Yawancin Mutanen Carolinian ne ke magana, Carolinian shine yaren da ya fi dacewa da yaren Satawalese, Woleaian, da Puluwatese. A yau, Carolinian yana canzawa da sauri saboda tasirin daga Turanci, wanda ya mamaye Micronesia tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Akwai ƙananan kashi na yara Carolinian da suka rage a Saipan waɗanda za su iya magana da al'adun gargajiya na Carolinian.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin Farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harshen Carolinian ya samo asali ne daga harsuna da ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin dangin yaren Austronesian. Mazauna farko na Tsibirin Caroline sune Austronesians, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Taiwan. Tattaunawar Turai da Tsibirin Caroline sun fara ne a cikin 1652, kuma a ƙarshen 1600s, Carolinians sun riga sun sadarwa tare da Turawa a cikin yarensu. Tsakanin 1795 da 1797, wani jami'in Mutanen Espanya a Guam, Don Luis de Torres, ya yi nazarin yaren Carolinian kuma ya gano ci gaba da yaren sa. A cikin shekarun 1700, tafiye-tafiye masu yawa na Carolinian sun isa Philippines da Guam, suna yada al'adun Carolinian da harshe a duk waɗannan yankuna.
A cikin shekarun 1800, tafiye-tafiye tsakanin tsibirai sun ci gaba saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar rayuwa, sadarwa, kasuwanci, da alaƙar iyali, don haka ci gaba da yaren Carolinian. Juyin halitta na yaren Carolinian ya ci gaba yayin da mutanen Carolinian suka yi ƙaura zuwa Saipan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Chamorro. Koyaya, bayan watsi da Saipan a kusa da 1815, Carolinians suna da tsibirin da yawa ga kansu, kuma ƙungiyar Carolinian ta farko a can ta zama masu magana da Saipan Carolinian na farko. Shige da fice na gaba ya gabatar da ƙarin bambancin harsuna, haɗuwa da harsuna daban-daban a tsawon lokaci.
Binciken ci gaban harshen Saipan daga 1815 zuwa yau yana da ƙalubale saboda bayanan tarihi marasa daidaituwa. Harshen Carolinian a kan Saipan yana cikin ci gaba a cikin karni na 19, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar ci gaba da ƙaura tsakanin Saipan da tsibirai makwabta. Rashin amintaccen bayanai ya sa ya zama da wahala a kafa cikakken tarihin tarihi.
Tarihi na baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban canjin yawan jama'a ya faru a cikin yawan mutanen Carolinian na Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa bayan shekarun 1850, musamman tare da isowar baƙi daga tsibirin gabashin Satawal. Tsakanin 1865 da 1868, wani ɗan kasuwa na Ingila, H.G. Johnson, ya sake komawa kimanin mutane 1,500 na Carolinians zuwa Marianas don yin aiki a gonaki a Guam, Rota, da Tinian. Cire waɗannan Carolinians daga tsibirai na asali sun fuskanci turawa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, tare da kungiyoyi irin su Mutanen Espanya suna nuna rashin amincewa har sai Tinian Carolinians suka koma Saipan.
Lokacin da Amurkawa suka mallaki Guam a shekara ta 1898, Carolinians a ƙauyen Maria Cristina sun kasance a can, duk da ƙoƙarin Amurkawa na sa su bar tufafin gargajiya. Yawancin ƙaura da suka tsara al'ummar Carolinian a kan Saipan sun faru ne a shekara ta 1911, tare da mafi yawan ƙaura daga tsibirai na waje da ke faruwa tsakanin 1905 da 1907. A wannan lokacin, jiragen ruwa na Jamus sun kai daruruwan Mortlockese da sauran mazauna tsibirin zuwa Saipan saboda lalacewar guguwa a tsibirin su. Koyaya, wannan ƙaura yana da ɗan tasiri a kan halaye na harshe na yaren Carolinian, yayin da sababbin masu zuwa suka zauna daga ƙauyukan Carolinian da aka kafa. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan mazauna tsibirin sun koma gidajensu na asali da zarar yanayin ya inganta, tare da 'yan kalilan da suka rage a Saipan.
A yau, Saipan Carolinians sun warwatse a duk faɗin tsibirin, gami da sababbin yankuna kamar Kagman, waɗanda gwamnati ta haɓaka a gabar gabashin. Shekaru na 1970 sun nuna farkon sake haɗuwa tsakanin Saipan Carolinians da asalin tsibirin su na waje, musamman lokacin da mai ba da hanya ya yi tafiya daga tsibirin waje zuwa Saipan a cikin 1969 bayan ya ɓace na shekaru 60 zuwa 70. Koyaya, tasirin tasirin Amurka da al'adun duniya, tare da gabatar da kafofin watsa labarai na zamani, ya yi tasiri sosai ga harshen Carolinian. Duk da yake akwai sha'awar adana harsuna na asali, gaskiyar rayuwar zamani ta haifar da manyan ƙalubale ga waɗannan ƙoƙarin.
Al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da tarihin yaren, wasu masu magana suna ganin yana da mahimmanci don nuna girmamawa ga al'adun Carolinian, musamman ga tsofaffi. Wasu ka'idojin al'adu na iya shafar yadda ake magana da yaren. An karfafa mata Carolinian a tarihi su yi amfani da kalmomi masu kyau yayin da suke magana da 'yan uwan su da sauran dangin maza. An kuma ce ana ƙarfafa mata kada suyi tafiya a gaban dangi maza, kuma su durƙusa kusa da dangi maza da ke zaune.
Al'adun Carolinian sun kuma karfafa rabuwa tsakanin jinsi a wasu fannoni na rayuwa. Misali, za a hana ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa daga raba jita-jita, kuma bai kamata mace ta yi amfani da jita-jita ba, sai dai mahaifiyarsa. Ana ɗaukar ɗakunan kwana na mata da ɗakunan masu zaman kansu a matsayin waɗanda ba su da iyaka ga dangi maza. A wasu wurare, lokacin da yarinya ta fara haila, tsofaffin mata ne ke kula da ita, kamar kakarta, kuma suna sanya ta a cikin gida na musamman. An ba ta launi mai launin orange, don haka duk al'umma za ta san cewa ta tsufa. A Saipan, waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙare a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Koyaya, yawancin Carolinians har yanzu suna yin waɗannan al'adun a yau.
Ana sa ran nuna girmamawa tsakanin tsofaffi da samari. Misali, ana sa ran samari ba za su ba da ra'ayinsu a taron ba sai dai idan tsofaffi sun gayyace su su su yi hakan. Har ila yau, ana sa ran miji ya girmama 'yan uwan matarsa da dangin maza. Lokacin da surukan suna buƙatar wani abu, ana ƙarfafa miji ya taimaka. Misali, idan sun nemi su yi amfani da motarsa, ana sa ran ya bar su yi amfani dashi, ko kuma ya kawo abinci idan akwai wata ƙungiya ta iyali.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Carolinian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.